A college text-book of chemistry

Preface

This book is intended to fill a place between "An Introduction to the Study of Chemistry " and the " Inorganic Chemistry " of this series. It is distinctly more advanced than the former and distinctly less advanced than the latter. The "Inorganic Chemistry" has been largely used in its preparation, but "every part has been carefully revised. Especial attention has been given to the parts dealing with matters pertaining to physical chemistry, and it is hoped that the treatment will commend itself to those competent to judge.

In the opinion of the author the time has not yet come for the abandonment of the study of elements and their compounds in what some are pleased to call the oldfashioned way. Indeed it seems essential that such study must always form the basis of the higher or spiritual study of chemistry. All chemists are thankful for the new conceptions that have been given to them in the last few years, and students must be made familiar with them in a general way.

Ira Remsen.

Baltimore, September 11, 1901.

Chapter I

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGE— EARLIEST CHEMICAL KNOWLEDGE LAW OP THE INDESTRUCTIBILITY OF MATTER — LAW OF DEFI- NITE PROPORTIONS — LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS— THE

ELEMENTS.

PAGF

Matter and Energy— Chemical Change— Physical Change — Physics and Chemistry — Earliest Chemical Knowledge — Law of the Indestructibility of Matter — Conservation of Energy — Composition of Matter — Elements — Chemical Action — Chemical Affinity — Chemical Compounds and Mechanical Mixtures — Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Chemical Changes — Law of Definite Proportions — Law of Multiple Proportions — Combining Weights of the Elements — The Elements, their Symbols and Atomic Weights — Symbols of Compounds — Chemical Equations — The Scope of Chemistry — Chemical Action accompanied by other Kinds of Action.

Experiments : Chemical Change caused by Heat — Chemical Changes can be effected by an Electric Current — Mechanical Mixtures and Chemical Compounds— Other Examples of Chemical Action 1

Chapter II. A Study Of The Element Oxygen

Historical — Occurrence — Preparation — Physical Properties — Chemical Properties — Burning in the Air and Burning in Oxygen — Combustion — Kindling Temperature — Slow Oxidation — Heat of Combustion — Heat of Decomposition — Chemical Energy and Chemical Work — Oxides.

Experiments : Preparation of Oxygen — Measurement of the Volume of Gases — Determination of the Amount of Oxygen liberated wheu a known Weight of Potassium Chlorate is decomposed by Heat — Physical Properties of Oxygen — vi CONTENTS.

PAGE

Chemical Properties of Oxygen — Oxygen is used up in Combustion — The Products of Combustion weigh more than the Body burned, 32

Chapter III. A Study Of The Element Hydrogen

Historical — Occurrence — Preparation — Physical Properties — Chemical Properties — Comparison of Oxygen and Hydrogen.

Experiments : Preparation of Hydrogen — Something besides Hydrogen is formed — Determination of the Amount of Hydrogen evolved when a Known Weight of Zinc is dissolved in Sulphuric Acid — Hydrogen is purified by passing through a Solution of Potassium Permanganate — Hydrogen passes readily through Porous Vessels — Diffusion — Chemical Properties of Hydrogen — Product formed when Hydrogen is burned — Reduction, 54

Chapter IV. Study Of The Action Of Hydrogen On Oxygen

Burning of Hydrogen — Method of Dumas — Morley's Method — Eudiometric Method — Calculation of the Result obtained in exploding Mixtures of Hydrogen and Oxygen — Determination of the Volume of Water Vapor formed by Union of Definite Volumes of Hydrogen and Oxygen — Heat evolved in the Union of Hydrogen and Oxygen — Applications of the Heat formed by the Combination of Hydrogen and Oxygen — Oxyhydrogen Light — Summary.

Experiments: Composition of Water — Eudiometric Experiments — Oxyhydrogen Blow-pipe, 72

Chapter V. Water

Historical— Occurrence — Formation of Water and Proofs of its Composition — Properties of Water — Chemical Properties of Water — Water as a Solvent— Solution as an Aid to Chemical Action— Natural Waters— What constitutes a Bad Drinking Water — Purification of Water.

Experiments: Organic Substances contain Water — Water of Crystallization — Efflorescent Salts — Deliquescent Salts — Purification of Water by Distillation, 83

CONTENTS. vii

Chapter VI

CONSTITUTION OF MATTER — ATOMIC THEORY — ATOMS AND MOLE- CULES—CONSTITUTION — VALENCE.

