Young people's history of France

Front matter

Glass.

Book.

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT

Introduction

ONE thing is to be said concerning the history of France : it is instructive, for it includes every system of government that the ingenuity of man can devise and some that none but a Frenchman could evolve. From the bottom to the top and then down again, the whole gamut has been run. France has been ruled by savages, who made no pretensions of being anything else, and by men who claimed to be civilized and yet were ten times worse than the unadulterated savage. She has had monsters of villainy seated on her throne and holding the scales of life and death ; she has had good men and wise statesmen for her rulers ; she has been an aristocracy, a monarchy, an absolute despotism, a Commune, which is another name for an orgie of murderers, who feared* not God, man nor the devil, and of late years and at present she seems to be a Republic .

France is a wonderful nation ; she knows how to worship a man as a demi-god to-day and to lop off his head to-morrow. She produced the greatest military genius the world ever saw; her scholars, wits, scientists, discoverers, explorers, philosophers, poets, dramatists, his-

IV

Introduction.

torians, novelists, essayists, sculptors and painters have never been surpassed anywhere.

No country has given birth to more wicked or to better men ; no nation has been so pitilessly humiliated or exalted to more dizzying heights of glory. Her dreamers have turned dreams into materialities ; her realities have dissolved into baseless visions ; she has gone down in blood and flame to the lowest depths of despair and then leaped to a height that made all the world wonder ; she is great to-day and in her history are to be found lessons of absorbing interest, of amazing length and breadth and of profound and far-reaching importance to mankind.

Chapter I. Page

No One Knows Who First Settled Any Country — France as It Was 600 Years B. C. — The Coming of the Gauls — Their Character — Their Invasion of Neighboring Countries — Conquest of Rome — The Druids — Invasion and Settlement of Gaul by the German Tribes From the North — Conquest of Gaul by Julius Csesar — Spread of Roman Civilization — Intolerable Oppression of Roman Rulers — Introduction of Christianity — Its Beneficent Work — Constantine the Great — Vast Good Accomplished by Christianity 13

CHAPTER II. The Meeovingians

418-752.

The Huns — Attila, the " Scourge of God " — His Crushing Defeat at Chalons — The Merovingians — Pharamond — Clodin — Merovseus — Childeric Clovis Becomes Master of Gaul — Incident of the Vase — Clovis is Converted to Christianity — His Services to the Church — Partition of France Among His Four Sons — The Violence and Wretchedness that Followed — Fredegonde and Brunehaut — Their Crimes - — Dreadful Death of Brunehaut — Dagobert I. — The OfiSce of Mayor of the Palace ^The Sluggard Kings — Good Work of the Church — Mahomet — Invavi Contents.

PAGE

sion of France by the Saracens — Great Victory of Charles Martel at Tours — Pepin Crowned King of France — End of the Merovingian Eule 27

CHAPTER III. Caelovingians

752-987.

Death of Pepin and Division of His Kingdom Between His Sons, Charles and Carloman — Death of Carloman — Charlemagne — His Character and Genius — His Gigantic Task — Conquest of the Lombards and Saxons — • Invasion of Spain — Treachery of the Moors and Death of Eoland — Fearful Punishment of the Revolting Saxons — Charlemagne Crowned by the Pope as Emperor of the West — His Great Ambition — The Vast Good He Accomplished — His Death and Burial — The Incompetent Successors of Charlemagne — Origin of the Feudal System — Its Features — Treaty of Verdun — Invasion of France by the Northmen — Siege of Paris — Rollo the Northman — His Allegiance to Charles the Simple— Kissing the King's Foot by Proxy — Normandy and the Normans 42

CHAPTER IV. Capetians

987-1328.

Hugh Capet— Robert II.— Heney I.— Philip I. (987-1108.)

End of the Carlovingian Line — Hugh Capet Made King — Extent of France — Capet Little More than King in Name— General Belief that the End of the World would Come A. D. 1000 — Great Famine and Suffering in France— The Truce of God — Robert II. Excommunicated and the Kingdom Placed Under an Interdict — Queen Constance — Evil Days for France — Results of Superstition— Pope Sylvester II.— Henry I.— His Prudent Marriage— Henry's Eventless Reign — Robert, Duke of

Contents.

Vll

' PAGE

Burgundy— Conquest of Eogland by William the Conqueror— William Crowned King of England— Conquest of Sicily by Eoger and Robert Guiscard 5g

CHAPTER Y.

