Georgia land and people

Front matter

FRANCES LETCHER MITCHELL.

— "Which kind of men know not (beIvIke) that the

NATURE OF AN HISTORIE (DEFINED TO BE, REI VERE GEST^ MEM- ORIA ) W'lhh NOT BEARE THE BURTHEN OR LODE OF A LIE, SITH THE SAME IS TOO HEAVIE. — Holinslu'd.

Chapter I. Colonial Period

James Oglethorpe. Adventures and romance connected with the western continent. George I. The Margravate of Azilia. Georgia a doubtful borderland. The mission of Sir Alex. Gumming. George II. makes a grant of land. A new colony, the refuge for Protestants. James Oglethorpe, first governor of Georgia. The Anne. Yamacraw bluff. Mary Musgrove. The settlement of Savannah. Col. William Bull. Tomo-chi-chi. Indians respect Oglethoi-pe. The Salzburgers. Darien settled. Augusta settled. Fort William. Fort St. George. Frederica settled. Oglethorpe carries a party of Indians to England. They produce a sensation in London. Oglethorpe returns. John Wesley. The first Sunday-school in the world. Kev. George Whitfield. Bethesda. The mistakes of the Trustees. The first prohibition State. Negro slavery forbidden. Military service for laud. Trustees change their policy. The colony begins to prosper. Raw silk, indigo, cotton 13-26

Chapter II. Colonial Period

England's claim to territory of Georgia. Spain's claim. Mutual grievances. Oglethorpe goes to England for troops.

CONTENTS.

He becomes Comniauder-iu-c-liief. Eiiglaud declares war against Spain. A conference of Indian cliiefs at Coweta. Ogletliorpe invades Florida. Unsuccessful siege of St. Angnstine. The Spaniards invade Georgia. Tlie battle of Bloody MarsU. The Spaniards retreat. Oglethorpe congratulated by six Governors. His extraordinary march. Peace between England and Spain. Oglethorpe leaves Georgia to reside permanently in England 27-34

Chapter III. Colonial Feriod

Oglethorpe's successor, William Stephens. Jelvyl island settled. Trouble with :Mary Musgrovo and the Creeks. The money used in Georgia. Trustees surrender their charter. Georgia a royal province. Capt. Reynolds, first royal governor. Hardwick settled. Four hundred Catholics entertained at public expense. Gov. Henry Ellis. Midway District and Sunbury settled. Georgia's territory more clearly defined. Convention of Indians at Augusta. Gov. AVright. Twelve parishes. Head-rights. Exports. Tobacco cultivated. The first ncAvspaper. Death of Geo^i-ge II. George III. proclaimed King in Georgia 35-42

Chapter IV. Revolutionary Period

Taxation without representation. Liberty Boys. Powder magazine in Savannah seized. Nol)le Wimberly .lones. Cannon spiked. The Liberty Pole. A Congress in Savannah. Archibald Bulloch. Georgia schooner captures English ship loaded with powder. Gov. Wright imprisoned. Kingly rule in Georgia ends. Three Georgians sign Declaration of Independence. How the news was received in Savannali. The Ivhig is l>uried in efligy. Death of Gov. Bulloch. Salzburgers denounce tyranny. Georgia's generosity 43-o0

CONTENTS.

Chapter V. Revolutionary Period

British troops overrun Georgia. They entice Indians with costly gifts. AA'higs and Tories. Georgia frames a constitution. Fort Mcintosh captured. Gov. Button Gwinnett. A duel. Col. Samuel Elbert. Paper money depreciated. Tlie British invade Georgia from Florida. Battles at Bulltown Swamp and North Newport. Col. Scriven killed. Ogeeohee Feri-y. Midway Church burned. Cruelty of the British .j1-3S

Chapter VI. Revolutionary Period

Battle at Sunbury. Four armies threaten Georgia. Savannah is captured. The Hebrews in Georgia. Gen. Prevost captures Sunbury. Skirmish at Burke Jail. Augusta is captured. Skirmishes at Carr's Fort, Cherokee Ford and Long Cane. Battle of Kettle Creek. Fort Heard. Stephen Heard 59-70

Chapter VII. Revolutionary Period

Col. Elijah Clarke. Col Twiggs surprises a British outpost. Battle of Brier Creek. Gen. Lincoln. Col. Francis Harris. Threatening attitude of the Indians. British prison-ships. Cols. Dooly and Clarke watch the frontier. Battles at Mr, Butler's plantation, and Sunbury. Robert Sallette. Battle of Buckhead Creek 71-79

Chapter VIII. Revolutionary Period

Sir James Wright back in Georgia. The honesty and patriotism of the Executive Council. Gen. Lachlan Mcintosh returns. The French alliance. Count D'Estaing. Count Pulaski. The patriots try to retake Savannah. Wall's Cut. The origin of Thunderbolt. The siege of Savannah. Col. White captures a British company. The patriots bombard Savannah 80-8&

CONTENTS.