PAGE

The Atomic Theory as proposed by Dalton — Use and Value of a Theory — Atomic Weights and Combining Weights — Molecules — Avogadro's Hypothesis — Distinction between Molecules and Atoms — Molecular Weights — Deduction of Atomic Weights from Molecular Weights — Exact Atomic Weights determined by the Aid of Analysis — Molecular Formulas — Constitution — Valence — Replacing Power of Elements.

Experiments: Method of Dumas — Method of Victor Meyer, . 97

Chapter VII. Ozone — Allotropy — Nascent State — Hydrogen Dioxide

Occurrence — Preparation — Properties — Relation between Oxygen and Ozone — Ozone in the Air — Allotropy — Varying Number of Atoms in the Molecules of one and the same Element — Nascent State — Hydrogen Dioxide or Hydrogen Peroxide — Properties — Occurrence in the Air — Characteristic Reactions.

Experiments : Ozone — Hydrogen Dioxide, 116

Chapter VIII. Chlorine — Hydrochloric Acid

Historical — Occurrence of Chlorine — Preparation — Deacon's Process — Laboratory Process — Weldon's Process — Electrolytic Process — Properties — Different Kinds of Action — Chlorine Hydrate and Liquid Chlorine — Application of Chlorine — Hydrochloric Acid — Historical — Study of the Action of Hydrogen upon Chlorine — Preparation — Properties — Chemical Action of Hydrochloric Acid.

Experiments: Preparation of Chlorine — Chlorine decomposes Water in the Sunlight — Chlorine Hydrate — Formation of Hydrochloric Acid— Preparation of Hydrochloric Acid, . . 126

Chapter IX. Compounds Of Chlorine With Oxygen And With Hydrogen And Oxygen

General — Principal Reactions for Making Compounds of Chlorine with Hydrogen and Oxygen — Hypochlorous Acid — Perchloric Acid — General — Compounds of Chl'Tine with Oxygen.

i vni CONTENTS.

PAGE

Experiments : Chloric Acid and Potassium Chlorate — Perchloric

Acid, 14 6

Chapter X. Acids — Bases — Neutralization — Salts

General— A Study of the Act of Neutralization — General Statements— Definitions— Distinction between Acids and Bases — Metals or Base- forming Elements — Constitution of Acids and Bases — Constitution of Salts— Basicity of Acids — Acidity of Bases — Salts — Acid Properties and Oxygen — Nomenclature of Acids — Nomenclature of Bases — Nomenclature of Salts.

Experiments: Neutralization of Acids and Bases; Formation of

Salts — Study of the Products formed, 153

Chapter XI. Natural Classification Of The Elements — The Periodic Law

Historical — Arrangement of the Elements — Connection between the Position of the Elements in the. Natural System and their Chemical Properties — Plan to be followed, .... 173

Chapter XII

THE ELEMENTS OF FAMILY VII, GROUP B: FLUORINE — CHLORINE — BROMINE— IODINE.

General — Bromine — Occurrence — Preparation — Properties — Chemical Conduct of Bromine — Uses of Bromine — Hydrobromic Acid— Properties— Compounds of Bromine with Hydrogen and Oxygen — Iodine — Occurrence — Preparation — Properties — Hydriodic Acid — Properties — Iodic Acid— Iodine Pentoxide or Iodic Anhydride — Anhydrides, or Acidic Oxides — Periodic Acid — Compounds of Iodine with Chlorine — Compound of Iodine with Bromine — Fluorine — Occurrence — Properties — Hydrofluoric Acid — Family VII, Group A — Manganese.

Experiments : Preparation of Bromine — Hydrobromic Acid — Iodine — Iodine can be detected by -Means of its Action upon Starch-paste — Iodic Acid — Hydrofluoric Acid, 186

CONTENTS. ix

Chapter XIII

THE ELEMENTS OF FAMILY Vr, GROUP B : SULPU tJIl — SELENIUM — TELLURIUM.