Capetians (continued).

987-1328.

Cause of the Crusades— Peter the Hermit— History of the First Crusade- Its Failure and Overthrow — Second Crusade — An Imposing Array — Godfrey of Bouillon— Capture of Antioch and Jerusalem— Godfrey Made "Defender of the Holy Sepulchre "—The Kingdom of Jerusalem —Other Crusades — Saladin the Saracen— Capture of Jerusalem by the Moslems— Richard the Lion Hearted in Palestine— Varied and Far Reaching Good Accomplished by the Crusades 66

CHAPTER VI. Capetians (concluded)

987-1328.

Louis VI.— Louis VIL— Philip II.— Louis VIII.— Louis IX.— Philip IIL— Philip IV.— Louis X.— John I —Philip V. — Chaeles IV. (1270-1328.)

The Age of Chivalry— How a Knight was Made— Death of William the Conqueror— Louis VI.— Louis VII.— Philip II.— His Ability— His Baseness Toward Richard the Lion Hearted— The Albigenses and the Crusade Against Them— Philip's Victory at Bouvines— Louis VIII. and his Death at the Siege of Avignon— Louis IX. —His Admirable Character— His Capture in Egypt— Released Through Ransom— Hia Death— Philip IIL -The Story of Delabrosse— Charles of Anjou viii Contents.

PAGE

—The Massacre of the Sicilian Vespers— Philip lY.— The "Third Estate "—Louis X.— John I.— Philip V.— The Salic Law— Charles IV. — Extinction of the Capetian Line 80

CHAPTEE VII.

House of Valois. 1328-1589.

Philip VI.— John II.— Charles V.— Chaeles VI. (1328-1422.)

Claim, of Edward III. of England to the Throne of France— Beginning of the Hundred Years' War — Battle of Crecy— First Use of Gunpowder in Warfare — How the English Won the Day at Crecy — Siege and Fall of Calais — Queen Philippa's Intercession for the French Captives— The "Black Death "—The Flagellants— Battle of Poitiers — Capture of King John and his Son Philip — The Jacquerie — Terms of Peace — Distressful Condition of France — Death of King John — Charles V. — His Beneficent Rule — The Schism of the West — Revolt in Brittany — Death of Du Guesclin — Wrangle of his Uncles over the Regency— Declaration of War Against France by Henry V, of Englaad — Great English Victory at Agincourt — Charles VI. Becomes Insane — France Invaded Again by Henry V. — Shameful Terms of the Treaty of Troyes 99

CHAPTER VIII. House of Valois (continued)

1328-1589.

Chaeles VII.— Louis XI. (1422-1483.)

Fighting Renewed Over the Crown of France — Charles VII. — His Threatened Overthrow by the English— The Story of Joan of Arc, Maid of Orleans — Repeated Defeats of the English — Louis XL — His Baseness. — The Duke of Burgundy — League of the Public Good — End of the Middle Ages — Strife Between the Kibg and the Duke of Burgundy —

Contents. ix

Murder of the Bishop of Liege — Meeting Between Loui8 XI. and Charles the Bold— Cardinal Balue and the Iron Cage — Defeat and Death of the Duke of Burgundy — Last Days of Louis XC 117

CHAPTER IX. House of Valois (continued)

1328-1589.

Charles VIII. —Louis XII. — Francis I. — Henry II.

(1483-1559.)

A Century of Frightful Deeds — Charles VIII. — His Conquests in Italy — Girolamo Savonarola and His Good Work— Death of Charles VIII — Louis XII — The Holy League — The Infamous Borgia Family — Chevalier Bayard, the Knight Sans Peur et Sans Beproche — France's Complications with Spain, Germany and England — Henry II. — Defeat of the Imperial Army at Metz — The Medici Family — Death of King Henry II 133

CHAPTER X. House of Valois (concluded)

1328-1589.

Francis IL— Charles IX.— Henry III. (1559-1589.)

Discovery of the New World — Francis II. — The Real Rulers of France — Their Opponents — Luther and the Reformation — The Protestants — The Inquisition in France — Punishment of Heretics — John Calvin — The Two Great Parties — Admiral Coligny — Failure of the Plot Against the Guises— Death of the King — Charles IX. — The Regency — Outbreak of the Political and Religious War — Advantages Gained by the Huguenots — Temporary Peace - Charles Becomes King — An Illomened Marriage — Attempt to Assassinate Admiral Coligny — The Massacre of St. Bartholomew — Death of Charles IX. — Henry III. — His Worthless Character — Favors B- stowed on the Huguenots —

Contents.

