A pictorical history of the United States

Front matter

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Chapter I. The Aborigines

Section I, General characteristics of the Indian Tribes, 7. — II. The Algonquins, 12. — III. The Huron-Iroquois, IT.— IV. The Catawbas, 19.— V. The Cherokees, 20.— VI. The Uchees, 21. —VII. The Natchez, 21.— VIII. The Mobiiian Tribes, 22.— IX. The Dahcotah, or Sioux Tribes, 23.— X. The Extreme Western Tribes, 25.

Chapter II. Discoveries

Section I. Scandinavian Voyages and Discoveries, 26. — II. Spanish Voyages and Discoveries, 27. — illl. English and French Discoveries, 35.

Chapter III. Settlements

Section I. Periods of Settr^ment — Virginia, 47. — II. New York, 50. — III. Massachusetts, 53. —

IV. New Hampshire, 63.— V. Maryland, 64.— VI. Connecticut, 66.— VII. Rhode Island, 70. — VIII. Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, 72.— IX. The Carolinas, 76.— X. Georgia, 78.

Section I. Virginia, 81.— II. Massachusetts, 90.— III. New York, 111.— IV. Maryland, 120

V. Connecticut, 123.— VI. Pvhode Island, 126.— VII. New Jersey, 127.— VIII. Pennsylvania, 130.— IX. The Carolinas, i:iJ.— X. Georgia, 139.— XI. A Pvetrospect, 142.— XII. The French and Indian War, 147.

CHAPTER Y.

THE REVOLUTION.

Section I. Preliminaiy Events, 177. — ^11. First Year of the War for Independence, 187.- III. Second Year of the War for Independence, 197. — IV. Third Year of the War for Independence, 211.— V. Fourth Year of the War for Independence, 224. — VI. Fifth Year of the War for Independence, 231.— VII. Sixth Year of the War for Independence, 239.— VIII. Seventh Year of the War for Independence, 247. — IX. Closing Events of the War for Independence, 257.

Chapter VI. The Confederation

Section I. Washington's Administration, 263. — II. Adams's Administration, 270. — III. Jefferson's Administration, 2T2. — IV. Madison's Administration, 278 V. The Second War for Independence, 284. — VI. Tlie Second War for Independence continued, 293. — VII. Monroe's Administration, 301. — VIII. Adams's Administration, 305. — IX. Jackson's Administration, 303. —X. Van Biiren's Administration, 314.— XT. Harrison's and Tyler's Administration, 317. — XII. Polk's .\dmini8lration. 320.— XITT. Taylor's and Fillmore's Administration, 334.— XIV. Pierce's Administration, 343.— Inauguration of Buchanan, 350.

8 U P P I. E il E X T .

The Declaration of Iihkpendence, 353.— The Signers of the Declaration, 359.— Constitution of tho United States. 360.

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.

ABORIGINES.

SECTION I.

1. The Aborigines, or first inhabitants of a country, properly belong to the liistory of all subsequent occupants of the territory.

The several nations of red or copper-colored people, who occupied the present domain of the United States when Europeans first came, form as necessary materials for a portion of the history of our Republic, as the Frenchmen^ and Spaniards^ by whom parts of the territory were settled, and from whom they have been taken by conquest or purchase.

2. The liistory of the Indian^* tribes, previous to the formation of settlements among them, by Europeans,^ is i nvolved in gre at obscurity. Whence^came

1. Verse 2, page m ir^^e^s^IrT^^^O. 3. Ve rse 12;p^e^ Ti^ore the year 16OT.

QUESTION.-I. Wh^e Aborigines? and" what their historical posiiion ?

ED jacei;t.

THE ABORIGINES.

Origia of the American Indians. Strange stories concerning them.

they ? is a question yet unanswered by established facts. In the Old World, the monuments of an ancient people often record theu" history. In North America such intelligible records are wanting. Within almost every State and Territory remains of human skill and labor have been found/ which seem to attest the existence here of a civilized nation or nations, before the ancestors of our numerous Indian tribes became masters of the continent. Some of these appear to give indisputable evidence of intercourse between the people of the Old World and those of America, centuries, perhaps, before the birth of Christ, and at periods soon afterward." We have no proof that such intercourse was extensive ; that i^eople from the Eastern hemisphere ever remained long enough in America to impress their character upon the country or the Aboriginals, if they existed ; or that a high degree of civilization had ever prevailed on om' continent.