PAGE

Introductory — Sulphur — Occurrence — Extraction of Sulphur from its Ores — Properties — Uses of Sulphur — Hydrpgen Sulphide, Sulphuretted Hydrogen — Properties — Action of Hydrogen Sulphide upon Solutions of Salts, Use in Chemical Analysis — Hydrosulphides — Hydrogen Persulphide — Compounds of Sulphur with Members of the Chlorine Group — Selenium — Occurrence — Properties — Tellurium— Occurrence — Properties.

Experiments: Properties of Sulphur — Hydrogen Sulphide, . 205

Chapter XIV

COMPOUNDS OF SULPHUR, SELENIUM, AND TELLURIUM WITH OXYGEN AND WITH OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN.

Introductory — Sulphuric Acid — Pure Sulphuric Acid — Tetrahydroxyl Sulphuric Acid — Normal Sulphuric Acid — Disulphuric Acid, Pyrosulphuric Acid — Sulphurous Acid — Hyposulphurous Acid — Thiosulphuric Acid — Other Acids of Sulphur — Persulphuric Acid — Caro's Reagent — Compounds of Sulphur with Oxygen — Sulphur Dioxide — Sulphur Trioxide — Sulphuryl Chloride — Chlorsulphuric Acid, or Sulphuryl-hydroxyl Chloride — Compounds of Selenium and Tellurium with Oxygen and with Oxygen and Hydrogen — Selenious Acid — Selenic Acid — Selenium Dioxide— Tellurious Acid — Telluric Acid — Oxides of Tellurium — Family VI, Group A.

Experiments : Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid — Sulphurous Acid and Sulphur Dioxide — Sulphurous Acid is a Reducing Agent— Sulphur Trioxide 222

Chapter XV. Nitrogen— The Air — Argon, Etc

Nitrogen — General — Occurrence of Nitrogen — Preparation — Properties — The Air — Analysis of Air — Air and Life — Pure and Impure Air — Liquid Air— Argon — Other Gases in Air.

Experiments : Preparation of Nitrogen — Analysis of Air, . . 250

CONTENTS.

Chapter XVI

COMPOUNDS OF NITROGEN WITH HYDROGEN — WITH HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN— WITH OXYGEN, ETC.

PAGE

General Conditions which, give Rise to the Formation of the Simpler Compounds of Nitrogen — Relations between the Principal Compounds of Nitrogen — Ammonia — Properties — Composition of Ammonia — Ammonium Amalgam — Hydrazine — Hydroxy lamine — Triazoic Acid — Nitric Acid — Red Fuming Nitric Acid — Nitrous Acid — Hyponitrous Acid — Nitrous Oxide — Nitric Oxide — Nitrogen Trioxide — Nitrogen Peroxide — Nitrogen Pentoxide — Compounds of Nitrogen with the Elements of the Chlorine Group.

Experiments : Preparation and Properties of Ammonia — Ammonia burns in Oxygen. — Ammonia forms Ammonium Salts with Acids — Composition of Ammonia — Preparation and Properties of Nitric Acid — Nitric Acid gives up Oxygen readily, and is hence a Good Oxidizing Agent — Metals dissolve in Nitric Acid, forming Nitrates — Nitrates are decomposed by Heat — Nitrates are soluble in "Water — Nitric Acid is reduced to Ammonia by Nascent Hydrogen — Nitrous Acid — Nitrous Oxide — Nitric Oxide — Nitrogen Trioxide — Nitrogen Peroxide, 267

Chapter XVII. Elements Op Family V, Group B

PHOSPHORUS — ARSENIC— ANTIMONY— BISMUTH— THE ELEMENTS AND

THEIR COMPOUNDS WITH HYDROGEN.

General — Phosphorus — Occurence — Preparation — Properties — Applications of Phosphorus — Compounds of Phosphorus with Hydrogen — Phosphine, Gaseous Phosphuretted Hydrogen — Arsenic — Occurrence — Preparation — Properties — Arsine, Arseniuretted Hydrogen — Antimony — Occurrence — Properties — Applications of Antimony — Stibine — Methods of Distinguishing between Arsenic and Antimony — Bismuth — Occurrence — Compounds of the Members of the Phosphorus Group with the Members of the Chlorine Group — Phosphorus Trichloride — Phosphorus Pentachloride — Arsenic Trichloride — Compounds of Antimony and Chlorine — Bismuth and Chlorine.

