Ancient dominions of Maine

Front matter

Glass.

Book-

ANCIENT

Chapter I. Ante-colonial Pkriod

Historical remains — Location — Pedcokcgowake — Antiquity of the relics — Remains of Nekrangan — Local features — Human remains — Observations — Exhumations — White Mountain views — Colonial vestiges — Suggestive features of the remains — Ruins accounted for — Norumbcgua — Historical view of the name — Locality — Personal appearance of the ante-colonial inhabitants — "Weapons — Capital of the country — Court costume — Weymouth's treachery — Whale fishery at Pemaquid — Damariscotta, seat of ante-colonial empire — Aboriginal names — Arambec — Menikuk — Race inhabiting these cities — Succession of races — Druidical suggestions — The Bashaba — His enemies — Wawennocks — Their end, . 13

CHAPTER IL

PERIOD OF DISCOVERY.

Gosnold at Kennebec — Bark Shallop — Wreck in Sheopscot Bay — Pring's voyage — Weymouth's voyage — Discovery of Monhegan — Anchorage and observations of the mainland — Pentacost Harbor — First view of the natives in Pentacost Harbor — Discovery of the Sagadahoc — Native trade — Native deportment — Native canoe — Griffin's story — Natives kidnapped — Description and exploration of Pentacost Harbor — Bashaba's envoys — Primitive aspect of Long Reach — River explorations — Archangel towed to sea — Identification of the harbor anchorage — Summary — Discovery of fishing ground — Archangel's return to Europe — Effect of the discoveries on the public, . 55 lY CONTENTS.

Chapter III. Period Of Settlement

Gilbert and Popham's voyage — Extracts from journal of the voyage

— Spanish shallop and natives — Boothbay and Kennebec — Landing at Pemaquid — Sabbath services on shore — Hostility of the natives — Desertion of Skitwarroes — The gale — Entrance to Sagadahoc — Selection of the site of a town — Possessory rites and ceremonies — Breaking of ground for intrenchments — Explorations and adventures in the river — Face of the country — Altercation with river Indians — Overtures of the sovereign of the country — First ship, the Virginia of Sagadahoc — Death of Popham — Traditionary reminiscences — Conflict with the natives — Abandonment of colony — Monhegan settlements — Reckless voyagers — Harlow — Smith — Rocroft — Hunt — Dermer — Samosset at Boothbay Harbor — Damariscove — Sagadahoc — Sheepscot — Pemaquid — Levett's voyage to Sheepscot — Acquisition of title to Bristol — State of society — Wreck at Boothbay Harbor — Plymouth estabhshment at Kennebec — Aid worth and Eldridge at Pemaquid — Description of Pemaquid — Lawlessness — Pirate Dixy Bull — Abraham Shurt's adventures at Piscataqua — Imprudence of the settlers — Plantations — Murder at Kennebec — Original price of the town of Woolwich — Robinhood, the sagamore of Sheepscot — Export of cattle

— Condition of settlements — First death by drowning — Name of the State — John Parker's settlement — Original purchase of Westport — Birthplace of Phips, the Sheepscot ship-builder — His adventures and success — Population and staples of trade — Travel — Transfer of landed titles — John Mason, the Sheepscot proprietor — Civil condition of the settlements — First court organized at Merry Meeting — Price paid for the town of Bristol — Hamlets of Brown, Philips, Lake and Clark — Price paid for the town of Phipsburg — Hamlet of Rev. Robert Gutch at Long Reach — Death of Robert Gutch — Dukedom established — Newcastle a shire town — Convention of the people in the dukedom — Dissenters to ducal government — Purchase of Boothbay — Claims of Massachusetts — New Dartmouth — Yestigcs of ancient occupancy — Ancient chi-oiiicles of stone — Sheepscot settlements, ... 81

Chapter IV. Indian Avars. *

Natural causes — Moral causes — Robinhood disturbed — King Philip's ■war — Outrage on an Indian mother — Assault on the Purchase plantation — Slave traders in Massachusetts — Destruction of the Arrowsic