3. Some refer the origin of the Indian tribes to the Phoenicians and other ancient maritime nations ; others to the Egyptians and Hindoos ; and others find their ancestors among the " lost tribes of Israel," who " took counsel to go forth into a farther country where never mankind dwelt,"^ and crossed from Asia to our continent, by way of the Aleutian Islands, or by Behring's Straits.* These various theories, unsupported as they are by a sufficiency of acknowledged facts, have no practical value for the young student of our history. The proper investigation of such subjects requires maturity of judgment when reason and reflection have succeeded the eager credulity of childhood and early youth.

4. When America first became known to Europeans, it afibrded materials for wonderful narratives concerning its inliabitants and productions. The few natives who were found upon the seaboard, had all the characteristics common to the human race. The interior of the continent was a deep mystery, and for a long time marvelous stories were related and beheved of nations of g-iants and pigmies ; of people with only one eye, and that in the center of the forehead ; and of whole tribes who existed without eating. But when sober men penetrated the forests, and became acquainted with the inhabitants, it was discovered that from the Grulf of Mexico to the country north of the chain of great lakes, ^ the people were not remarkable in persons and qualities,

1. Remains of fortifications, similar in form to those of ancient European nations, have been discovered. Also fire-places, of regular structure ; weapons and utensils of copper ; catacombs with mummies ; ornaments of silver, brass, and copper ; walls of forts and cities ; and many other things which only a people advanced in civilization could have made.

2. A Roman coin was found in >fissouri : n Persian coin in Ohio ; a bit of silver in Genesee county, New York, with the year of our liord 600 engraved on it ; split wood and ashes, thirty feet below the surface of the earth, near Fredonia, New York : and near Montevideo, South America, in a tomb, were found two ancient swords, a helmet and shield, with Greek inscriptions, showing that thev were made in the time of Alexander the Great, X?0 years before Christ. 3. II. Esdras, xiii. 40-45.

4. The people of north-eastern Asia, and on the north-west coast of America, have a near resemblance in person, customs, and languages ; and those of the Aleutian Islands present many of the characteristics of both. Ledyard said of the people of eastern Siberia, " Universally and circumstantially they resemble the Aborigines of America."

5. Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior.

Questions— 2. How do we find the early history of the Aborigines of the United States? What appears to have been their relation to the rest of the world? 3. What are the opinions of some respecting their origin? 4. What strange stories were told concerning some of the tribes? What did a correct knowledge of them show?

THE ABORIGINES.

Names of Indian nations. Their characteristics, employment, food, and clothing.

and that a great similarity in manners and institutions prevailed over that whole extent of country.

5. The Indians spoke a great variety of dialects/ but there existed not more than eight radically distinct languages among the whole aboriginals, from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, and beyond, namely : Algonquin, Huron- Iroquois, Cherokee, Catawba, Uchee, Natchez, Mobilian, and Dahcotah or Sioux. These occupied a region embraced within about twenty-four degrees of latitude and almost forty degrees of longitude, and covering a gi'eater portion of the breadth of the north temperate zone.

6. In physical character, moral sentiment, social and political organization and religious belief, all the nations and tribes were similar. They were all of a copper color ; were tall, straight, and well-proportioned ; their eyes black and expressive ; their hair black, long, coarse, and perfectly straight ; their constitution vigorous; and their powers of endurance remarkable. Bodily deformity was almost unknown, and few diseases prevailed. They were indolent, taciturn, and unsocial; brave, and sometimes generous, in war; unflinching under torture ; revengeful, treacherous, and morose when injured or offended; not always grateful for favors; grave and sagacious in council; often eloquent in speech ; sometimes warm and constant in friendship ; and occasionally courteous and polite.

7. The men were employed in Avar, hunting, and fishing. The women performed all menial services. They bore all burdens

during journeys ; spread the tents ; prepared food ; dressed skins for clothing ; wove mats for beds, made of the bark of trees ; and planted and gathered the scanty crops of corn, beans, peas, potatoes, melons, and tobacco. Their wigwams, or houses, were rude huts, made of poles covered with mats, skins, or bark of trees, and all of their domestic arrange- ^ wigv,-au.

ments were very simple.