Chapter IX. Revolutionary Period

The patriots try to carry Savannah by assault. A deserter betrays their plans. Count D'Estaing wounded. The assault on Spring Hill redoubt. Sergeant Jasper's Death. Count Fulask) mortally wounded. The patriots ask a truce to bury their dead. Jasper's "colors." Jasper's Spring. Sergeant John Newton. Capt Thomas Glascock. Lieut. Edward Lloyd. Maj. John Jones. La Perouse. The patriots raise the siege. Georgia's generosity to her French ally. Death of British officer, Col. Maitland 90-98

Chapter X. Revolutionary Period

Dark days. Cruelty of the British. Daniel Marshall. Abraham Marshall. "A Georgia parole." Paper money depreciating. The spinning-wheel and the loom. Wilkes county. Silver-heels. Children ford the Savannah river. Patrick Carr. Nancy Hart. Sir James Wright convenes a Legislature. Georgians denounced as traitors. Weakness of the patriots. Georgians fighting in other colonies. Georgia sends representatives to Continental Congress 99-110

CHAPTER XL

REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.

Gen. Lachlan Mcintosh prisoner of war. Col. Browne, the Tory. He captures Augusta. Small bands of cavalry harass the British. Col. John Jones of Burke county. The smallpox among the soldiers. Col. Clarke's unsuccessful attempt to take Augusta. The vindictiveness of Col. Browne, the Tory. Two boys are hanged. Four hundred women and children with Col. Clarke's small band of soldiers. They seek refuge in North Carolina. Receive a hearty welcome. Patriotism of Georgians tried. Gen. Nathaniel Greene. "Lighthorse Harry." Maj. Jackson captures a British officer. Maj. Jackson raises a Legion for service in his State. The desolation in upper Georgia 111-120

CONTENTS.

Chapter XII

REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. \ The gloom begins to brighteu. With Gen. Greene's assistance, the patriots plan to capture Augusta. Col. Williamson commands the Whigs. They invest Augusta. Encounter with Tories at Walker's Bridge. Col. Clarke's horses recaptured from the Tories. The patriots capture the royal presents for the Indians. They capture Fort Grierson. A spy in the camp of "Lighthorse Harry." The Mayham tower. An assault upon Augusta planned. The British surrender. The importance of Augusta. Stephen Heard a prisoner 121-130

CHAPTER XIIL

REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.

The Whigs control upper Georgia. They endeavor to recover middle and southern Georgia. Unsuccessful skirmish at Ogeechee Ferry. The Creeks and Cherokees give trouble. The patriots hear of Lord Cornwallis's surrender. War virtually ended. Mad Anthony Wayne. Conciliatory policy towards the Tories. Gen. Wayne's battle with Gu-ris-ter-sigo. Privateers. Sugar and salt. The poverty of Georgia people. Sir James Wright evacuates Savannah. Col. James Jackson receives the Iceys of the city. Legislature meets in Savannah. Final treaty of peace with Great Britain 131-138

Chapter XIV. A Sovereign State. 1783-1799

The condition of Georgia after the war. Georgia adopts Federal constitution. Georgia prohibits New England merchants M'om carrying on tlie Slave trade within her boundaries. Hebrew congregation send letter to Pres. Washington. Oglethorpe pays his respects to Mr. Adams, U. S. Minister to Great Britain. Legislature's gift to Gens. Jackson and Greene. Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin.

CONTENTS.

Indian forays. The capital moved to Louisville. Commou seliools. State University. Pres. Washington visits Georgia. The Washington guns 139-145

Chapter XV. A Soyekeign State

1783-1709.

The Yazoo fraud. Gov. Matthews. He goes to Philadelphia to chastise the President. Disgraceful transactions connected with the Yazoo Act. Yazoo men and Anti-Yazoo men. The documents pertaining to the Y'azoo Act are burned. Judge Taliaferro. Virginians emigrate to Geor^ gia. The pioneers of upper and middle Georgia. The first Methodist church in Georgia. The influence of personal courage. How the people of upper Georgia lived.. 14G-114

Chapter XVI. A Sovereign State

ISOO-ISIO.