CONTENTS. V

towns — Devastation of Hammond Town — Sacking of Lake and Clark's village — Plantations abandoned — Incidents of the retreat — Card's escape — Abbott's adventures and escape from Damariscove — Waldron's expedition — Fortifications erected — Waldron's figlit at Pemar -^ quid — Return of the inhabitants — Return of Sheepscot planters — New Dartmouth re-occupied — Civil regulations — Peniaquid fostered — Temperance enforced by law — Laws of trade — Dongan's administration — Military despotism — Andros' measures to receiver the country — Indications of fresh violence — Irregularities at the capital — Earliest appearance of existing family names — Dukedom merged in Massachusetts — Andros restored to power — Recklessness of the Governor — Change of metropolitan interests from Pemaquid to Boston — Remonstrance of eastern citizens — Forts rebuilt — EtTects of the English Revolution — New ports of entry demanded — Conference of Colonial Governors — Treachery of Andros — Complaints of the people — Points of defense — Renewal of hostilities — Destruction of New Dartmouth — Battle at Pemaquid — Death of Judge Gyles and capture of his family — Fall of Jamestown — Trials of captivity — The bear hunt — Gauntlet dance — The fright — The chastisement — Savcige cruelties, . 151

Chapter V. War Of The English Revolution Continued

Major Church — Fall of Annawon — Condition of country — Erection of garrisons — Building of Fort Wm. Henry at Pemaquid — Condition of the natives — Converse — Fi'ench influences — Mission of Sheepscot John — Iberville's expedition — Investiture of Fort Wm. Henry — Naval demonstration at Pemaquid — Surrender of the fort — ISIarch in command — Battle of Damariscotta — Peace of Ryswick — Piracies — Queen Anne's war — Dudley's administration — Death of Ar-ru-hawikwabenit — Fall of Nova Scotia — Re-settlement of the country — Building of Augusta — Land Speculations — Rebuilding of Pemacjuid — Immigration — Ancient remains of Phipsburg — Cambel's cellar — Restlessness of the natives — Pirate ship Widah — Blasphemy of Bellamy — Bellamy at Mechisses — Shipwreck and death of Bellamy — Georgetown incorporated — Conference at Georgetown — Response of Wiwurna — Letter from Rall6 — Disgust of the Governor — Beginning of the American Revolutionary issues — Desolation of the country — Scotch- Irish immigration — Increase of population — Loron's remonstrance — Norridgewock expedition — Devastation of Merry Meeting — Dzunaris-

TI CONTENTS.

cotta laid waste — St. George attacked — Tilton's adventures at Damariscove — A scene of horror — Exasperation of the public — Battle of Arrowsic — Storming of the garrison — Temple and Penhallow's night attack — AVestbrook's expedition — Battle of St. George's River — Capt. Winslow's death — Savage fire-ships — Arrowsic invested — Battle of Norridgewock — Death of Bomaseen — Death of Father Ralle — Effects of Lovewell':) war — Samuel Trask's adventures — Damariscove attacked — Dummer's peace — Effects of the war — Truck-houses — Dagget's castle — Duck hunting — Hockomock — Great eewthquake, . 205

Chapter VI. Ante-rkvolutioxary Period

Closing scenes of savage alarms — Dunbar emigration — Opposition of proprietors — Influence of the Scotch-Irish element — Dunbar towns — Walpole — Harrington — Townsend — Battle of Enniskillen and siege of Londonderry — Vaughn's enterprise — Wiscasset — Garrison house — Waldo immigration — Waldoboro' founded — Mrs. Porterfield's adventures — Shirley's administration — Spanish or triangular war — Fall of Loulsburg — Frontier home — Georgetown — Closing events of the period — Encounter with a Sheepscot bear — Death of the Albees — McNear's adventures — Cargill's escape — Long Edmund's perfidy — Resolute planter — Dresden plantation — City of Stirling In Bristol — Thomaston hamlet — Condition of the settlers — Sufferings of Waldo's colonists — Widow Blackledge's prayer — Sagacious cat — ]\Irs. Rines's relief — Cargill's inhumanity — Murder of Margaret Moxa — Hugh Paul's adventures — HostlHtles renewed — Casualties — Defenses of Wiscasset — Heroic soldier of St. George — McFarland's misfortunes — Murder at Wiscasset — Captive Fanny — Dresden assaulted — Expedition asainst Wiscasset — Battle of Wiscasset — Haunted gully — Mrs. Delano's escape — Death of Boynton — Planters massacred at Pemaquld — Topsham — Death of Rutherford — Preble's massacre — Attack on Harndcn's garrison — Capture at Long Reach — Twenty Cow parish — Kellock's achievement — Perils of frontier life — Final defeat of French and Indians — Wolfe's victory — Breaking up of garrison life — Lincoln County organized — State of society — Frontier missionary — Pownalboro' — Naval eminence of Bath — Abandonment of military defenses — Nobleboro* — Incorporation of Topsham — Incorporation of Bristol, 259