8. Their implements were made of stones, shells, ihej prepared their food, made their clothing and habitations, and tilled their lands. Their food consisted of a few vegetables, fish, and the meat of the deer, buffalo, and bear, generally roasted upon the points of sticks, sometimes boiled in water heated by hot stones, and always eaten without salt, Their dress in summer was a slight covering around the loins. In winter they were clad in the skins of wild beasts," often profusely ornamented with the claws of the

1. Dialect is the form of expression peculiar to the people of different provinces or sections of a country where the same language is spoken. The people of London and Yorkshire have such different modes ot expressing: the English language, that it is difficult, sometimes, for them to understand each other, lae lormer is more correct and refined than the latter. . i • • ♦» „

2. See the engraving at the head of this chapter. One of the men is dressed in a hear's skm, and is in ine act of representing that animal. Another has the horns of a buffalo, and the feathers of eagles on nis neaa. For a notice of the portrait, see Note 3, page 10.

Questions.— 5. How many distinct languages did the Indians possess? Name them. What extent of territory did they occupy? 6. In what were the tribes similar? What was their general character? 7. What was the chief emplovment of men and women ? 8. Of what did their implements, food, and dress con-

THE ABORIGINES.

Indian money, writing, weapons, and wars.

INDIAN HIEROGLYPHICS.

bear, the horns of the buffalo, the feathers of birds, and the bones of fishes. Their faces were often tatooed, and generally painted with bright colors in hideous devices. Their moneywas httle tubes made of shells, fastened upon belts or strung in chains, and called wampum? It was used in trafl&c, in treaties, and as a token of friendship or alliance. Wampum belts constituted records of public transactions in the hands of a chief.

WAMPUM. Q rpi^g Indians had no written language, except rude hiero-

glyphics, or picture writings.^ Their history, consisting of records of warlike achievements, treaties of alliance, and deeds of great men, was, in the form of traditions, carefully handed down from father to son, especially from chief to chief. Children were taught the simple arts practiced among them, such as making wampum, constructing bows, arrows, and spears, preparing matting and skins for domestic use, and fashioning rude personal ornaments.

10. They were ambitious of distinction, and, therefore, war was their chief vocation.^ They generally went forth in parties of about forty bowmen. Sometimes a half dozen, like knights-errant,* went out upon the war-path to seek renown in combat. Their weapons were bows and arrows, hatchets (tomahawks) of stone, and scalping-knives of bone. Some wore shields of bark ; others wore skin dresses for protection. They were sldllful in stratagem, and seldom met an enemy in open fight. Their close personal encounters were fierce and bloody. They made prisoners, and tortured them,

1. Wampum is made of the clear parts of the common clam shell. This part being split off, a hole is drilled in it, and the form, which is that of beads known as bugle", is produced by friction. They are about half an inch long, generally disposed in alternate layers of white and bluish black, and valued, when they become a circulating medium, at about two cents for three of the black beads, or six of the white. They were strung in parcels to represent a penny, three pence, a shilling, and five shillings of white ; and double that amount in black. A fathom of white was worth about two dollars and a half, and black about five dollars. They were of less value at the time of our War for Independence. The engraving shows a part of a string and a belt of wampum.

2. This is part of a record of a war expedition. The figures on the right and left— one with a gun, and the other with the hatchet— denote prisoners taken by a warrior. The one without a head, and holding a bow and arrow, denotes that one was killed ; and the figure with a shaded part below the cross indicates a female prisoner. Then he goes in a war canoe, with nine companions, denoted by the paddles, after which a council is held by the chiefs of the Bear and Turtle tribes, indicated by rude figures of these animals on each side of a fire.

3. It was offensive to a chief or warrior to ask him his name, because it implied that his brave deeds were unknown. Red Jacket, the great Seneca chief, was asked his name in court, in compliance with a legal form. He was very indignant, and replied, " Look at the papers which the white people keep the most carefully" — (land cession treaties) — " they will tell you who I am." He was born near Geneva, New York, about 1750, and died in 1830. He was the last great chief of the Senemn.

4. Knights-errant of Europe, six hundred years ago. were men clothed in metal armor, who went from country to country to win fame by personal combats with other knights. They also engaged in wars.

5. a," bow and arrow ; b, a war-club ; c, an iron tomahawk ; d, a stone one ; e, a scalping-knife.

INDIAN WEAPONS. 5

Questions. — 8. What was their money and its uses? 9. What were their literature and arts? 10. What were the weapons of war, and what the warlike habits of the Indians f

THE ABOEIGINES.

Indian women, customs, burials, and religion.

and the scalps' of enemies were their trophies of war. Peace was arranged by sachems^ in council; and each smoking the same "pipe of peace," called calumetj^ was a solemn pledge of fidehty to the contract.