James Jackson, Governor. Josiah Tattnall, Governor. Georgia cedes a large territory to the Federal Government. "The Daughters of Georgia." A woman editor. Death of James Jackson. Capital moved to Milledgeville. Mr. Meigs, first President of the University. Creeks and Cherokees become object of national interest. William Harris Crawford. Rivalry between Crawford and Clarke. Thomas W. Cobb. Judge Dooly. A party of Cherokees go West to select a new home 15.5-1()2

Chapter XVII. A Sovereign State

1S10-1S20.

Georgia's gain in population and weath. An Indian "talk" with Gov. Mitchell. The Indian chief, William Mcintosh. Col. Benjamin HaAvkins. War spirit in Georgia. War of 1812. Georgia supports the Federal Government. Fear that Savannah Avill be attacked. Georgia's Senator,

CONTENTS.

W. H. Ci-awforcl, becomes Vice-President. Tlie hostile attitude of tlie Seminoles. Gov. Peter Early. Georgia loans money to Federal Government. The Creek war. The massacre at Fort Minis. Gen. John Floyd. The Chief, Mcintosh, aids Georgia. Ho-poth-le-yo-holo, Georgia's bitter enemy. The battle of Autossee. Gen. Floyd wounded. David Blackshear takes his place. W. H. Crawford, Minister to France. Napoleon compliments him. W. H. Crawford candidate for President. The battle of Challibbee. Capt. Jett Thomas. The Ci'eeks make their last stand. Speech of Indian chief when he surrenders. Small bands of Creeks continue hostilities. Rev. Hope Hull 163-173

CHAPTER XV] 11.

A SOVEREIGN STATE. 1810-1820.

Suffering on the seacoast during the war of 1812. British Admiral, Cockburn. Scarcity of supplies. Gen. Blackshear makes a road. Peace declared. News slow in reaching Georgia. Fight at Cumbei-land Island. Tom, a native African. A remarkable feat. Last act of hostility. News of peace arrives. Georgia's part in the Avar. The acts of the first Legislature after the war. Daniel Appling's sword. Liglithorse Harry dies and is buried in Georgia. Cause of Seminole war, Gov. Rabun resents insulting letter from Gen. Jackson. The Seminoles are subdued. The first steamer to cross the Atlantic sails from Savannah. Pres. jNlonroe visits Georgia. A neAV ambition. Tlie Creeks cede laud to Georgia. Gov. Rabun dies in office. John Clarke, candidate for governor. Why he had opposition. He is elected. Federal Government fails to redeem its pledge to Georgia 174-180

Chapter XIX. A Sovereign State. 1820-18.30

George M. Troiip. Georgia factions. Talented young men. Clarke is reelected. Nicholas "Ware. Great fire in Savan-

CO^'TENTS.

nah. Yellow fever. New towns on the west side of the Ogeechee river. George Troup, Governor. The extmguishmeut of the Indian title. Gov. Troup's difficulties. His courage. Duncan G. Campbell and James Meriwether. Creeli council at the Indian Spring. Speech of the Chief, Mcintosh. Ho-poth-le-yo-holo replies to him. Treaty concluded. Ratified by Congress. The Chief, Mcintosh, is assassinated. Gov. Troup calls extra session of the Legislature. Federal agent, Gen. Gaines, misrepresents the situation. Gov. Troup and Pres. Adams disagree 181-189

Chapter XX. A Sovereign State. 1820-1830

First election of governor directly by the people. "Troup and the old treaty." W. H. Crawford nominated for President. He is stricken with paralysis. Returns home. Marquis de LaFayetle visits Georgia. His welcome in Savannah. He goes to Augusta. He visits Milledgeville. The Creek question before Congress. The Federal Government tries to set aside "the old treaty." Gov. Troup is supported by the Legislature. In Congress Berrien and Forsyth fight "the new treaty." Gov. Troup receives a threat from Pres. Adams. Gov. Troup issues orders to the Generals of militia. Georgia Generals in Federal service threaten to resign. Georgia's rights preserved 100-195

' CHAPTER XXI.

A SOVEREIGN STATE. 1S20-1830.

GoA'. Troup a congressman. John Forsyth is Governor. "The Bill of Abominations." George Gilmer's homespun suit. Gold is found on Duke's creek, "The .Jacksonian" nominates Andre-R- Jackson for President. Aerolite falls near Forsyth. Invention of the Cherokee alphabet. Gov. Forsyth as an orator. Cotton the chief export. Cloth woven on hand looms 196-202

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXIL

A SOVEREIGN STATE. 1830-1840.