PAGE

Organization of the Holy League — War of the Three Henrys — Assassination of the Duke of Guise and of King Henry — End of the Valoia Line 150

CHAPTER XL House of Bouebon. 1589-1792.

Henry IV.— Louis XIIL— Louis XIV. (1589-1715.)

Origin of the House of Bourbon — Old-Time Schools— University of Paris — Study of Astrology— Theatres— Invention of Playing Cards -Fashions in Dress— Fondness for Perfumery — Dwelling of the Eieh — Wolves in Paris — Plagues and Pestilence — Amusements of the Wealthy— The College of France— War of Henry IV. With his Opponents— His Victory at Ivry — The Edict of Nantes — Improvement in Internal Affairs — Assassination of the King — Louis XIIL — Mary de Medici — Her Unwise Conduct — Assassination of Concini — Cardinal Richelieu — The Great Work He Did for France— Death of the Cardinal and the King — Louis XIV. — Great Length of his Reign — The Regency — Termination of the Thirty Years' War — The Fronde Civil War — Louis the Great— His Defeat by the Triple Alliance — His Unsuccessful War Against Holland — Marriage of the King to Madame Maintenon — Revocation of the Edict of Nantes — War Between England and France — Treaty of Ryswick— War of the Spanish Succession — Disastrous Defeat of France and the Treaty of Utrecht — The Man With the Iron Mask— Death of Louis XIV 167

CHAPTER XII. House of Bouebon (continued). 1589-1792

Duke of Orleans as Regent — Poverty and Distress of the Kingdom — The Mississippi Bubble — Louis a True Bourbon — War of the Austrian Succession — Terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle— England and

Contents. xi

PAGE

France Rivals in the New World — French and Indian War — ^Defeat of France and her Expulsion from America — France Driven Out of India by the English — Failure of the Alliance Against Prussia — Suppression of the Jesuits — Death of Louis XV 185

CHAPTER XIII. House op Bourbon (continued)

1589-1792

A Picture of Some of the Kings and Queens of the Leading Powers of Christendom— Comparison with the American System of Government — The Frightful Tyranny in France — Woful Condition of the Common People— Mutterings of the Approaching StO'rm — Illustrations of the Sufferings of the Peasantry— Louis XVI.— His Character and Characteristics—Maria Antoinette, the Queen— The American Revolution — Benjamin Franklin at the French Court— Help Given by France to the Americans in their Struggle for Independence 194

CHAPTER XIV. House of BounBOiSr (continued)

1589-1792.

Louis XVL (1774-1792— continued.)

The Time When the People Spoke Out Loud— Effect of the American Revolution Upon Sentiment in France— Other Causes of French Discontent—Restoration of the Parliaments by the King— Turgot Placed in Charge of the Finances— His Dismissal Caused by His Reform Measures— Necker Made His Successor— His Dismissal— Meeting of the Notables— Recall of Necker— The States-General Summoned— Refusals of the Nobles and Clergy to Unite with the Third Estate— The Third Estate Organized as the National Assembly— The Members Meet and Bind Themselves to Provide a Written Constitution for France— They Take the Name of the National Constituent Assembly —By Order of the King the Three Branches Meet as One Body— Troops xii Contents.

PAGE

Called to Versailles by the King — Notable Members of the Assembly- The King's New Council— Rage of the Popular Party — Destruction of the Bastile— Revolt in the Provinces — The ' ' Joyous Entry ' ' — Flight of the Nobility — Reckless Issue of Paper Money — Formal Ratification of the New Constitution 207

CHAPTER XY.

House of Bouebon (concluded). 1589-1792.