11. Women were degraded to the condition of abject slaves, and they never engaged with the men in their amusements of leaping, dancing, target-shooting, ball-playing, and games of chance. They were allowed as spectators, with their children, at war-dances around fires, when the men recited the feats of their ancestors and of themselves. Marriage, among them, was only a temporary contract; the men had the right to take

wives, and dismiss them at pleasure. The affections were ruled by custom, and those decorous endearments and attentions toward woman, which give a charm to civilized society, were wholly unknown among the Indians. The sentiment of conjugal love was not always wanting, and attachments for life were frequent. There was no society to call for woman's refining qualities to give it beauty, for they had but few local attachments, except for the burialplaces of their dead.

12. Their funeral ceremonies and methods of burial were similar throughout the whole continent. They laid their dead, wrapped in skins, upon sticks, in the bottom of a shallow pit, or placed them in a sitting posture, or occasionally folded them in skins, and laid them upon high scaffolds, out of the reach of wild beasts. Their arms, utensils, paints, and food were buried with them, to be used on their long journey to the spiritland. Over their graves they raised mounds, and

planted beautiful wild flowers upon them. Relatives uttered piercing cries and great lamentations during the burial, and they continued mourning many days.

13. Their reHgion was simple, without many ceremonies, and was universally embraced. They had no infidels among them. They believed in the existence of two Great Spirits : the one eminently great was the Good Spirit, and the inferior was an Evil one. They also deified the sun, moon, stars, meteors, fire, water, thunder, wind, and every thing which they held to be superior to themselves, but they never exalted their heroes or prophets above the sphere of humanity. They also adored an invisible great Master of life, in different forms, which they called Manitou^ and made it a sort of tutelar

1. They seized an enemy by the hair, and, by a skillful use of the knife, cut and tore from the top of the head a large portion of tlie skin.

2. Sachems were the civil heads of nations or tribes ; chief g were military leaders.

3. Tobacco was in general use among the Indians for smoking, when the white men came. The more filthy practice of chewing it was invented by the white people. The calumet was made of pipe-clay, and often ornamented with feathers.

BURIAL-PLACE.

Questions.— 11. What was the condition of Indian women ? What can you tell about Indian farnilies ? 1. . How did they bury their dead f How did the relatives of the deceased behave ? 13. Wliat was the character of their religion ? What were their chief articles of belief?

Indian government. Fate of ttie Aborigines. The Algonqnins.

dcit}'.^ They had vague ideas of the doctrine of atonement for sins, and made propitiatory sacrifices with great solemnity. All of them had dim traditions of the creation, and of a great deluge which covered the earth. Each nation had crude notions, drawn from tradition, of their own distinct origin, and all agreed that their ancestors came from the North.

14. Their government was a mixture of the patriarchal and despotic. All political power was vested in a sachem or chief, who was sometimes an hereditary monarch, but frequently owed his elevation to his own merits as a warrior or orator. While in power, he was absolute in the execution of enterprises, if the tribe confided in his wisdom. Public opinion, alone, sustained him. It elevated him, and it might depose him. Every measure of importance was matured in council, wliich was composed of the elders, with the sachem as umpire. His decision was final. Whithersoever he led, the whole tribe followed. The utmost decorum prevailed in the public assemblies, and a speaker was always listened to with respectful silence.

15. Such were the inhabitants of the territory of the United States when discovered by Europeans. They were almost all wanderers, and roamed over the vast solitudes of a fertile continent, free as the air, and unmindful of the wealth in the soil under their feet. The great garden of the Western World needed tillers, and white men came. They have thoroughly changed the condition of the land and the people. The light of civilization has revealed, and industry has developed, vast treasures in the soil, while before its radiance the Aboriginals are rapidly melting hke snow in the sunbeams, A few generations will pass, and no representative of the North American Indian will remain upon the earth.