CONTENTS. xi

PAGE

EXPERIMENTS : Phosphorus — Phosphorus abstracts Oxygen from other Substances — Phosphine — Arsenic — Arsine — Marsh's Test for Arsenic — Antimony — Stibine — Bismuth — Phosphorus Trichloride — Phosphorus Pentachloride, .... 298

Chapter XVIII

COMPOUNDS OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE PHOSPHORUS GROUP WITH OXYGEN AND WITH OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN.

Introduction — Phosphoric Acid, Orthophosphoric Acid — Properties — Pyrophosphoric Acid — Metaphosphoric Acid — Phos- .phorous Acid — Hypophosphoric Acid — Hypophosphorous Acid — Phosphorus Pentoxide, Phosphoric Anhydride — Phosphorus Trioxide or Phosphorous Anhydride — Phosphorus Oxychloride — Arsenic Acid — Arsenious Acid — Arsenic Trioxide — Arsenic Pentoxide — Sulphides — Arsenic Disulphide — Arsenic Trisulphide — Arsenic Pentasulphide — Antimonic Acid — Antimony Trioxide — Salts of Antimony — Antimony Tetroxide — Antimony Pentoxide — Antimony Trisulphide — Antimony Pentasulphide — Oxychlorides of Antimony — Oxides of Bismuth — Salts of Bismuth — Bismuth Dioxide — Bismuth Pentoxide — Bismuth Trisulphide — Bismuth Oxychloride — Family V, Group A — Vanadium — Vanadic Acid — Columbium — Tantalum — Didymium — Boron — General — Occurrence — Preparation — Properties — Boron Trichloride — Boric Acid — Salts of Boron — Nitrogen Boride.

Experiments: Phosphoric Acid— Arsenic Acid — Reduction of Arsenic Trioxide — Sulphides of Arsenic — Sulphides of Antimony — Oxychlorides of Antimony — Basic Nitrates of Bismuth—Boron, 320

Chapter XIX. Carbon And Its Simpler Compounds With Hydrogen And Chlorine

Introductory — Occurrence of Carbon — Diamond — Graphite — Amorphous Carbon — Coal — Diamond, Graphite, and Charcoal are Different Forms of the Element Carbon — Chemical Conduct of Carbon — Compounds of Carbon with Hydrogen, or Hydrocarbons.

Experiments : Carbon — Bone-black Filters — Charcoal absorbs xii CONTENTS.

PAGE

Gases— Carbon combines with Oxygen to form Carbon Dioxide—Carbon reduces some Oxides when heated with them — Hydrocarbons, 345

Chapter XX

SIMPLER COMPOUNDS OF CARBON WITH OXYGEN, AND WITH OXY- GEN AND HYDROGEN.

' General — Carbon Dioxide — Preparation — Properties — Relations of Carbon Dioxide to Chemical Energy — Respiration— Carbon Dioxide and Life — Energy stored up in Plants — Carbonic Acid and Carbonates — Carbon Monoxide.

Experiments : Carbon Dioxide is formed when a Carbonate is treated with an Acid — Preparation and Properties of Carbon Dioxide — Carbon Dioxide is given off from the Lungs— Formation of Carbonates — Preparation and Properties of Carbon Monoxide — Carbon Monoxide is a Good Reducing Agent, . 359

Chapter XXI. Illumination — Flame — Blowpipe

COMPOUNDS OF CARBON WITH NITROGEN AND SULPHUR.

Introduction — Illuminating Gas, Coal-gas — Flames — Kindling Temperature of Gases — Miner's Safety Lamp — Structure of Flames— Blowpipe — Causes of the Luminosity of Flames — Bunsen Burner — Compounds of Carbon with Nitrogen and with Sulphur — Cyanogen — Hydrocyanic Acid, Prussic Acid — Cyanic Acid — Carbon Disulphide — Sulphocyanic Acid — Constitution of Cyanogen and its Simpler Compounds.

Experiments : Coal-gas — Oxygen barns in an Atmosphere of a Combustible Gas — Kindling Temperature of Gases — The Blowpipe and its Uses — Cyanogen, 372

Chapter XXII

ELEMENTS OF FAMILY IV, GROUP A : SILICON — TITANIUM — ZIRCONIUM— CERIUM— THORIUM.