Athens favorite resort of active politicians during commencement weelv. Gov. Gilmer and tlie Clieroliees. Criminal jurisdiction extended over tlie Cherokee Nation. Supreme Court of the U. S. decides that Georgia affairs are outside their jnrisdiction. New England missionaries in the penitentiary. Gov. Gilmer is compared to Nero. Illegal mining in the gold region. "The Georgia Guard." Georgia is one hundred years old. "The falling stars." Jesse Mercer. "The cold Saturday." The death of W. H. Crawford 203-209

CHAPTER XXIII.

A SOVEREIGN STATE. 1830-1840.

The Indian question. John Ridge and John Ross. Cherokee Georgia. John Howard Payne. "The Georgia Guard" aiTest him. The Seminoles "on the war path" are joine<l hy bands of CreelvS. Gov. Schley takes the iield. Roanoke is burned to ashes. Battle of Sheppard's plantation. Capt. Garmany. Maj. Jernigan arrives with reinforcements. "A haunted house." 210-215

CHAPTER XXIV.

A SOVEREIGN STATE. 18.30-1840.

The Baker county militia. The Indians make a stand. They are defeated. Tlie battle of Echo-wa-notch-away Swamp. Creeks pui-sued through Thomas county. The Creeks sue for peace. None remain in Georgia. Georgians assist Federal soldiers in Florida. The adventure of Duncan McKrimmon. Capt. Garmany's soldiers entertained at Newnan. The Texas war. Mirabeau B. Lamai-. The Georgia Railroad. "The Vale of Springs." Georgia abused for her Cherokee policy. The Cherokees leave

CONTENTS.

Georgia. John Ridge is assassinated. The first female college in the world. Georgia is in possession of her entire territory -^" — ^

CHAPTER XXV.

A SOVEREIGN STATE.

1840-1850.

The treasury is nearly empty. The maiden speech of Alexander H. Stephens. Suffering caused by depression in money matters. Gov. Charles McDonald. Old party lines disappear. Deniocrats and A^'higs. John M. Berrien. Dr. Crawford W. Long. Gov. George W. Crawford. First Supreme Court. Joseph Henry Lumpkin. How a lawsuit was ended. The first temperance speech in Georgia. Eugenius A. Nesbet. The influence of a classical education. Hiram Warner. Walter T. Colquitt. What constitutes a great man? Gov. George W. Towns. The Western and Atlantic Railroad 224-231

CHAPTER XXVI.

A SOVEREIGN STATE. 1840-1850.

The Mexican war. Col. James S. Mcintosh. David E. Twiggs. Col. Henry R. Jackson. Gen. W. H. T. Walker. Capt. Hardee. Lieut. W. M. Gardner. Capt. Josiah Tatnall. Severe hailstorm. Atlanta settled. Snow in April 232-235

chaptp:r XXVII.

A SOVEREIGN STATE. 18.50-1860.

Georgia a great commonwealth. The Press. First Normal School. Brilliant Georgians in State and Federal councils. A stormy session of Congress.. Debates on the slavery question. Family life in Georgia. Georgia negroes. The story of Bess. Are Georgia women indolent? Anecdote of a woman who was an abolitionist. "The Georgia Platform." Charles J. Jenldns 23G-242

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

A SOVEREIGN STATE. 18.50-18G0.

Gov. Ho^yell Cobb. Asylum for the deaf and dumb. Asylum for the insane. Asylum for the blind. The "Governor's Levee." Gov. Herschel Y. Johnson. Georgia congressmen. Judges of the Superior Courts. Gov. Josepli E. Brown. John E. Ward. Thomas R. R. Cobb. The Lucy Cobb Institute. "Magnanimous indiscretion." Stump spealiing. Citizens constitute the State. The great men of middle Georgia 243-249

CHAPTER XXIX.

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 18G0.

The slavery controversy. Slavery in New England. St. Paul and t)ie runaway slave. A superb galaxy of great men. The military spirit runs high. Abraham Lincoln, Black Republican candidate for President. Intense excitement. Lincoln's election means a breach of faith. Indignation in Georgia. Gov. Brown's message to the Legislature. Georgia wUl not submit to injustice. Parties are lost sight of. A Convention of the people called. Approval of South Carolina's secession 250-254

CHAPTER XXX.