Louis XVI. (1774-1792— concluded.) Growth of Revolutionary Sentiment — Danger of the Royal Family — Their Flight from Paris— Their Detection and Return— The Legislative Assembly — Three Classes Composing It — Declaration Regarding the Nobles and Clergy — The Coalition Against France — War Declared by France Against Austria — Manifesto of the Duke of Brunswick — Attack on the Tuileries and Massacre of the Swiss Guard — The King Deposed by the Assembly — Louis XVI. in Prison — His Trial, Condemnation and Execution 220

CHAPTER XVI. The Republic. 1792-1804

The Convention. (1792-1795.) Increase of the Coalition Against France— Energy of the Republic— Defection of Demouriez — Establishment of the Committee of Safety — General Distrust and Suspicion— Weakness of the Girondists— Insurrection in the Provinces— Fearful Massacres at Lyon, Toulon and Nantes— Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday — The Reign of Terror — Camille Desmoulins — Abolishment of the Existing Calendar —Abolishment of Religion— The ' ' Goddess of Reason ' ' and the ' 'Age of Reason" — Execution of Maria Antoinette — Crushing of the Hebertists— Danton Guillotined— End of Robespierre — The Reaction- Success of the Armies of the Republic — Close of the Government by the Convention — Madame Roland 233

Contents. xiii

CHAPTER XVII. The Eepublic (continued). 1792-1804

PAGE

Napoleon Bonaparte— The Bonaparte Family — Early Training of Napoleon — His Servi es at Toulon — Jealousy of Him— His Brilliant Defense of the Tuileries and Defeat of the National Guard — Appointed to the Command of the Army in Northern Italy — His Magnificent and Successful Campaign — The Egyptian Expedition — Its Successes — Destruction of the French Fleet by Nelson at Ahoukir Bay — Failure'of the Siege of Acre — Napoleon's Secret and Unexpected Return to France — His Popularity— Overthrow of the Directory. A New Constitution Adopted, the Consulate Established and Napoleon Made First Consul, 246

CHAPTER XVIII. The Republic and the Empire

1792-1815.

The Consulate and the Empire. (1799-1815.)

Napoleon as First Consul— His Many-sided Greatness — Outbreak of War — Crossing of the Alps — Marengo— Hohenlinden — Treaty of Luneville — Malta Captured by England and the French Driven Oat of Egypt — Napoleon Chosen First Consul for Life — Sale of Louisiana to the United States — Breaking Out of the Ten Years' War— Napoleon Elected Emperor — His Crowning of Himself — Admiral Nelson's Great Victory at Trafalgar — Napoleon's Success at Ulm — His Brilliant Triumph at Austerlitz — His Distribution of Kingdoms — A New Coalition Formed Against France — Renewal of the War— Defeat of Prussia — Peace of Tilsit— French Invasion of Spain and Portugal — The Peninsular War — Annexation of Rome and Excommunication of Napoleon — The Pope Made a Prisoner — French Defeat of the Austrians — Napoleon at the Zenith of his Glory — His Astounding Achievements — Josephine Divorced — Napoleon's Marriage to Maria Louisa — His Invasion of Russia— The Awful Retreat from Moscow — The New xiv Contents.

PAGE

Coalitiou Against the French Emperor — "Battle of the Nations'' — Defeat of Napoleon and Fall of Paris — Abdication of Napoleon — Sent as an Exile to Elba — His Escape — His Return to Paris — Louis XVIII. — Alliance Against Napoleon — Waterloo — The End of the First Empire • 259

CHAPTER XIX. House of Bouebon (restored)

1815-1830.

Louis XVIII.— Charles X.

Louis XVIII, a True Bourbon— Revengeful Persecution by the Royalists — Marshal Ney — Vast Sum Paid by France to the Allies — Assassination of the Duke of Berry — Oppressive Course of the King— The Holy Alliance — Death of Louis XVIII. from Gluttony — Charles X. Another True Bourbon — His Tyranny — Action of England, France and Russia in Behalf of Greece— Exasperating Conduct of the King — Conquest of Algiers — Growth of Liberal Sentiment— Charles' Attempted Coup d'Etat - The Revolution of July, 1830 — Exile and Death of Charles X 278

CHAPTER XX. House of Obleans

1830-1852.

Louis Philippe — Republic.

Louis Philippe — The Four Political Parties of France and their Principles — Vicious Wrangles — First Visitation of the Cholera— Its Appearance in America — Severe Defensive Laws Passed by the Government of France — Louis Napoleon — Failure of his First and Second Attempts Against the Throne of France — His Escape from the Citadel of Ham — The French Revolution of 1848 — Flight of Louis Philippe — Organization of the Republic — Louis Napoleon Elected First President — His Coup d'Etat — The Empire Restored and Louis Napoleon Made Emperor 287

Contents. xv

CHAPTER XXI. The Second Empire

1852-1870.

