The marvelous story of one hundred years; history, achievements and progress ...

Front matter

Class _4_

Book

GoipglitN .

Chapter I. The Louisiana Purchase

Purchase op Louisiana-Napoleon Threatening Great Britain-Piratical States of Barbary-Jefferson Re-elected-Treason of Aaron Burr-Blow to Amerl can Commerce-Trouble with Great Britain-Arbitrary De^ee of Napoleon -Importation of Slaves Forbidden -Robert Fulton's First Steamboat-Thf Clermont" Makes a Voyage from New York to Albanv-Sailing Vessels Superceded by Steam-Fulton the First Great Inventor of the Century . 17

Chapter II. Our Second War With Great Britain

NM DETR A oTr°^r T WHITE House - Engla ^'s Big Fleet -Gen. Hull Fortifies Detroip-Base Surrender of the Detroit Garrison-Sharp Battle at Queens-

TOWN ON THE CANADA BORDER-BRILLIANT EXPLOITS OF OUR NAVY-lNVASION OF

Canada-Important Events Connected with the War-Some of the Indian L R rv E o J?Z T ARMS ~ THE Peace Commission of i8i 3 -Great American Vic fORY on Lake Champlain-The British Repulsed in Many Engagements-Original Text of the "Star Spangled Banner "-Hartford Convention-War Ended-Indiana Brought into the Union .. . . .

Chapter III

ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF THE MORMONS Joseph Smith, Founder of the Sect-The Book of Mormon-Prominent Mormons Swear Falsely-The Book a Historical Romance-Smith Tarred and Feathered-Removal to Nauvoo-Smith Shot Dead by a Mob-Mormon Temple DebvTT R \ f FlRE - MoR - ONS Move Again and Found Salt Lake City-Outrages

Vt^ZI ^MORMONS-MOUNTAIN MEADOWS MASSACRE -FEDERAL TROOPS SENT TO

™™/ n I CoNVICTED AND Executed for the Mountain Valley Mas-

sacre-Death of Brigham Young-Polygamy Suppressed by the Government

Chapter IV

WAR BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO •We from Connecticut Settle in Texas-Moses Austin Obtains a Grant fro,, the Spanish Government-Large Immigration Pours into Texas-Austin Ap

RESTED AND IMPRISONED -SANTA ANNA IN PoWER-HlS TROOPS DRIVEN Out OF

Texas-Davy Crockett-Mexican Army Routed-Texas a Republic in iSr/-

by Mexico-Bloody Battles Between the Mexican and American Armies -

ACHIEVEMENTS OF GENERAL TAYLOR-GENERAL ScOTT>S ExPEDITION-Our Arms

Everywhere Victorious-Return of Peace on the 4 th of July, 1848 v

, . CONTENTS,

Chapter V. The Qreat Civil War

A.

AGITATION UPON THB QUB8TION OF Sl.AVKRY Tiuc MISSOURI COMPROMISE -STRUGGLE IN Kansas in [854 DEMOCRATIC PARTY DIVIDED ELECTION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN

ro nit- Presidency— The South Asserts State Sovereignty Appalling State of Affairs Many Southern States Secede prom tmk Union Outhrkak ov the War Major Anderson Attacked <t Fort Sumter Confederate Plan to Destroy Commerce First Great Battlj Slaves Declared "Contraband of War" Federai Expeditions ro Recapture Southern Harbors Confederates Seek Recognition Abroad War of Vast Magnitude General Grant in tiuc West— -Terrible Battles and Many Federal Defeats Fight Between mik Merrimag and mi' Cumberland h Stonewall Jackson" General McClellan's Advance I'm Capital Threatened fi7

CHAPTER VI. END OF THE QREAT civil WAR

Hard Fighting in rENNEsssj Capture of Fort Pulaski Slavery Question ai niK Front Lincoln Threatens ro Free raa Slaves Battles of Chancel* uorsvillb Grant's Victory at Vicksburg Federals Victorious in Great Bat« Hi- at Gettysburg Riots in New York Generals Thomas and Bragg Gen-

I k \i Lonostreet Wounded Grant Made Commander-in-Chief Terrible Figh i ini: in nil- Wilderness Generai Sherman's Great March to the Sea Lincoln Elected ro t Second i'i km Lee's Situation Despbratb End of the Great Struggle 'Assassination of President Lincoln Death of the Assassins. 82