Section II. The Algonquins

1. The French gave the name of Algonquin to an extensive tribe of Indians upon the Ottawa river in Canada, and it was afterward applied to that great collection of tribes north and south of the lakes, ^ who spoke dialects^ of the same language. They inhabited the territory now included in all of Canada, New England, a part of New York and Pennsylvania, the States of New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, an<l Virginia, eastern North Carolina above

1. They believed every animal (o have had a great original, or father. The first buffalo, the first benr, the first benver. the first eayle, etc., was the Manitoii of the whole race of the ditterent creature-^. They chose some one of these originals as their special Marutou or guardian, and hence arose the custom of having the figure of some animal for the arms or svmbol of a t-ibe, called Totmn. For example ea<-h of the f'w;c Aatwns (see Sec III.) was divided into several tribes, designated The Wolf, The Bear, The Turtle etc and their respective totumx were rude representations ot these animals. When thev signed treaties with the white people, they s"'Il«*»"f „^^f f ;^^ outlines of their tofims. The annexed cnt represents the totumoi pijindagages, of the Turtle tribe of the Mohawh nation, as affixed by him to a deed. TOTCM. 2. Note 5, page 8. 3. Wote 1, page ».

OUESTI0NS.-14. What was the f7rm of aboriginal government? What was the influence of a chief ? 15. What has civilized man effected in their country ? What is their probable destiny ? 1. Who were the Al.- noNQUiNS ? What portion of the United States did they occupy 7

THE ALGONQUINS. 13

Tribes of the Algonquin nation.

Cape Fear, a large portion of Kentucky and Tennessee, and all north and west of these States, eastward of the Mississippi.

2. The Algonquin nation was composed of several powerful tribes, the most important of which were the Knisteneaux in the far north, the Ottawas, Ohippeiuas, Sacs and Foxes, Menomonees^ Miamies, PianhesTiaws, Pottaivatomies, Kickapoos, Illinois, Shmunees, Powhatans, Corees, Nanticokes, Le7ini- Lenapes, or Belaivares, Moliegans, the New England Indians, and the Ahenakes. There were smaller, independent tribes, the principal of which were Snsquehannocks, on the Susquehannah, in Pennsylvania; the Mannalioacks, in the hill country between the York and Potomac rivers ; and the Monocans, on the head waters of the James river in Virginia. All of these tribes were divided into cantons or clans, sometimes so small as to afford only a war party.

3. The Knisteneaux yet [1857] inhabit a domain extending across the continent from Labrador to the Rocky Mountains, and are the hereditary enemies of the Esquimaux, their neighbors of the Polar Circle. The original land of the Ottawas was on the west side of Lake Huron, but they were seated upon the river bearing their name when the French discovered them. They claimed sovereignty over that region, and exacted tribute from those v/ho passed to or from the domain of the Hurons} They assisted the Hurons in a war with the Five Nations^ in 1650, and suffered much. The Hurons were almost destroyed, and the Ottawas were much reduced in numbers. Some of them, with the Huron remnant, joined the Chippewas, and finally the whole tribe returned to their ancient seat [1680] in the northern part of the Michigan peninsula. Under their great chief, Pontiac, they were confederated with several other Algonquin tribes of the North-west, in an attempt to exterminate the white people, in 1763.^ Within a fortnight, in the summer of that year, they took possession of all the English garrisons and trading posts in the West, except Detroit, Niagara,^ and Fort Pitt.^ Peace was restored in 1764-5, the confederation was dissolved, and Pontiac took up his abode with the Illinois, where he was murdered. His broken nation sought refuge with the French, and their descendants may yet [1857] be found in Canada.

4. The Chippewas and Pottaw atomies were closely aUied by language and friendship. The former were on the southern shores of Lake Superior ; the latter occupied the islands and main land on the western shores of G-reen Bay, when first discovered by the French, in- 1761. They afterward seated themselves on the southern shore of Lake Michigan [1701], where they remained until removed, by treaty, to lands upon the Little Osage river, westward of Missouri. They are now [1857] the most numerous of all the remnants of

1. Between the Ottaicas and Hurons were a tribe called Miisissagides, who appear to have left the Algon- QtJiNS and joined the Five Nations, south of Lake Ontario.

2. Chap. I., Sec. III., Verse 2 ; also Verse 4, page I7.

Questions.— 2. What were the chief tribes of the Algonquin Nation? 3. Where did the KniMeneauoi dwell ? Where did the Ottawax dwell ? What are the chief events in their history ? 4. Where did the CMpj)f»rfl<! and the Pottnirntomi'" dTell? Where is their nresent home?

The North-western tribes.

the Algonquin tribes. The Chippewas and the Sioux, west of the Mississippi, are their deadly enemies.