Napoleon III.

PAGE

Splendor and Prosperity of the Second Empire— The Only Foundation of Pure Greatness— Eottenness of the Second Empire— Alliance Between France and England in the War in the Crimea -Louis Napoleon's War Against Austria in Behalf of Italy— His Payment Therefor — Attempt and Failure of Louis Napoleon to Establish a Latin Empire in Mexico — Construction of the Suez Canal— The Franco-Prussian War— Collapse of the Second Empire— Siege and Fall of Paris— Treaty of Peace and its Terms— Horrors of the Commune in Paris — Its Extinction — Escape of the Empress — Death of Louis Napoleon and of his Son Prince Napoleon 299

CHAPTER XXII. The Third Republic

Committee of Public Defense— Thiers — MacMahon— Grevy — Carnot — Perier— Faure — Loubet. (1870-1891.)

Dispute Over the Form of Government — The Various Candidates — Thiers Elected Temporary President — The Last of the Army of Occupation — Reorganization of the Army — Sentence of Marshal Bazaine — The Republic Agreed Upon — Adoption of a Constitution— Tunis Made a French Protectorate -France Excluded from the Dual Control in Egypt— Partial Sovereignty Obtained in Madagascar — Annam and Tonquin Made a French Protectorate — Troubles with China— French Scandals— Carnot Elected President— The Universal Exhibition of 1889 —Assassination of President Carnot — Presidents Perier, Faure and Loubet— The Panama Scandals— The Dreyfus Affair— The Government of France — Scientists — Inventors — Historians — Poets — Novelists—The Countries, Population, Area, etc 314

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

The Battle of Jemappes Frontispiece

•' He was a giant in stature " 16

" The priests offered up human sacrifices " 17

The Glerman Invasion of Gaul « 18

Odin's Hunt ^ 21

A Chieftain of Gaul Submitting to Caesar 23

A Christian Martyr Under the Arena 24

Vision of the Emperor Constantine 25

The Huns Invading the Territory of the Gauls 29

Clovis and the Yase of Soissons 31

Choosing a King after the Battle of Chalons c 33

The Baptism of Clovis o...... 34

" Childebert and Clotaire murdered two " 35

"Fastened to a T^ild horse and dragged to death ".o 37

"Thousands of people flocked to his standard" -o 39

The King and His Major Domi 40

Pepin Cutting off the Head of a Lion and of a Bull 43

Charlemagne ' 44

Roland at the Pass of Eoncesvalles 47

xvii xviii illustration^.

PAGfi

The Coronation of Charlemagne 49

Signature of Charlemagne 51

Statuette of Charlemagne 52

A Feudal Castle 53

Arrival of the Northmen 56

Coronation of a King 64

Roger Gruiscard's Fleet Destroying the Enemy 65

Submission of the Saracens to Roger Guiscard , 67

Crusaders on their Way to the Holy Land.. « 70

Peter the Hermit Preaches the First Crusade 71

Godfrey of Bouillon Entering Jerusalem 75

A Knight of St. John 76

Finding the Dead Body of the Emperor Barbarossa 77

Statue of William the Conqueror, at Falaise 83

Philip Augustus at the Elm of Gisors 85

The Battle of Bouvines , ,. 87

Saint Louis Instructed by his Mother..... = 89

The Living Barricades at Mansourah 90

Death of Saint Louis at Tunis 91

The High Court of Montfaucon 93

Conradin Throws down His Gauntlet 95

Pope Boniface VIII. Defiant under Insult 97

Seal of King John of Bohemia 100

The French Chivalry Charging the English at Crecy.... 101

Arbalists, or Cross Bows 102

Effigy of Edward the Black Prince 103

Illustrations. xix

PAGE

Tomb of Edward III. in Westminster Abbey 104

The Flagellants 105

Crossbowmen on Horseback 106

King John and his Son Philip at Poitiers 107

The Jacquerie 109

Coat of Mail, Gauntlets and Mailed Boot Ill

The Fren«h go down at Agincourt 113

Charles VI. of France , 114

Isabelle of Bavaria, Wife of Charles VI 115

City Life in the Fifteenth Century 119

Joan of Arc Wounded before Orleans 121

Joan of Arc Before the Tribunal 123

Joan of Arc's Words at her Trial , 125

Flight of Charles the Bold after the Battle of Morat 127

Siege of Neuss by Charles the Bold 128

Presentation of the First Printed Book to Louis XI 129

Cardinal Balue in his Iron Cage 131

Charles VIII. Enters Home at the Head of bis Army 135

Charles VIII. Hearing the Causes of the Rich and the Poor 136

Savanarola Preaches Against the Sin of Luxury 137

Louis VIIL Wins the Battle of Agnadello 139

Seal of Louis XII 110

Lucretia Borgia Dances before her Father 141

Seal of Francis I 142

Goat of Mail of Chevalier Bayard 143

XX Illustrations.