CONTENTS. VII

Chapter VII. Amkricax Revolutionary Period

Question of property in white pines of Maine — Adventure of Commodore Knowles — Riot in Boston — Lumbermen's controversy — Early religious developments — Freedom of opinion — Maine originally an Episcopal establishment — Congregationalism introduced — Rob't Gutch and his church — Death of Gutch — Religious institutions extinguished

— Congregational proclivities of Sheepscot planters — Episcopal service at Pemaquid — Baxter and Gibson — Presbyterianism introduced — Rev. Robert Rutherford — Religious influence of the Dunbar emigration

— Religious habits of the Presbyterians — Thomas Pierpont — McLanathan — Revival of Episcopacy in the valley of the Kennebec — Scotch Presbyterian piety — John Murray — Murray's favor with the people — Murray's departure — Action of the Boothbay people — Murray's return to Townsend — Organization of the church — Ordination of deacons and elders — First Communion — The great revival — Its effects on society — Murray's ministrations — Close of religious period, . 327

INTEODUCTION.

OUTLINES OF THE WORK.

Nature and the Bible are the great text books, of which History is a running commentary of Providence.

In History, the forces and principles of cause and effect, in their bearings on the state of man as developed in human actions, in the distribution of good and evil, are, or ought to be, illustrated. No study, therefore, is more full of interest or better fraught with more important instruction, giving so varied a scope to the exercise of the moral and intellectual powers in a discipline so well adapted to store the head with useful and entertaining knowledge, and train the life to natural and truthful impulses, as the studies of History ; and a taste for such studies is no mean indication of the intellectual and moral attamments of any people.

History has a natural division into three views. The first relates to discovery ; the second treats of settlement and occupancy of the country ; and the third embraces an account of the accidents, disturbances, and disasters incident to the establishment of the homes of a new race.

The Ancient Dominions of Maine in the Virginia of the North exhibit the vestiges of three grand convulsive epochs, growing out of the struggle of races in the collision of those seeking a new home with those in possession of the soil ; the conflicts of rival states ; and the revolutionary issues in England, on the displacement of the reigning dynasty of the House of Stuart, and the elevation of the Prince of Orange to the throne.

The Ancient Dominions of Maine, beginning in a series of European plantation hamlets on the Kennebec and Sheepscot waters, and around in the vicinage of the magnificent harbor of Boothbay — the Pentecost Harbor of Geo. Weymouth's expedition, which in his account of discoveries became a center of attraction — at length were created a Dukedom ; and

X INTRODUCTION.

then transformed into a Province ; and finally consolidated into a County as the integrant part of a State.

The phases and facts of these several changes we shall endeavor to sketch ; and shall follow more particularly the development of these changes in the facts detailed than in the more latent and philosophical exhibit of causes ; designing to give but a narrative of events according to the measure of our means and abilities — with a view to amuse and instruct, as well as to preserve what is fast going into oblivion.

The view we shall take, therefore, within the " Ancient Dominions " of Maine, will embrace the facts written on the Earth's surface, found among the newly explored remains of the ruins of the ancient Arambec and Menikuk, towns of aboriginal existence on the Damariscotta and Sheepscot waters during the ante-colonial period ; the voyages of discovery and settlement ; Indian battle scenes ; massacres and other historical details and incidents in the Social, Religious, and Civil development of the population within the ancient Sagadahock, Sheepscot, and Pemaquid precincts.

Much more might be done, which must be left to other and abler pens, and shaped to meet a different aim than the purpose we have.

WiscASSET, July 13th, 1858.

ANCIENT

DOMINIONS OF MAINE.