5. The Sacs and Foxes are really one tribe. They were first discovered by the French at the southern extremity of Green Boy, in 1680. In 1712, the French garrison of twenty men, at Detroit, ^ was attacked by the Foxes. The French repulsed them, with the aid of the Ottawas, and ahnost destroyed the

assailants. They joined the Kickapoos in 1722, m driving the Illinois from their lands on the river of that name. The Illinois took refuge with the French, and the Kickapoos remained on their lands until 1819, when they went to the west bank of the Missouri, in the vicinity of Fort Leavenworth. The Sacs and Foxes sold their lands to the United States in 1830. Black Hawk, a Sac chief, who, vdth liis BLACK HAWK. pcople, jolned the English in our second war with Great Britain,^ demurred, and commenced hostilities in 1832.^ The Indians were defeated, and Black Hawk,* with many of his warriors, was made prisoner.

6. The Menomonees w^ere discovered by the French upon the shores of Green Bay, in 1699. They yet [1857] remain upon theh ancient territory, but their southern neighbors and friends, the Winnehagoes, have gone westward of the lyiississippi.^

7. The MiAMiES and Piankeshaws inhabited that portion of the Ohio lying between the Maumee river of Lake Erie, and the ridge wliich separates the head waters of the Wabash from the Kaskaskias. They were called Twightwees by the Five Nations and the Enghsh. Of all the Western tribes, these have ever been the most active enemies of the United States.^ They have ceded their lafids, and are now [1857] far beyond the Mississippi.

8. The Illinois formed a numerous tribe, twelve thousand strong, when discovered by the French. They were seated upon the Illinois river, and consisted of a confederation of five families, namely, Kaskaskias, Cahokias, Tamaronas, Michigamias, and Peoria^. Weakened by internal feuds, the confederacy was reduced to a handful, by their hostile neighbors. They ceded their lands in 1818, when they numbered only three hundred souls. A yet smaller remnant are now [1857] upon lands west of the Mississippi.

9. The Shawnees occupied a vast region west of the AUeghanies,'' and their great council-house was in the basin of the Cumberland river. At about the

4. The picture is from a plaster cast of his face, taken when he was a prisoner in New York, in 1832. See Verse 5, page 309.

5. The Winnehagoen are the most dissolute of all the Indian remnants. In August, 1853, a treaty was made with them to occupy the beautiful country above St. Paul, westward of the Mississippi, between the Crow and Clear Water rivers. 6. Verse 5, page 280.

7. The Alleghany or Appalachian mountains extend from the Catskills, in the State of New York, in a south-west direction, to Georgia and Alabama, and have been called the "backbone of the country." Some geographers extend them to the White mountains of New Hampshire.

Questions.— 5. Who are the Sacs and Foxea? and where did they dwell ? What are the principal events in their history ? 6. What do you know of the Menomonees and their neighbors ? 7. Where did the MiamieJi and PianJfe^haici dwell ? and where are they now ? 8. What was the condition, and where the residence of the Illinois tribe when first discovered f Name their divisions. What is their fate ? 9. What region did the Shaicnees inhabit f

THE ALGONQUINS. 16

Tribes of the Middle States.

time when the Enghsh first landed at Jamestown^ [1607], tliey were driven from their country by more southern tribes. Some crossed the Ohio, and settled on the Sciota, near the present Chilicothe ; others wandered eastward into Pennsylvania. The Ohio division joined the Eries and Andastes against the Five Nations, in 1672. Suffering defeat, the Shawnees fled to the country of the Cataivhas, but were soon driven out, and found shelter with the Creeks.'^ They finally returned to Ohio, and being joined by their Pennsylvania brethren, they formed an alliance with the French against the Enghsh.^ They were subdued by Boquet in 1763,* and again by Virginians, at Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the great Kenawha, in 1774.^ They aided the British during the Kevolution, and continued to annoy the Americans until 1795, when permanent peace was estabHshed.*' They were the enemies of the Americans during their second war with Great Britain. They are now [1857] but a miserable remnant, and occupy lands south of the Kanzas river. The road from Fort Independence'' to Santa Fe passes through their territory.

10. The PowHATANs constituted a confederacy of more than twenty tribes, including the Accohannocks and Accomacs, on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay. Powhatan (the father of Pocahontas^) was the chief sachem, or emperor of the confederacy, when the English first appeared upon the James river [1607]. They remained nominally friendly to the white people during Powhatan's lifetime, but after his death they made two attempts to exterminate the English [1622, 1644]. They were subjugated in 1644," and from that time they gradually diminished in numbers and importance. Of all that great confederacy in Lower Virginia, it is believed that not one representative on earth remains, or that one tongue speaks their dialect.