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 18(31.

Gen. Toombs' speech to the U. S. Senate. Fort Pulaski occupied by Georgians. .Toy in Savannah. The Press approves. Secession the only theme of conversation. The blue cocliade. The Convention meets. Secession versus Union. Ordinance of Secession reported. Adopted. Colonial flag raised. Bonfires and illuminations. Georgia's right to AvithdraAV from the Union 255-2G1

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXXI.

W.IR BETWEEN THE STATES. 18G1.

The Augusta Arsenal surrendered to Georgia. Work of Secession Convention continues. iNIacon firm appeals to Gov. Brown for justice. Delegates sent to the Congress in Montgomery, Ala. The seceded States form a union. Alex. H. Stephens is chosen Vice-President. Martin .1. Crawford, Commissioner to Federal Government. Southern flag hoisted in Savannah. Secession Convention re-assembled in Savannah. Volunteer companies. Arms and ammunition bought. Maj.-Gen. W. H. T. Walker and Com. Tattnall. Lee's Volunteers. First call for troops by Confederate Government. Did Georgia wage war for slavery? Virginia is invaded and Georgia sends troops. The State becomes a military camp. Property freely given. The work of Georgia women. Companies leaving for Virginia receive an ovation. The 6th Ga. Regt. Vols., Alfred Colquitt, Colonel 202-270

CHAPTER XXXII.

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.

ISC.l.

The battle of Manassas, Va. How the news was received in Georgia. The Georgia troops in the battle. Gen. Francis Bartow killed. Gen. Beauregard compliments the 8th Ga. J. E. Rumney. Gen. Bartow is buried in Savannah. Lieut. Edward Hull. Georgians in the battle of Oak Hill, Mo., and Cheat Mountain Pass. Anecdote of Col. Jesse Glenn. Gov. Brown elected for a third term. Georgia's devotion to the Confederacy. Fifty regiments in its service. The Federals threaten the seacoast. They capture Tybee Island. Georgia Brigadier-Generals in Confederate service. For what Avas Georgia tigliting? 271-277

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

AVAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 1SG2.

Fort Pulaski. The defense of Savannah. "Wall's Cut"— history repeats itself. Col. Olmstead. The fall of Fort Pulaski. The coast blockaded. Georgians are not discouraged. The Conscript Act. Spirited correspondence between Gov. Brown and Pres. Davis. The rank and file of the Confederate army. What is rebellion? An appeal to the youth of Georgia. The bridge-burners. Atlanta a military post. Women's interest in the soldiers. The State troops. Munitions of war made in Georgia. The loom and the spinning-wheel 278-285

CHAPTER XXXIV.

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 1862.

North Georgia. A raid in Fannin county. The scarcity of salt. The Geoi'gia Relief and Hospital Association at Richmond, Va. The Creeks and Cherokees in the war. Georgia soldiers in Virginia. Arduous service. Lawton's Brigade. Battle of Cold Harbor, Va. Toombs' Brigade. Battles in Virginia where Georgia troops fought. Anecdote of Henry .Taclcson. The Troup Artillery. More fighting in Virginia. "The seven Governors of Northern States." A characteristic of Georgia soldiers. Georgians in the battle at Crarapton's Gap 286-295

CHAPTER XXXV.

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.

1862.

Georgians win more fame in Virginia. Cobb's Legion. Col. Wm. G. Deloney. Battle of P'redericksburg, Va. Adjutant John Rutherford. Gen. T. R. R. Cobb mortally wounded. Col. Robert McMillan. Gen. Cobb's interment in Athens. The sufferings of Georgia soldiers. The State troops.

CONTENTS.

Com. Tattnall. Gen. Howell Cobb trausferred to Georgia. A love-letter to a Georgia private. Confederate money continues to depreciate. The nnm1>er of Georgians in Confederate and State service 296-302

CHAPTER XXXVI.

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 1863.

Terrible pressure upon tlie State. I'ort McAllister bombarded. Gen. Toombs' farewell to his Brigade. A picture. A widow and her seven sons. Second attack on Fort McAllister. Gen. Forrest's brilliant exploit. Suffering in the mountain counties. Fidelity of the mountaineers. John B. Gordon made a brigadier-general. Gen. Lawton, Quartermaster-General. More Volunteers. "Joe Brown's pets.". . .303-309

CHAPTER XXXYII.

AVAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 1863.