General — Silicon — Occurrence — Preparation — Silicon Hydride — Titanium — Zirconium — Thorium — Cerium — Compounds of the Elements of the Silicon Group with those of the Chlo-

CONTENTS. xin

PAGE

rine Group — Silicon Tetrachloride — Silicon Hexacbloride — Silicon Tetrafluoride — Compounds of the Members of the Silicon Group with Oxygen, and with Oxygen and Hydrogen — Silicon Dioxide — Properties — Uses — Silicic Acid— Polysilicic Acids — Disilicic Acid — Trisilicic Acids — Titanium Dioxide— Silicides — Family IV, Group B. Experiments : Silicon — Silicon Tetrafluoride and Fluosilicic Acid — Silicic Acid, 387

Chapter XXIII. Chemical Action

Retrospective — Classification of Reactions of the Elements and Compounds Studied — Kinds of Chemical Reactions — Direct Combination — Direct Decomposition — Metathesis — The Cause of Chemical Reactions — An Ideal Chemical Reaction — Influence of Mass — Reactions may be Complete if One of the Products formed is Insoluble or Volatile — Dissociation — Electrolysis— Electrolytic Dissociation — Definition of Acids and Bases in Terms of the Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation — Raoult's Methods for the Determination of Molecular Weights — Determination of the Extent of Dissociation of a Dissolved Substance — Osmotic Pressure — Relations between Specific Heat and Atomic Weights —Exceptions to the Law of Specific Heats, 402

Chapter XXIV. Base-forming Elements — General Considerations

Introductory — Metallic Properties — Order in which the Base-forming Elements will be taken up — Occurrence of the Metals — Extraction of the Metals from their Ores — The Properties of the Metals — Compounds of the Metals — Chlorides — Formation of Salts in General — General Properties of the Chlorides — The so-called Double Chlorides and similar Compounds of Fluorine, Bromine, and Iodine — Different Chlorides of the same Metal — Oxides — Different Oxides of the same Metal — Hydroxides— Decomposition of Salts by Bases — Sulphides — Hydrosulphides — Sulpho-salts — Nitrates — Chlorates — Sulphates — Carbonates — Phosphates — Silicates.

xiv CONTENTS.

PAGE

Experiments : Chlorides, Bromides, and Iodides — Hydroxides — Sulphates — Reduction of Sulphates to Sulphides— Carbonates, 457

Chapter XXV. Eleijents Of Family 1, Group A

THE ALKALI METALS :— LITHIUM — SODIUM— POTASSIUM — RUBIDIUM

— CAESIUM — AMMONIUM.

General — Potassium — Occurrence — Preparation — Properties — Potassium Hydride — Potassium Fluoride, Chloride,Bromide, Iodide — Properties — Applications — Potassium Hydroxide — Potassium Oxide — Potassium Hydrosulphide — Potassium Nitrate — Applications — Gunpowder — Potassium Nitrite— Potassium Chlorate — Potassium Perchlorate — Potassium Cyanide — Potassium Sulphocyanate — Potassium Sulphate — Primary, or Acid, Potassium Sulphate — Sulphites — Carbonates — Acid Potassium Carbonate — Phosphates — Potassium Silicate — Rubidium — Caesium — Sodium — Occurrence — Preparation — Properties — Applications — Sodium Hydride — Sodium Chloride — Sodium Hydroxide — Oxides — Sodium Peroxide — Sodium Sulphantimonate — Sodium Nitrate — Sodium Sulphate— Sodium Thiosulphate — Sodium Carbonate — Properties—Applications—The Le Blanc Process for the Manufacture of Sodium Carbonate — Ammonia Process for the Manufacture of Soda— Mono-Sodium Carbonate, Primary Sodium Carbonate— Phosphates— Sodium Borate — Sodium Silicate — Lithium — Ammonium Salts — Ammonium Chloride — Ammonium Sulphide — Ammonium Nitrate — Sodium-ammonium Phosphate— Reactions of the Members of the Sodium Group which are of Value in Chemical Analysis — Flame Reactions and the Spectroscope.

Experiments : Potassium Salts— Sodium Salts, 456

Chapter XXVI

ELEMENTS OF FAMILY II, GROUP A : GLTJCINUM — MAGNESIUM - CALCIUM — STRONTIUM— BARIUM [ERBIUM].