Chapter VII. Prom The Restoration Of Thb Union To Our War With Spain

Opening of mi Union Pacific Railway— Our Government Insists ikon Great Britain Allowing Damages for Captures by Confederatb Cruisers Court of Arbitration Great Firb in Chicago Loss Amounts to $196,000,000 Discon-

II n t in Cuba Seizure of mi- Virginius and Execution of Her Crew Demands of Our Government dpon Spain Peace Commissioners Murdered bv Modoc Indians Assassins Followed and Shot or Hanoko Ckni-knni.u, Kxiuwtionof 1876 Imposing Ceremonies \r Its Opening Garfield Inaugurated President — President Garfield Shot by an Assassin General Arthur Becomes President —Discovery of Gold in Alaska Prosperity in 1898 and Following Years . 101

Chapter VIII. The Spanish-american War

Cuba's Striv.oik kor Kkmpom ni-si-Ki-cTioN ok Tin-. Battleship Mains Message ro Congress from the President Outbreak of War' with Spain Admiral Dewey's Great Victory at Manila Young Heroes ^\' the War United States Arm? 1 indbd in Cuba Exploits of raa "Rough Riders" Battles of San Juan and El Canb\ Admirai Cervbra's Flei r Destroyed by American Squadron Under Command of Commodore Schlb\ United States Army I inded in Porto Rico— Capture of thb Crm of Manila Peace Commissioners Appointed btj tmk United States and Spain Negotiations for Peacb Peace i'ki-mv Signed by tiik Two Governments Bloody Confucts with the Insurgents in thb Philippines Great Naval Spectacle in New York Harbor Sword for Admiral Dbwsy— Magnificent reception to Dewey on His Return lis

CONTENTS. T»

Chapter IX. Great Events In English History

PACSk

"■I i m n hi i bated i -J Egypt— British Naval Victory at Copenhagen— William Pitt in Power, [804 Napoleon Deter i Invade England Greai Naval Vic-

torv ob mi. English Plbei m Trapalgar— Napoleon's Brilliant S > —

Battles <>i Austerlitz and Jena— The "Ikon Done "—Alliance Against Napoleon Ireland Independent— George IV. Comes -jo the Throne— O'Connell in Parliament— William IV. on the Throne Victoria Inaugi haiku Queen m 1838

—Ami C< RN Law LEAGUE— WAR BETWEEN RUSSIA AND ALLIED ARMIES OB ENGLAND

and Prance Desperate Struggle in the Crimea Franchise Extended in England Public School System— Mutiny in India Pi i ob Traitors- Struggle op the [rish i ok Home Rule Thb Q\ ben's Jubilee in 1897 127

Chapter X. France In The Nineteenth Century

Splendid Triumphs of Napoleon— His Arbitrary Power— Empire Practically IN- CLUDING Mali- ok EUROPE DbFEAI OB FRENCH NAVY BY LORD NELSON EMPEROR

Retires to Elba— Reappbarani b in Fran b and Depeat at Waterloo— Charles X. on the Throne— Trouble in Algiers Troops Driven from Paris Ei land's Bold Move Death of Heir Appareni in 1842— The King Abdicates— France a Republic Presideni Napoleon ill. Afterward Becomes Emperor- Political Agitation and Troubles French and English Alliance Against Ri isiA— Fall of Sebastopol— France Sends an Expedition to Mexico— Maximilian Captured and Shot— Scheme to Annex Belgium Outbreak of Wak with I'i-i i ■.. French Armies Defeated and Downfall op Napoleon [II. Escaps of

1 . 1. ge riB prom Paris— End of the War Famous Dreyfus Trial . ... 143

Chapter XI. The New German Empire

[any Agitated by Napoleon's Schemes at the Beginning of the Century- Germ ••■ Confederation— New Government Organized— Insurrei tion Suppressed —Austria and Prussia— War with Austria and Great German Victory— Thb Tki w\ ob Pragi k New Territory Incorporated— Union of German States— i 1 u 1. Pro< 1. aims War Against Prussia— Battles ob Gravelotte and Sedan- Empire 01 Prussia Under William I. Laws fob the Working Classed— Prussia ani> the Papacy— National Army— Death of Emperor William L— Death op Emperor Frederick— William ii. Combs to the Throne— Prince Bismarck . . 16*

Chapter XII

GREAT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA. PA1 l M' RDERED IN l8oi— RUSSIAN Loss IN THB BATTLE OP AUSTERLITZ— Coalition with France— War with Persia- Powerful Alliance— Cabinet Offices Charged with Treason— Russia Victorious over Persia— Russia Signs the Treaty of London in 18*7 — Polish Insurrection in 1831— War against Eng- 1 and and France in 18,5.3— Bloody Battles in the Crimea— Emancipation of rt& CONTENTS.