Georgia invaded from Tennessee. Daily skirmishes. The battles of Chickamauga. Gen. Longstreet arrives with reinforcements. Gen. Lawtou's promptness. Invaders are driven back. Pres. Davis in Georgia. The Confederates at Tunnel Hill. Mr. Lee is hung by the Yankees. The Confederate navy. A representative sailor. "Gov. Brown elected for a fourth term. Indifference to politics — military operations absorb attention. The Georgia soldiers keep up their prestige in Virginia. The battle of Gettysburg. "General Starvation." A Columbia county soldier. The self-sacrifice of Georgia women. "Wayside Homes." The fidelity of the negroes. Legislature's patriotism. Gen. W. .7. Hardee. A mountain of sorrow. Georgia did her whole duty 310-319

CHAPTER XXXYIII.

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 1864.

The heart of the Confederacy. Federal army resumes active

CONTENTS.

operations. The battle of Olustee, Fla. A girl walks home in her stockings. Battles in north Georgia. Extra session of the Legislature. The Georgia campaign begins. The Federals laj waste the country. Importance of the Western and Atlantic Railroad to the Federals. Battles of Resaca and Tanner's Ferry. Confederate army at Cassville. Allatoona. Pass. Battle of New Hope Church. Cavalry battle at Big Shanty. Kennesaw mountain. Fighting for twenty-three days. Gen. Polk killed. Anecdote about him. The battle of Kennesaw Mountain 320-328

CHAPTER XXXIX.

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 1864.

Description of the country. Confederates entrenched on Kennesaw mountain. Battle of Kolb's Farm. Artillery duels. Timber on fire around the Federal wounded. Confederates evacuate Kennesaw and Marietta. Battles at Ruff's Station and Smyrna. Confederates cross the Chattahoochee. North Georgia helpless in the clutches of the enemy. Young's Mounted Battalion. Confederates fall back to Atlanta. A grave crisis. A picture of desolation. The battle of Peaclitree Creek. The battle of Atlanta. Gen. W. H. T. Walker is killed. "The hero brothers." 329-336

CHAPTER XL.

WAR BET^VEEN THE STATES. 1864.

Stoneman's last raid. Attack on Macon. Battle of Sunshine Church. Damage by the raiders. The Home Guard at Athens. Battle of King's Tanyard. The University chapel becomes a banquet Hall. McCook's raid. Gen. Wheeler in pursuit. Battle of Ezra Church. Atlanta is besieged. Militia complimented by Confederate Generals 337-342

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XLI.

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.

Battle of Jonesboro. Battle at Lovejoy's The fall of Atlanta. Gen. Sherman's atrocious order. The exiles. Confederates recross the Chattahoochee. Assault on Allatoona Pass. A lone grave. Confederate army withdraws from Georgia. The militia win a glorious name. Atlanta is burned. Federal acts of vandalism. Gen. Sherman's army. Savannah commanded by Gen. Hardee. Battle of Griswoldville 343-350

CHAPTER XLII.

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.

1804.

Stone Mountain. Federal General at Milledgeville. Flight of the Legislature. The State property. A company or convicts. Pillage around Milledgeville. "It is expensive to be a rebel." The Federals destroy railroads and telegraph wires. Gen. Wheeler harasses the enemy. The Georgia Cadets in battle. Battles of Waynesboro, Sandersville, Buckhead Creek 351-3.57

CHAPTER XLIII.

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.

1864.

Gen. Sherman's objective point. Militia are cut off from Augusta, and go to Savannah. Battle of Honey Hill, S. C. Gen. Gustavus W. Smith. Savannah is relieved of a great danger. Vandalism of the Federals in middle Georgia. Enormous quantities of food destroyed. Anecdote of Friedrich, the "Victorious." 358-364

CHAPTER XLIV.

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 1864.

A cyclone of popular indignation. The Federals turn war into private profit. Wholesale destruction. Desecration

CONTENTS.

of graves and churches. Efforts to stir up servile insurrection. An unholy crusade. "Treasure-seeliing." "A smart Yanlvee trick." "Mulberry Grove" destroyed. It becomes evident that Savannah is Gen. Sherman's objective point. How Savannah was fortified. The Federal fleet. Gen. Hardee's small army. Savannah is besieged 365-370

CHAPTER XLV.

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 1SG4.

The interior line of defense at Savannah. It is persistently defended. Fierce artillery duels. The fall of Fort McAllister. The Federals control the Ogeechee river. The Federals prepare to bombard Savannah over the heads of its defenders. Gen. Hardee evacuates the city. The Mayor makes a formal surrender. Military rule. Suffering of the citizens. "The pirate's wife." Georgia soldiers fighting in other States. The love of Confederate officers for their men. Nick-names. The exiles return to Atlanta. Confederate money continues to depreciate 371-380

CHAPTER XLVI.