General — Calcium Sub-group — Calcium — Occurrence — Preparation — Properties — Calcium Chloride — Calcium Fluoride — Calcium Oxide — Calcium Hydroxide — Applications — Bleach-

CONTENTS. XV

PAGB

ing-powder — Applications — Calcium Carbonate — Applications — Calcium Sulphate — Applications — Calcium Phosphates — Calcium Silicate — Glass — Mortar — Calcium Sulphide — Calcium Nitride — Calcium Carbide — Strontium — Occurrence and Preparation — Properties — Compounds of Strontium — Barium — Occurrence and Preparation — Properties — Barium Chloride — Barium Hydroxide — Barium Oxide — Barium Peroxide or Dioxide — Barium Sulphide — Barium Sulphate — Barium Carbonate — Phosphates of Barium — Reactions which are of Special Value in Analysis — Magnesium Sub-group — Glucinum — Occurrence and Preparation — Magnesium — Occurrence — Preparation — Properties — Applications — Compounds of Magnesium — Magnesium Chloride — Magnesium Oxide — Magnesium Sulphate — Applications — Magnesium Carbonate — Phosphates — Borates — Silicates — Magnesium Silicide — Reactions of Magnesium Salts which, are of Special Value in Chemical Analysis — Erbium. Experiments : Calcium Salts — Magnesium and its Salts, . . 492

Chapter XXVII. Elements Of Family III, Group A

ALUMINIUM — SCANDIUM — YTTRIUM — YTTERBIUM— SAMARIUM —

HELIUM.

General — Aluminium — Occurrence — Preparation — Properties — Applications — Aluminium Chloride — Aluminium Hydroxide — Aluminates — Aluminium Oxide — Aluminium Sulphate — Alums— Potassium Alum, Potassium-aluminium Sulphate — Applications — Ammonium Alum, Ammonium-aluminium Sulphate — Sodium Alum — Aluminium Silicates — Alloys- Reactions of Aluminium Salts which are of Special Value in Chemical Analysis — Other Members of Family III, Group A — Scandium — Yttrium — Ytterbium — Samarium — Helium.

Experiments : Aluminium Chloride, 521

Chapter XXVIII. Elements Of Family I, Group B : Copper — Silver— Gold

General— Copper — General— Forms in which Copper Occurs in Nature — Metallurgy of Copper — Properties — Applications — Alloys — Cuprous Chloride — Cupric Chloride— Cuprous Hyxvi CONTENTS.

droxide — Cuprous Oxide — Cupric Hydroxide — Cupric Oxide — Cupric Sulphate — Applications — Cupric Nitrate — Cupric Arsenite — Cupric Carbonates — Cuprous Sulphide — Cupric Sulphide — Copper-plating — Reactions which are of Special Value in Chemical Analysis — Silver — General— Forms in which Silver occurs in Nature — Metallurgy of Silver — Purification — Properties — Allotropic Forms of Silver — Alloys of Silver — Argentous- Chloride — Silver Chloride, Argentic Chloride — Silver Bromide and Iodide — Application of the Chloride, Bromide, and Iodide of Silver in the Art of Photography — Silver Triazoate — Silver Oxide — Other Oxides of Silver — Sulphides of Silver— Silver Nitrate, Argentic Nitrate — Silver Cyanide — Reactions which are of Special Value in Chemical Analysis — Gold — General — Forms in which Gold occurs in Nature — Metallurgy of Gold — Properties — Alloys of Gold— Chlorides of Gold— Gold Sulphide. Experiments : Copper and its Salts— Silver and its Salts, . . 537

Chapter XXIX. Elements Of Family II, Group B: Zinc — Cadmium — Mercury

General — Zinc — General — Forms in which it occurs in Nature — Metallurgy — Properties — Applications — Allay*— Zinc Chloride — Zinc Hydroxide — Zinc Oxide — Zinc Sulphide — Zinc Sulphate — Zinc Carbonate — Reactions which are of Special Value in Chemical Analysis — Cadmium — General — Preparation and Properties — Cadmium Sulphide — Analytical Reactions — Mercury — General — Forms in which Mercury occurs in Nature — Metallurgy of Mercury — Properties — Applications — Amalgams — Mercurous Chloride — Mercuric Chloride, or Corrosive Sublimate — Mercurous Iodide — Mercuric Iodide — Mercuric Oxide — Mercuric Sulphide — Mercuric Cyanide — Mercurous Nitrate — Mercuric Nitrate — Compounds formed by Salts of Mercury with Ammonia — Reactions which are of Special Value in Chemical Analysis.