•Mfl

THE Serfs in 1861 — Russia Assists Slavonic Christians against the Turks — Dismemberment of Bulgaria— Attempts on the Life of the Emperor— Czar Alexander Crowned ;\ 1883 Emperor of German* Visits the C/.ar in 1SS8— Peace Conference at The Hague in 1899 Called hy the Czar of Russia. . . 173

CHAPTER XIII. <aaIONS OF NORTHERN EUROPE— DENMARK, SWEDEN AND NORWAY

Denmark's Wise Ruler Asn \m -nuy ok Natol eon— Danish Fleet Surrenders to the British -Norway Ceded ro Sweden- Monarchy in Danger Danish Possessions Defined Popular Discontent— Conflict with Prussia— Danish Victory Followed by Peace with Prussia Demands made upon Denmark— Heroic Courage of the Danes -Sweden in the Nineteenth Century— Norway Attacked uy Gustavus— Finland Ceded to Russia— Sweden and Norway United. 181

Chapter XIV. Nations Of Southern Europe— Italy, Greece, Turkey And Spain

Revolution and Conspiracies in Italy— Massacre in Milan— Mazzini's Attempt to Establish a Republic in Rome — Revolution a Failure— Garibaldi and His Volunteers— Rome Emancipated by the Liberator— United Italy a Great Continental Power— Greece in the Nineteenth Century— War for Independence in 1S21— Turks Defeated by mi: Greeks— Civil War— Turkish Fleet An-

ITIHILATED IN 1827— PRESIDENT ASSASSINATED Ln i S3 i — ITALY UNDER PROTECTION

of Th ki-i' Great Powers— War Between Greece and Turkey in 1S97— Turkey in the Nineteenth Century Conflicts with the Creeks— Crete and Syria — Turkey Bankrupt— Massacre of Christians— Demands of the United States upon Turkey- Spain in the Nineteenth Century— Revolution in 1820— Royal Marriages— Uprising of the Carlists— Spain a Republic — Spain again a Monarchy—War with the United States in 1S9S , 191

Chapter XV

CANADA, MEXICO AND SOUTH AMERICA. Upper and Lower Canada— Internal Dissension in the Early Pari- of the Century

— Canadian REBELLION- DEFECTIVE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT— INVASION OF CANADA

by in; Fenians— Confederation of 1867 -Dominion of Canada Purchase of Territory — Vast Weai ra of Mines in British C01 umbia and Elsewhere— Mexico in the Nineteenth Century— Popular Discontent— Regenci Established in i8aa — President Overthrown -Disorder and Violence- Succession of Revolutions—The French tN Mexico Execution of Maximilian -South America in the Nineteenth Century— History of Peru History of Chili— United States of Colombia— British Guiana Bolivia and Argentine Republic 214

Chapter XVI

asia and africa in the nineteenth century.

China and Japan— Privileges Granted by Ch*na to British East India Company — Famous Opium War— China's Disregard of Treaties Great Rebellion— Cold Blooded Massacre of Europeans— War Be rwEEN China and Japan— Great Battle of Yalu— Japan in the Nineteenth Century — The Yankees of the "ast — Admission of Foreign Vessels to Japanese Ports — Radicai Changes in the Government- Feudal System Destroyed- Adopting New Ideas — Republics in South Africa— President Kruger and the Transvaal -War Between the British and the Boer§ ....,,.,.,,,,,,,, 238

J

CONTENTS. ix

Chapter XVII. Voyages In The Polar World

PAC-f

Captain John Ross— Doctor Rae's Discoveries— Story of Sir John Franklin— Expedition Sent for His Relief — Death of Franklin and His Party — Discovery of Northwest Passage — Many Expeditions Sent to the Polar World — Doctor Kanb and Lieutenant DeLong in the North — Captain Nare's Expedition — Voyage of Lieutenant Greely — Doctor Nanson in Greenland — Expedition by Lieutenant Peary of the United States Navy — Futile Attempt to Reach the Pole in a Balloon by Andree 247

Chapter XVIII. Livingstone And Stanley In Central Africa

Brave Old Missionary — His Start for Zanzibar — Plunges into Wild and Inhospitable Regions— Picturesque African Scenery — An Unbounded Forest — Remarkable Travels by Stanley — Adventure with an Elephant — In Danger of a Massacre — A Frightened Negro — Great Freshet in the River — Arrival at Bagamoyo 265