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 1865.

A gloomy outlook. Col. John T. Lofton. The privations of the women. The exti-avagant praise of Gen. Sherman is the veriest balderdash. He withdr.aws from Georgia. The good conduct of the negroes. Horrible condition of the mountain counties. The last Legislatin-e while Georgia was a member of the Confederacy. Federal prisons. Confederate prison at Andersonville. Capt. Henry Wirtz. He is offered a bribe. Where rests the responsibility of the useless suffering of prisoners 7.3S1-389

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XLVII.

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 18P.5.

Hampton Road's Couference. Distressing news. Gen. John B. Gordon in the retreat. Gen. Lee surrenders his army. Battle of Cohimbus. The war is over. Georgia's war record. A pathetic sight. Pres. Davis and his Cabinet in Georgia. Gov. Stephen Heard's P^ort. The Confederate treasure. A bag of gold for Gen. Toombs. Pres. Davis Is captured. Gen. Toombs and Gray Alice. Miss Augusta J. Evans. Gen. Toombs escapes to Europe. The Federal Government fails to carry ont the terms upon which the Confederates surrendered. Georgians are arrested and imprisoned. Alex. H. Stephens in Fort Warren. The reason he was never tried. The heritage Georgia transmits to her children 390-399

CHAPTER XLVIII.

RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 1S65-1872.

For what was the war waged? False sentiment of the War Party at the North. The Legislature not allowed to convene. Gov. Brown arrested and imprisoned. He is released. He advises Georgians to acquiesce in the arbitrary measures of the Federal Government. The Provisional Governor. "The iron-clad oath." Freedmen's Bureau. The Yankees in Warrenton. INIilitary rule in Savannah. The story of a woman's fortitude. A State Convention. Annular eclipse of the sun. Georgia is taxed without representation. Georgia is "a land of memo- ^■^^s" 400-407

CHAPTER XLTX.

RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 1865-1872.

The Fourteenth Amendment. The Reconstruction Committee. "District Number 3." "The black belt." Trying

XXIV

CONTENTS.

times. Carpet-baggers and Scallawags. "Notes on the situation." Gov. Jenkins. Elbert, the banner county of Georgia. Reconstruction Committee malie a demand on the treasury. It is refused. Memorial Day instituted. . 408-416

CHAPTER L.

RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD.

1865-1872.

Gov. Jenkins is deprived of his office. The Yankees move the capital to Atlanta. The Union League. The Kuklux Klan. Georgia is ruled by aliens. The Columbus prisoners. The tyranny of Congress 417-425

CHAPTER LI.

RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD.

1865-1872.

"The Bush Arbor Speeches." Georgia again under military rule. Death of Gen. Howell Cobb. The Fifteenth Amendment. The lawlessness of the Radicals. The frauds practiced by the aliens. State Convention meets in Atlanta. Death of Gen. R. E. Lee. Martial law in time of peace. Speech of Linton Stephens. The Republican Governor flees from the State. Georgia controls her own. J. M. Smith, a Confederate Colonel, becomes Governor. The hero of the reconstruction period 426-435

CHAPTER LIE

REBUILDING THE STATE. 1872-1880.

Staunchness of Georgians. Gen. J. B. Gordon to the U. S. Senate. "The great Commoner." The first Confederate reunion. Gen. Alfred Colquitt, Governor. The traditional generosity of Georgians. A new State Constitution. The bogus bonds. A rising vote of thanks. Georgia moves the capital to Atlanta. The Middle Georgia Agricultural College. Hon. B. H. Hill to the U. S. Senate 43i)-442

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER LIII.

REBUILDING THE STATE. 1880-1890.

Georgia begins to prosper. CIov. Colquitt's second term. James Jaclison is clioseu Cliief-Justice. The International Cotton Exposition. Death of Hon. B. H. Hill. A movement to erect a monument to his memory. Gov. Colquitt to the U. S. Senate. Alex. H. Stephens becomes Governor. "Dixie." The power of knowledge 443-450

CHAPTER LIV.

REBUILDING THE STATE.

1880-1890.