ELEMENTS OF FAMILY III, GROUP B : GALLIUM — 1NDI UM — THALLIUM.

General — Gallium — Indium — Thallium.

Experiments : Zinc and its Salts — Mercury and its Salts, . . 559

CONTENTS. xv ll

Chapter XXX. Elements Of Family IV, Group B : Germanium — Tin— Lead

PAGE

General — Germanium — Tin — General — Occurrence — Metallurgy — Properties — Applications — Alloys — Stannous Chloride — Stannic Chloride — Stannic Hydroxide — Stannic Oxide — Stannous Sulphide — Stannic Sulphide — Reactions which are of Special Value in Chemical Analysis — Lead — General — Forms in which Lead occurs in Mature — Metallurgy — Properties — Applications — Lead Chloride — Lead Tetrachloride — Lead Iodide — Oxides of Lead — Lead Suboxide — Lead Oxide — Lead Peroxide — Storage Battery — Lead Sulphide — Lead Nitrate — Lead Carbonate — Lead Sulphate — Reactions which are of Special Value in Chemical Analysis — Lanthanum — Cerium — Didymium — Praseodymium and Neodymium.

Experiments : Tin and its Compounds— Lead and its Compounds, 576

Chapter XXXI

ELEMENTS OF FAMILY VI, GROUP A : CHROMIUM — MOLYBDENUM— TUNGSTEN — URANIUM.

General — Chromium — General — Forms in which Chromium occurs in Nature — Preparation — Properties — Chromic Chloride — Chromic Hydroxide — Chromic Oxide — Chromic Sulphate — Chrome-Alums — Chromic Acid and the Chromates — Potassium Chromate — Potassium Bichromate — Chromium Trioxide — Relations between the Chromates and Bichromates — Sodium Chromate and Sodium Bichromate — Barium Chromate — Lead Chromate — Reactions which are of Special Value in Chemical Analysis — Molybdenum — General — Occurrence and Preparation — Molybdic Acid and the Molybdates — Lead Molybdate — Phospho-moly bdic A cid — Tungsten — General — Occurrence and Preparation — Properties — Tungstic Acid and the Tungstates — Uranium — General — Occurrence and Preparation — Properties — Oxides — Uranous Salts — Uranyl Salts — Uranates.

Experiments : Chromic Acid and the Chromates 593 xvin CONTENTS,

Chapter XXXII. Elements Of Family VII, Group A

MANGANESE.

PAGE

General — Forms in which Manganese occurs in Nature — Preparation and Properties — Manganous Chloride — General Remarks concerning the Oxides— Manganous Hydroxide — Manganous-manganic Oxide — Manganic Oxide — Manganese Dioxide— Weldon's Process for the Regeneration of Manganese Dioxide in the Preparation of Chlorine — Sulphides — Manganous Sulphate — Manganic Sulphate — Manganic Acid and the Manganates — Permanganic Acid and the Permanganates — Potassium Permanganate — Reactions which are of Special Value in Chemical Analysis.

Experiments : Manganese and its Compounds, 609

Chapter XXXIII. Elements Of Family VIII, Sub-group A

IRON — COBALT — NICKEL.

General — Iron — Introductory — Forms in which Iron occurs in Nature — Metallurgy — Varieties of Iron — Properties of Iron — Ferrous Chloride— Ferric Chloride — Cyanides — Potassium Ferrocyanide — Ferrohydrocyanic Acid — Ferric Ferrocyanide, or Prussian Blue — Potassium Ferricyanide — Ferrihydrocyanic Acid— Ferrous Ferricyanide — Ferrous Hydroxide — Ferric Hydroxide — Ferrous-Ferric Oxide — Soluble Ferric Hydroxide — Ferric Oxide — Ferrous Sulphide — Ferrous Carbonate — Ferrous Sulphate — Ferric Sulphate — Ferrous Phosphate — Iron Disulphide — Reactions which are of Special Value in Chemical Analysis — Cobalt — General— Occurrence and Preparation — Properties — Cobaltous Chloride — Cobaltous Hydroxide — Cobaltic Hydoxide — Cobalt Sulphide — Cyanides — Smalt — Nickel — General — Occurrence and Preparation — Properties — Alloys — Other Applications of Nickel — Nickelous Hydroxide — Nickelic Hydroxide — Cyanides — Nickel Carbonyl — Reactions of Cobalt and Nickel which are of Special Value in Chemical Analysis.