Chapter XIX. Stanley's Great Journeys Across Africa

How Stanley Found Livingstone—Determines to Explore Africa — First Stage of His Jocrney — Many Adventures — Hostile Natives— Invitation from a King — Fantastic Parade — Big War Boat — Famous Tipo-tipo — The Terrible Dwarfs — Passing the Rapids — Mutiny in Camp — Deserted by the Guides— Stanley's Expedition in Terrible Straits - His Successful Journey Across Africa— Return to England and the United States — Public Honors for the Great Explorer —Feted in England and America — Remarkable Success of One of the Greatest Expeditions on Record . . . 276

Chapter XX

TRAVELS AND ADVENTURES OF VAMBERY IN CENTRAL ASIA. The Modern Capital of Persia— Shrines of Moslem Saints— Groves of Orange and Lemon Trees — Verdant Plains on Every Side— Caravan in Great Peril — The Route Lost — Warm Reception for Vambery— Travelling in a Fertile Country— Scarcity of Water— City of Bokhara— A Strange Traveller — Caravan Shut Out of the City— Dazzling Eastern Splendor — The Emirs Parade — "Mother of Cities" — The Traveller's Means Exhausted — Welcome from a Prince 298

Chapter XXI

DOWNFALL OF NAPOLEON AT WATERLOO. Extraordinary Military Genius — Immense Array of Forces for a Great Battl* -Chain of Fortresses on the Belgian Frontier— Wellington in Command of

CONTENTS. fc

PART III.

FAMOUS EXPLORATIONS AND DISCOVERIES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

CHAPTER XVII.

VOYAGES IN THE POLAR WORLD.

PAC-f

Captain John Ross— Doctor Rae's Discoveries — Story of Sir John Franklin— Expedition Sent for His Relief— Death of Franklin and His Party — Discovery of Northwest Passage— Many Expeditions Sent to the Polar World — Doctor Kanb and Lieutenant DeLong in the North — Captain Nare's Expedition — Voyage of Lieutenant Greely— Doctor Nanson in Greenland — Expedition by Lieutenant Peary of the United States Navy — Futile Attempt to Reach the Pole in a Balloon by Andree 247

CHAPTER XVIII.

LIVINGSTONE AND STANLEY IN CENTRAL AFRICA. Brave Old Missionary — His Start for Zanzibar— Plunges into Wild and Inhospitable Regions— Picturesque African Scenery— An Unbounded Forest— Remarkable Travels by Stanley — Adventure with an Elephant — In Danger of a Massacre — A Frightened Negro — Great Freshet in the River — Arrival at Bagamoyo 265

CHAPTER XIX.

STANLEY'S GREAT JOURNEYS ACROSS AFRICA.

How Stanley Found Livingstone—Determines to Explore Africa — First Stage of His Journey— Many Adventures— Hostile Natives— Invitation from a King — Fantastic Parade— Big War B >at— Famous Tipo-tipo— The Terrible Dwarfs- Passing the Rapids— Mutiny in Camp— Deserted by the Guides— Stanley's Expedition in Terrible Straits - His Successful Journey Across Africa— Return to England and the United States— Public Honors for the Great Explorer —Feted in England and America — Remarkable Success of One of the Greatest Expeditions on Record 276

CHAPTER XX.

TRAVELS AND ADVENTURES OF VAMBERY IN CENTRAL ASIA. The Modern Capital of Persia— Shrines of Moslem Saints— Groves of Orange and Lemon Trees— Verdant Plains on Every Side— Caravan in Great Peril — The Route Lost— Warm Reception for Yam her y— Travelling in a Fertile Country— Scarcity of Water— City of Bokhara— A Strange Traveller— Caravan Shut Out of the City— Dazzling Eastern Splendor— The Emirs Parade —"Mother of Cities"— The Traveller's Means Exhausted— Welcome from a Prince 298

PART IV.

GREAT WARS AND BATTLES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

CHAPTER XXI.