PAGE

Medal of Francis 1 144

Bayard, Single-handed Defends the Bridge 145

Armor of Gonsalvo de Cordova 146

Francis I. wins the Battle of Pavia, A. D. 1544 147

Scene at a Tournament, Sixteenth Century 148

Tournament, Joust of Lances 149

A Musquetin, 1559 150

Armor of a Captain of Lansquenets 151

Mary Stuart and her Young Husband 153

The Holy Inquisition — Two Modes of Torture 154

The Holy Inquisition in Session 155

Nobles and Calvinist 157

Catherine de Medici 159

Huguenots Destroying the Sculptures on a Cathedral IGl

The Morning after the Massacre of St. Bartholomew 163

Visit of the Duke of Guise to Henry III 165

Henry IV. Playing with his Children 172

Assassination of Marshal Concini 175

Cinq Mars and De Thou Led to Execution 177

Richelieu and Father Joseph 179

Admiral De Buyter = 181

Prince Eugene 1 83

Louis XV. at Fontenoy 189

The Death of Wolfe 191

Frederick the Great 193

Louis XV. in His Cabinet 197

Illustrations. xxi

PAGE

Louis XV 199

The Robber Barons 201

Louis XV. Shown to the People 204

Maria Antoinette 205

Turgot Receiving his Dismissal 209

Necker 210

Costumes of the States-General 211

Lafayette 213

Camille Desmoulins in the Garden 215

Louis XVI 217

The "Joyous Entry" 219

The Bread Riots 221

Mirabeau 223

Louis XVII 224

The Royal Family at Varennes 225

Robespierre 227

Louis XVL and the Mob in the Tuilcries 229

Danton 230

Execution of Louis XVI 231

Dumouriez 235

Marat 236

Assassination of Marat 237

Callingthe Roll of the Last Victims 239

The Feast of the Goddess of Reason 241

Maria Antoinette Leaving the Tribunal 243

Robespierre Made an Attempt at Suicide - 245 xxii Illustrations .

PAGE

Napoleon Bonaparte 247

Barras 249

Napoleon at the Bridge of Lodi 251

Josephine 253

The British at Aboukir Bay 254

Napoleon in Egypt 255

Kleber 256

Lucien Bonaparte 257

Napoleon 1 263

Francis II 265

Louis Bonaparte 266

At the Height of his aiory, Friedland, 1807 267

42d Highlanders Driving the French out of Elvina 269

Murat 271

Caroline Bonaparte 272

Josephine Hears of the Divorce 273

Joseph Bonaparte 275

Napoleon's Return from Elba 277

Flight of Napoleon from Waterloo 279

Marshal Ney 281

The Duke of Berry 283

Louis XVIII. Advising Charles X 285

Charles X 286

Louis Philippe 289

Bue de Rivoli, Paris 291

Illustrations. 5cxiii

PAGE

Rebellion, 18i8 294

The Pantheon ...., 295

Street Singers, Paris 29G

Le Pont-Neuf, Paris 297

The Louvre from the Rue Marengo 299

A Cabaret in Montmartre, Paris 300

Law School, Paris , 301

Schoolboys Leaving the Lycee 303

Left Wing of Opera House, Paris 304

Napoleon III. at the Battle of Solferino 305

The Medici Fountain, Paris 306

Hotel de Yille, Paris 307

Count Bismarck - 309

Marshal Bazaine 311

Summary Execution of a Communist 313

Louis Adolphe Thiers 315

Count Yon Moltke 317

Marshal MacMahon 319

M. Jules Grevy 321

Yoltaire 322

Market Place and Garden of the Temple, Paris 323

Rousseau 324

Frontispiece to a History of France printed in 1493.

ALTEMUS' YOUNG PEOPLE'S

HISTORY OF FRANCE