Experiments : Iron and its Compounds, 620

CONTENTS. xix

Chapter XXXIV. Elements Op Family VIII, Sub-group B

RUTHENIUM— RHODIUM— PALLADIUM.

ELEMENTS OF FAMILY VIII, SUB-GROUP C :

OSMIUM— IRIDIUM— PLATINUM.

PAGE

General-The Platinum Metals-Metallurgy-Ruthenium-Preparation -Properties - Osmium-Preparation-Properties- Rhodium-Iridium-Preparation-Properties-Palladium- Preparation-Properties-Palladium-Hydrogen-Platinum- Preparation-Properties-Applications of Platinum-Alloys of Platinum-Chlorides-Chlorplatinic Acid-Sulphides

Experiments : Platinum— Chemical Analysis, ....'.. 641

Chapter XXXV. Some Familiar Compounds Of Carbon

Organic Chemistry-Occurrence of the Compounds of Carbon- Formation of Hydrocarbons-Distillation of Coal— Distilla tion of Wood-Distillation of Bones-Fermentation-Classes of Compounds of Carbon - Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen-Petroleum— Refining of Petroleum— Hydrocarbons in Petroleum-Homology-The Ethylene Series of Hydrocarbons-The Acetylene Series-The Benzene Series -Marsh-gas, Methane, Fire-damp-Substitution-products of the Hydrocarbons-Chloroform— Iodoform— Ethylene Ole fiant Gas- Acetylene-Methyl Alcohol, Wood-spirit-Ethyl Alcohol, Spirits of Wine-What Change takes Place in Sugar ?-What Causes the Change ?-Germs in the Air- Different Kinds of Fermentation-Distillation of Fermented Liquids-Properties of Alcohol-Uses of Alcohol-Glycerin —Properties— Acetic Aldehyde, Ordinary Aldehyde-Chloral -Formic Acid-Acetic Acid-Properties-Uses-Salts of Acetic Acid-Fatty Acids-Butyric Acid-Palmitic Acid- Steanc Acid-Soaps-Use of Soap-Action of Soap on Hard Waters-Relations of the Soap Industry to Other Industries- Oxalic Acid-Lactic Acid-Malic Acid-Tartaric Acid-Citric Acid-Ether-Action of Acids upon Alcohols-Saponification -Fats-Butter-Ethereal Salts as Essences-Nitroglycerin Comparison of Formulas-Alcohols-More Complex Alcohols —Radicals or Residues— Acids.

Experiments: Fermentation-Aldehyde-Soap-Hard Water,. 649 xx CONTENTS.

Chapter XXXVI. Other Compounds Of Carbon

PAGE

Tlie Carbohydrates — Grape-sugar, Glucose, Dextrose — Formation of Dextrose — Manufacture of Dextrose or Glucose — Properties — Levulose, Fruit-sugar — Cane-sugar — Sugar-refining — Molasses — Properties of Sugar — Sugar of Milk, Lactose — Souring of Milk — Cellulose — Properties — Gun-cotton, Pyroxylin, Nitrocellulose — Collodion — Celluloid — Paper — Starch — Manufacture of Starch — Properties — Flour — Bread-making — Aromatic Compounds — Nitrobenzene — Aniline — Aniline Dyes — Phenol, Carbolic Acid — Oil of Bitter Almonds, Benzoic Aldehyde — Benzoic Acid — Balsams and Odoriferous Resins— Gallic Acid — Tannic Acid, Tannin — Tanning — Indigo — Naphthalene — Anthracene — Alizarin — Glucosides — Myronic Acid — Alkaloids — Quinine — Cocaine — Nicotine — Morphine and Narcotine, 667

Index 677

A COLLEGE TEXT-BOOK OF

CHEMISTRY,