DOWNFALL OF NAPOLEON AT WATERLOO. Extraordinary Military Genius— Immense Array of Forces for a Great Battl* -Chain of Fortresses on the Belgian Frontier— Wellington in Command of

1 CONTENT&

FAOfc

thr Allied Army — Blucher with 80,000 Men — Rlucher Attacked and Defeated by Napoleon— The Emperor Decides to Give Battle— Choosing Position for the Great Struggle— Disposition of Troops on Each Side— Armies Face to Face— Terrific Cannonade -Disgraceful Panic — Heroic Defense— Charge on British Centre -The "Iron Duke" at the Front— Ney's Superb Bravery- Veterans Huri bd Back— Magnificent Charge of the Old Guard— "Nine Deadly Hours"— Waterloo Compared with Gettysburg 310

Chapter XXII. Decisive Battles Of Austerlitz And Jena

Striking Figure of Napoleon— French Host Crosses the Rhine — Guard Driven Back— Daring Strategy— An Impregnable Fortress— Setting a Trap— Matchless Marshal MURAT — NAPOLEON'S STRATEGY— Dashing Cavalry Charge— Russians Hurled Back— A Bloody Struggle— Valor was in Vain— Fierce Battle of Jena— Napoleon in the Ranks Terrific Combat— Two Gallant Charges - Scene of Carnage— Thousands of Bloody Swords— Napoleon at Jena — The Emperor Caring for the Wounded on the Field 328

Chapter XXIII. Brilliant Victories Of Commodore Perry And General Jackson

Famous Battle of Lake Erie— Strong Array of English Ships— Brisk Firing — Hand ro Hand Combat— Rousing Cheers— Perry I. having His Ship and Cross* ing to Another in an Open Boat — British Vessels Trying to Escape— Heavy Casualties— Glory for the American Navy — Battle of New Orleans— Formidable British Fleet American Forces Commanded by "Old Hickory "—Brilliant Fighting on Horn Sides— British Valor and Fortitude — British Advance Siow and Wearisome— Ami kuans Behind Cotton Bales— British Infantry Hurled Back— Fatal Errors— A Withering Fire — Desperate Assault by the British— Death of the British Commander and Victory for the Ami kuans — Batti i Fought Before News of Peace Reached the Combatants— Jackson the Hero of the Hour ;v>2

Chapter XXIV. Great Battle Of Gettysburg

Three Days Fight thai- Turned the Tide of War— General Lee's Successes in mi South— Bold Attempt to Invade the North — Two Gallant Commanders- General Meade's Plan of Battle— How the Fight Began — Death of the Gallant Reynolds Thunder of Artillery— Mad Rush of Federals— Heavy Cavai ry lv\i n b Lee's Hopes Fatai i v Shattered -Brilliant Repulse of Pickett's Brigade— Crisis I'm n e of the Great Civil War— Lee and the Confederates in Retreat— Union Successes all Along the Line 378

Chapter XXV. Battle Of Inkerman And Capture Of The Malakoff

British Pluck and Courage — A Slow Siege -Great Russian Host — Daring Bravery of the French Army— Russian Prince on the Field of Conflict Russian Column Shattered Reserves Brought into Action — Fierce Fighting on Both Sides— Critical Moment of the Battle— Invincible Strength of the Allied Forces Heavy Russian Losses Awaiting the Final Attack - Outpost Taken fVNn Retaken Fai 1 of the Citadel— One of the Longest Sieges in History Ended— Results of the Long-Continued Struggle 390

CONTENTS.

Chapter XXVI. Overthrow Of The French Empire At Sedan

PA«t

Puree Armies on the Field German Host of More Than a Million Men — Emperor William and Napoleon III.— Von Moltke's Thai- for the Mouse- Women IN THE Ik. in In NCH SCATTERED— FIERCE ASSAULTS BY THE GERMANS —

A Field 01 Slaughter— Grand Cavalry Charge— French Hurled Back— Brave Marshal McMahon Wounded— White Flag Goes Up— Furious Artillery Fire— Mi i nNGOi mi. Two Emperors— A Sealed Letter— William to Napoleon— The Frenchman's Reply Loud Huzzas Greet the King— Terms of Surrender — Downfall of the French Empire 405

Chapter XXVII. American Victories In The War With Spain

Colonel Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Navy— Admiral Dewey Sent to Asiatic Waters— American Fleet Sails from Hong Kong— Harbor of Manila mi. Scene 01 the Great Naval Battle— Relative Strength ok the Combatants—The Battle Opensat Daybreak— Te°rible Imkhofthe American Guns— Deadly Aim of Skilled Artillerymen— Destruction of Admiral Montojo's Flagship— Great American Naval Victory— War in Cuba— Militarv Operations Around Santiago— Rough Riders in Battle— Exploits of the Regulars— Bravery 01 the Volunteers— Spaniards Driven Back upon Santiago -Admiral Cervi. ka Attempts to Escape from the Harbor of Santiago— His Vessels Destroyed — Another Great American Victory 42G