Chapter I. Historical Remains

History has its philosophy, as well as philosophy its history. By the simple deductions of its philosophy, facts are gathered and grouped in their natural relations, and when this grouping suggests a rational solution, then the truth of history is manifested.

Maine has a history — a past, hoary with age — pregnant with interest. To this interest we propose to add some natural and remarkable features, developed in a class of historic remains, exhumed at the vestibule of extensive ruins discovered in a section, in aboriginal days, called " Mavooshen," ^ and in the colonial period, known as the Province of Sag-adahock, where lie buried the ancient " Dominions of Maine."

In the general method of this investigation, we shall go back to facts, and follow them up, and out, and through the tortuous and misty windings of the past, into the natural sun-light of .historic truth.

The remains have locality within the precincts of Pemaquid and Sheepscot, of the ancient Sagadahock Province, points of the " Virginia of the North," so called two-andone-half centuries ago, which, in the ante-colonial periods of

1 Gorges' Narrative, vol. 2, p. 62, M. H. Coll.

North American History, glowed along our wild shores, with surpassing attraction in England, as centers of interest to the colonial enterprises of the age.

The relics to be exhibited are not the fragmentary remains of crumbling walls of deserted palaces — are not found under piles of sculptured granite and marble — in broken columns, prostrate arches, gigantic architectural wastes, but in a series of facts disposed in natural order.

These facts appear, first, in vestiges of human life and human homes, now traceable on the earth's surface ; and second, in rumors floating in tradition, wafted by voices of the remotest antiquity, whose echoings from the. depths of a wild and unexplored interior, have fallen on the ear of the earliest voyagers shaped into names out of aboriginal sounds ; and third, in the disclosures of an imagery peculiar to the conception of the aboriginal mind, painting everywhere, in the names of persons and places, a legible significancy.

"When laid bare in naked detail, these facts all seem to sympathize in their more important features, indicative of a common origin and a cotemporaneous existence ; and when grouped in their natural relations to cotemporaneous events, expose in clear and full relief on the shadowy past, traces of humanity, in towns, cities, centers of human aggregation and resort, which resolve the shadows that have long glided before the vision of the antiquary on the outmost verge of our historic perspective, into a people — a race and their homes, in the heart of Lincoln County, at our very doors, long since gone and forgotten from the scenes of human life and action. " Shadows indeed we are, and shadows we pursue ;" yet "life is real, life is earnest, and the grave is not its goal." Hence, those departing leave behind them footsteps on the sands of time. It is in these footprints of life on the past of our own river banks, hill-tops, head-lands and islands, filling in our own landscape, we would trace the history of the past.

LOCALITIES OF ANCIENT REMAINS.

In the exploration of the localities of the facts, the head-waters of the Damariscotta River demand our first attention. The topography of the place is peculiar. The head-waters of this river are received and emptied from two reservoirs, at different elevations. In the times of the earliest European dwellers there, Walter Philips and the Taylors, the upper reservoir was called the "/rcsA," ^ and the lower " the salt pond," in the aboriginal conveyances at that time.

Over the rocky rim of the upper reservoir, the redundant waters are precipitated by a fall of fifty feet, into the salt pond below. Amid the primeval wildness and solitude of this region, the o'er leaping volume of water formed a cascade, whose roar merged and softened with the distant rumble of the tides through a gorge over the falls of the salt pond below, where the commingled waters are lost in the flux and reflux of the sea, in the savage mind laid foundation for the use of an expressive aboriginal term descriptive of the place, called " Ped-coke-gowake," ^ meaning " the place of thunder," as well as from the fact the forest trees thereabout were often scarred with lightning strokes, in early days. ^ The margins of the lower reservoir, overhung witli a forest fringe of stately, sheltering oaks and pine — a land-locked expanse, whose bosom swelled with rounded islands of inviting loveliness, heaving also, with aquatic life — a basin, whose walls and floors were inlaid with beds of the luscious oyster,^ — must have combined attractions as a center of human resort unsurpassed, unless we except the " Coont^ islands," environed with oyster beds and mullet shoals, near the Everglades of Florida. This is a natural and obvious deduction.

1 Walter Philips' deed, Commissioners' Report on L. Co. 2 French orthography " Ped-aug-hi-ouk."— Ralle. 3 J. G. Huston, Esq.