The sesqui-centennial. The men who wore "the gray." Death of Gov. Stepliens. Hon. Henry D. McDaniel becomes Governor. Rejoicings over the election of Grover Cleveland for President. Gen. Henry R. Jackson becomes Minister to Mexico. The Legislature appropriates one million dollars to build a State-house. Corner-stone is laid. Death of Gen. Robert Toombs 451-458

CHAPTER LV.

REBUILDING THE STATE.

1880-1890.

Unveiling the Hill monument. Georgia gives Pres. Davis an o^ atiou. Speech of Pres. Davis. "The daughter of the Confederacy." Georgia is loyal to her traditions 4.59-465

CHAPTER LVI.

REBUILDING THE STATE.

1880-1890.

May month. Anniversary of the Chatham Artillery. Pres.

Davis in Savannah. Georgia contradicts the old adage,

"Republics are ungrateful." Telfair Academy of Arts

and Sciences. Gen. J. B. Gordon, Governor. Death of

CONTENTS.

Chief-Justice Jackson. Logau E. Bleckley his successor. Monument to Sergeant Jasper. The hundredth anniversary of the University, Description of the new capitol. Georgia's Pantheon. Gen. Lee's birthday becomes a State holiday. Death of Pres. Davis. Funeral ceremonies over the State 466-474

CHAPTER LVII.

REBUILDING THE STATE. 1890-1893.

Georgia's permanent prosperity. Climate. True greatness. Hon. W. J. Nortlien is Governor. A sti'ong delegation in Congress. Charles F. Crisp. The Girls' Normal and Industrial College. Democrats make an obstinate fight. The "third party." Georgia farmers. The 400th anniversary of the discovery of America. Georgia's vrork in the national Democratic campaign. True to Jeffersonian principles. Gov. Northen is re-elected 475-481

CHAPTER LVIII.

REBUILDING THE STATE. 1890-1893.

Waiting for news. "The Constitution cannon." A dramatic incident. The Stephens monument. The unveiling ceremonies. The over-production of cotton. Pres. Davis's funeral train passes through Georgia. His body lies in state in the capitol. A guard of honor from Georgia goes to Richmond for the final ceremonies. Georgia's growth from an infant colony to a sovereign State 482-490

Conclusion

An appeal to the youth of Georgia. "The red old hills of Georgia." State pride versus national pride. Speech of Gen. Heni-y R. Jackson 491-495

INTRODUCTION,

Long before the idea was formulated in the brain of Christopher Columbus, of a new world beyond the pillars of Hercules, the fair territory which in process of time became the State of Georgia, was divided between two powerful Indian nations, the Creeks and the Cherokees.

These nations were subdivided into tribes. Their principal settlements were in rich valleys or near large streams. The brave and comely Cherokees dwelt in the north, among the hills and mountains; the Creeks occupied the middle and southern portions of the country, and the islands along the coast.

In figure these Indians were tall and well shaped; their manners were dignified, their coimtenances were open and jilacid, ^vith heroism and bravery stamped upon their brows. Their complexion was reddish bro"v\Ti, and their long, coarse hair was as black as a raven's wing. In all their actions they exhibited an air of independence and superiority.

The Cherokees were reserved in conversation, circumspect in deportment, grave in manner, very tenacious of their liberties, and ready at all times to sacrifice their lives in defense of their territory and their rights. The Creeks were more haughty and arrogant, very ambitious of conquest, and — though constantly engaged in warfare — were ever magnanimous to a vanquished foe.

GEORGIA LAND AND PEOPLE.

The Cherokee women were tall, mth delicate forms and cheerful countenances; the Creek women were shapely, though low of stature, with regular features, high foreheads, and large, black eyes.

In the charming land of the Cherokees there were sixtyfour towns and villages, and the Creek Nation contained a much larger number.

These Indiams were far from being savages. They were politically well organized, occupied permanent seats, and were largely engaged in the cultivation of corn, beans, melons, and fruits.

Tobacco was cultivated and universally used; the Indians believed smoking to be peculiarly pleasing to the Great Spirit, Whom they fancied was Himself addicted to this habit. The pipe was their constant companion— their solace in fatigue and trouble, their delight in hours of ease; whether upon the warpath, engaged in hunting and fishing, or lazily reclining in their huts, it was ever near them; a avrabol of peace and friendship, it was used in religious and political rites. The large pipes, called calumets, were employed only on occasions of ceremony, and were generally highly ornamented.

As it was an emblem of peace and good-will among Europeans to drink from the same cup, so a similar idea was conveyed among the Indians by taking a whiff from the same jnpe. Quantities of ancient pipes and calumets have been found in their burial mounds.