Chapter XXVIII

WAR BETWEEN THE- BRITISH AND THE BOERS. Dh i ii i i.iii.s of Long Standing Between England and the South African Repub» lic— War Threatened— Ultimatum of the Boers to Great Britain— Outbreak of Hostilities— Capture of 800 British and ii Guns— Repulse of General buller at colenso— operations of lord methuen on the western border — Battle of Modder River— Lord Roberts in Command— General Cronje's Flight into the Orange Free State — Battles in Northern Natal- Long Siege of Ladysmith— British Suffer Losses at Many Points — Death of a British General—General White, Defender of Ladysmith— General French, Commander cm British Cavalry — Capture of General Cronje and His Force— British Army at Bloemfontein — A Costly Struggle • 435

Part V

MARVELLOUS INVENTIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

Chapter XXIX. Triumphs Of Electricity

Professor Morse and the Electric Telegraph — Discouragements of the Inventor

— Morse's MACHINE AND ALPHABET — FlRST MESSAGE OVER THE WlRES — SUBMARINE

Cables— Laying the First Atlantic Cable — No Such Word as "Fail" — The Bell Telephone The Phonograph — Wonderful Achievements of Edison — Ei? T -

■ .'s Kinetoscopb -Electric Light— Distribution of Current — Rifles Fired by Electricity Wireless Telegraphy -Invention of Marconi — Hovv the Messages are Si \ 1 Hard Problems Solved — Automobiles and Automatic Vehicles

Motor on Wheels Keeping Up Heat — Wonders of the Flectrical World — Telegraphing ioo.ooo Words an Hour — Plants Grown by Electricity 449 xii CONTENTS.

Chapter XXX. Steam Navigation And Growth Of The American Navy

PACK

Early Attempts to Invent i Steamboat Adventof Roberi Fui roN Difficulties Mi Encountered Ridiculed by rHE [ncredulous Failure of His First Ai iimim People Assembled on rHE Hanks of rHE Hudson ro see rHE Boat Start Surprise a r Fui roN's Success- Loud Cheers by toe Crowd From New York ro Albany \m> Back People Along rHE River Terrified at the Strange Vessei Floating Batteries Ocean Steamers and Battleships — Largest Steamship Our Early Navy— Grand "Old Ironsides 1 '—Admiral Dewey's Fi vgship — Famous Oregon -The Swift Columbia 473

Chapter XXXI. Elias Howes Sewing Machine

A Poor Inventor How He Came ro Invent the Sewing Machine — Hopeless Pover iv for M \\Y Years Curious Needi b andShuttj e i low ( )bs rACLEs were Overcome Public has no Faith in His Invention Repulsed by Many ro Whom He Applied for Assistance Finds a Friend at Last- Tries His Fortune in England Affliction in His Family Death of His Courageous Wife— ManufacruREs Machines ro Order Success of ras Invention Which Brings a Fortune — Coin Medal from rHE Paris Exposition in [867 and rHE Cross ok thk Lkoion of Honor— Colonei in mi Union Army During mi Civil War- Lavish with

Moni \ FOR rHE BENEFIT OF HlS SOLDIERS— HOWE'S Rank AMONG rHE most DIS- TINGUISHED Inventors 486

Chapter XXXII. Hoe's Lightning Printing Press

Invention that Revolutionized thk World of Letters History ov thk Hoe Family— Arrivai of one in \i« York from England Energetic Young Man — First Printing Thai- was Done by Steam- Urgent Demand for Rapid Newspaper Presses Problem Lono IUkki.kd Solution Solved at Length in a Single Night Immense Fortune for rHE Inventor — London Times and Other Presses— Successful Rotary Printing 491

Chapter XXXIII. Miscellaneous Discoveries And Inventions

Discovery of mi- Famous X Rays— Wonderful Experiments and Results— Discovery ok Liquid Air— Coldest Substance Known -Its Practicai Uses -Goodyear's Proukss KOR HllLIZING INDIA RUBBER DISCOVERIES IN THE ART OF HEAL- ING— GERMS of Disease Finsen Light Cure— Pasteur's Discovery— A Remedy for Hydrophobia Anti-Toxine— Skin and Bone Grafting -Discovery of AnesrHETics Explorations at im Bottom of the Sea — Submarine Boats— Death- Dealing Machines of War Powerfui Explosives and Projectiles Smokeless Powder- Nitro-Glycerine Dumdum Bullet -Marvellous Searchlights— Torpedoes and Submarine Mines— Machine (.'.ins Invention of rHE Bicycle— Old Styles Compared with mi- New — Travki lino in the Air— Inventions for Aerial Navigation 49fl

Chapter XXXIV

inventions applied to railways and canals.

SlowTProgress in Railroad Building Vast Growth in thk Last Half ok the Century— Immense Engines— Fastest Trains in the World— Electricity as a

CONTENTS. iili

PACl

Motive Power — Trans-Siberian and Chinese Eastern Railway— Longest Road in the World- Marvellous Bridges— Projected Road prom Cape Town to Cairo— Cecil Rhodes and His Great Scheme— Ninety Miles an Hour— Great Canals op the World The Panama Route— Nicaragua Canal — Chicago Drain *gk— Outlet to the Mississippi — The Keil Ship Canal — Dimensions and Cost.

Chapter XXXV

PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURE DURING THE CENTURY. Great Improvement in this Deparment of Labor— Chemistry Applied to Agriculture— Sir Humphry Davy and His Discoveries— Liebig and His Experiments — Chemical Elements of the Soil— Nourishment op the Plants— Farm Litermure— New Methods of Teaching Farming — Success of Experiment Stations - Growth of Agricultural Societies— Governments Become Interested— Thorough Education for the Farm— Great Number of Farmers Compared with Remainder op Population— Old Farm Implements Compared with the New— Great Improvement in Utensils— Agriculture in Europe — Machinery for Everything — Variety of Grasses — Famous Cattle and Sheep — Farmers a Ruling Power • 624

Chapter XXXVI. Review Of The World's Scientific Progress In The Nineteenth* Century

Few Great Inventions Prior to the Nineteenth Century — Catalogue of Inventions During the Last Hurdred Years — Spectrum Analysis — Use of Antiseptics in Surgical Operations — Only Remarkable Invention of the Seventeenth Century that op the Telescope — Barometer and Thermometer — No Invention of the First Rank in the Sixteenth Century— Mariner's Compass — Measuring the Velocity of Light — Nature of Meteors and Comets — Antiquity of Man — Theory of Organic Evolution — Embryology — Astronomy in the Nineteenth Century — Photography as an Aid to the Telescope -Phenomena of our Solar System — The Earth's Satellite— Eclipses oi- the Sun Remarkable Corona — Discovery of a Vast Number of Asteroids— Amazing Growth of Human Knowledge in Every Direction 53*

Part VI. Religion, Literature And Art In The

NINETEENTH CENTURY.

Chapter XXXVII. Christianity In The Last Hundred Years

Wonderful Progress in Industrial Science— French Infidels in the Beginning of the Century— Revival op Spiritual Religion— Great Missionary Zeal —Moravians and Their Remarkable Work— Scotch and English Churches and Missionary Societies — American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions— Vast Sims op Money Contributed to the Cause— What is Shown by the Figures ?— Necessity for Medical Missions — Missionary Zeal of the Papal Church— Wonderful Advance of Christianity During the Century— C Statistics — Church Property — Humanity a Brotherhood — T.ik Russian Em peror's Peace Conference at the Hague — Formation of Permanent Board at Arbitration — Settlement of International Disputes without the Sword . • 5SH tit CONTENTS.

Chapter Xxxviii. The Century's Progress In Education And Literature

Education as Affectino Women-Old-Fashioned Ideas of Woman and IIek Sphere —Monev Value of Women's Labor Many Avenues of Activity Open to the Female Sex The Woman of we Twentieth Century— A Flood of Books- Enormous Masses of I iterators Short-Lived Works-Admirable Histories- Man* Writers of Great Repute Sir Wai rsR Scott and the Waverlv Novels- Wholesomb Humor of Thackerav Wonderful Creations of Charles Dickens —George Eliot and Her Famous Works-Novelists and Essay Writers- Important Educational Events in the Nineteenth Century— Chautauqua System of Education— Agricultural Education— Instruction on the Farm . .

Chapter XXXIX. A Hundred Years Of Art

Centres of Art in Europe Great Facility for Art Study in Paris-Vast Improvement and Growth in American Art -Pictorial Art and its Rapid Development Immense Number of Illustrated Books and Magazines-Old Hme p IC ruRES Rival Schools of Art in France England's Renowned Paintings • Native Art Productions «n the United States South Kensington School -Royal Academy [N London Rising Talent in Scotland Encouraged- Schools at Munich and Antwerp— Great American Promise ok Art ....

Chapter XL. Celebrated Authors

Han, Christian Andersen-Matthew Arnold George Bancroft-George H. Bo-

KER HORATIUS BONAR EMILYBrONTE ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING-ROBERT

Browning-William Cullen Bryant Lord Byron-Will Carleton Phomas Carlislb Aucb vn-> Phcebe Cary-James Fenimore Cooper- Charles Dickens- Ralph Waldo Emerson Eugene Field Horace Grebley-Nathaniel Hawthorne I G Holland Oliver Wendell Holmes— Tom Hood-Victor Hugo— rudyard Kipling H. W. Longfellow-J. R. Lowell -Lord Macaulay-Edgar AlMN pob foHN G. Saxe-Sir Walter Scott-Harriet Beecher Stowe- Alfred Tbnnyson-W. M. Thackeray-Mark Twain-J. G. Whittier

CHAPTER XLI. distinguished orators and statesmen. Bebcher-Blaine-Bright-Choate Ci w -Depew -Douglass .Everett-Garfield !?G?bbons-Gladstone Gough Brady Harrison-Lincoln -McKinlry-Moody -.Rebd-Sherman-Spurgeon-Talmage-Victoria— Webster-Willard

CHAPTER XLII. various celebrities and their achievements. Armour-Bartholdj- Bell Booth Carnegie-Cleveland Dewey-Edison-Grant

Jackson Lee Marconi- Melba Patti Wanamaker

Appendix A-Latest Events in the History of the Nineteenth Century. . . Appendix B— Canada in the Nineteenth Century • • ■

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DISTINGUISHED AMERICANS OF THE CENTURY

Cop] right. 1900. by George W. Bertro...

PART 1. Great Events of American History

IN THE

NINETEENTH CENTURY.

CHAPTER I. The Louisiana Purchase

i>

HE Revolution, which resulted in the independence of the United States was ended by the surrender of Lord Corn wall is and his army of 7,000 men at Yorklowu, Va, on October 19th, 1 78 1. The patriots who had won the great struggle then united their efforts in the formation of a new government and a Constitution in line with the principles so boldly asserted in the Declaration of Independence. In 1787 the new Constitution was signed by a convention of the States and was ratified during the following year.

The new government was organized by the election of George Washington as President. As we glance back at that stormy period in our history his majestic figure stands out as the chief of the illustrious founders of our Republic. After twice administering the affairs of the government he died December 14th, 1799. His honored name, embalmed in the hearts of his countrymen, is destined to be venerated so long as our nation endures. One of his distinguished compatriots, Benjamin Franklin, whose important services form some of the brightest pages of our early history, ended his illustrious career on April 17th, 1790. 2

The administration of John Adams, second President, closed on Marcr- 4th, 1801, and on the same date he was succeeded by Thomas Jefferson, author of the "Immortal Declaration." Aaron Burr, regarded by many a. f > only a clever adventurer, was inducted into the office of Vice-President. The new administration made Washington the seat of government, the capitol having been removed to that city during the preceding year.

The Purchase of Louisiana.

The new chief magistrate was soon involved in a transaction of very great importance. Intelligence was received that Napoleon had extorted from Spain the cession of Louisiana, granting in compensation the succession of the Duke of Parma, a Spanish prince, to the grand-duchy of Tuscany. That court had, however, yielded with much reluctance, and only from being overawed by the superior power of France. This intelligence excited great alarm in the American cabinet.

The possession of this territory by Spain, a weak and sluggish power, had been sufficiently harassing; what then might be expected on its transference

ADMINISTRATION' OF PRESIDENT JEFFERSON.

to the most stirring and active nation in Europe? Jefferson, knowing the French government to be embarrassed as to funds, conceived the hope, that, for a Large sum, they might be induced to

part with the territory ; and, viewing the object as of the deepest importance,

he was disposed not to Ik- sparing in

the amount.

A Great Possession.

Livingston, Pinckney, and Monroe were appointed a commission for carrying on this delicate negotiation. On arriving at Paris, they found their republican profession in had odor with Napoleon, who, having determined to establish absolute power, regarded them with dislike as demagogues ami au.u chists. They did not sci uple to obviate this In- declaring that they considered the present system the most desirable for Prance after her severe recent agitations. They found the acquisition oi Louisiana disapproved in the political circles, yet a favorite object with Napoleon himself. He looked to it as a great colonial possession, which might rival those oi England ; as a new Egypt — a place oi reward for meritorious officers, and oi exile for those he suspected.

Mr. King, the ambassador to England, endeavored to stir that conn against it ; but though dissatisfaction was expressed, no right was there felt to interfere. An expedition oi five to seven thousand men was prepared, and Bernadotte appointed to command it.