4 The neighboring Sheepscot and the water beds thereabout, still afford this delicious shell-fish, though nearly destroyed by the mill dust.

REMAINS OP PEDCOKEGOWAKE.

In conformity with this view, on the margins of this very basin, where the grandeur of primeval forest shadows, and the sublime echoings of the voices of nature combine to invite — where, with lavish hand, she has stored mexhaustible resources for human subsistence, we find those facts and features, luhich usually mark the sites of human homes and jjopulousness, in the accumulation of deposites of the offal of a vast horde of human eaters.

Opportunities of personal observation, in a passage inland, through the lagoons of the coasts of eastern and southern Florida, from the mouth of the St. Lucia to the bar of St. Augustine, have given practical views of shell-deposits on the margins of water-courses, as the offal of human subsistence. The general features are alike, nortli and south; and the deposites of shell offal about the head-waters of the Damariscotta resemble those marking the points of favorite resort and habitation to the savage Seminole, or earlier Calos tribes, of Florida, in the oyster-bearing sections of that land of flowers and flies.

Tiie rim of the lower basin of the head-waters of the Damariscotta, whose regurgitating tides receive and empty the over-leaping waters of the fresh pond above, suggesting to the mind of the simple native, the place of thunder, in detached places, is wliarfed off (in the expressive language of the Hon. Ebenezer Farley) by the successive aggregation of the shells of the oyster, exhibiting different stages of decomposition.

1654. ANTIQUITY OP THE RELICS.

Two centuries ago, the deposites here were noted in the records of the earliest European residents, as " the great ^ bank of oyster shells — and oyster shell neck;" and were

1 Pierce's deposition, Commissioners' Reports, L. C. records.

then remarkable features on the face of the earth. The basin marghis on the west side arc heaped, covering an area of several rods, " twelve ^ to fifteen feet deep;" wdiile the east bank margins bear a less depth, but fall back in more extended superficies, so much less decomposed as to render the soil sterile and useless for cultivation.

Below the basin and its marginal deposites described above, nearer the sea, a bold and picturesque head-land, terminating a tongue of land, stretching northward, exhibits a soil largely intermixed with the remains of the common species of the "mya," or clam, whose banks fronting the river's channel, in many places, seem to have been shingled with the offal remains of this shell-fish, the surface soil being thoroughly sifted in with the same in a pulverulent state. This new deposite of a different species of edible shell-fish is not above three miles below the oyster deposites.

OCCASION OF THESE EELICS.

Such is the common aspect of these obviously ancient superficial remains of two species of edible shell-fish, as resources of human food. Dr. Jackson, our State Geologist, has given a description of the same remarkable vestiges, as viewed by science.

He found " the shells (of the oyster) disposed in regular layers, perfectly preserved, whitened with the action of the weather, but where most exposed to the action of the frost, crumbled into a fine shell marl." " The general belief," he adds, is " that the shells were heaped up there by the ancient Indians, who formerly frequented the spot." This gentleman gives no opinion beyond the popular idea, as to the causes or manner of these deposites ; but simply remarks "that the stratiform position and perfection of the shells are an objection, and their comparatively recent deposition, and the fact that a diluvial soil is their bed, are a support to the common opinion."

I Letter of Hon. E. Farley. 2

Mr. Jackson concludes his observations by a further account, descriptive of other rehcs, more remarkable and suggestive of facts, found in these deposites, connecting them with human agency, saying, " that arrow-heads, ^ bone stilettoes, and human bones, have been found in the beds of shells near the surface." We may therefore consider the fact as well authenticated by the severe tests of scientific observation, that human remains, fragments of human art, and of weapons of war of bone manufacture, have been exhumed from these deposites. "On Tapin's Island, ^ (Taplino) in the Bay or Basin, — the lower reservoir of the Damariscotta described, a mile or less above the village bridge, a half acre of gneiss-rock, covered with yellow loam, mixed with a shell detritus, human ^ skeletons have frequently been exhumed at a depth of eighteen inches to two feet below the surface."

In the presence of our Geologist, (who is the authority for the facts, ) a skeleton was dug up from its burial place here. The uniform position is a sitting posture, the knees drawn up, facing the east toward the rising sun. " Pieces ^ of copper sometimes covered the head of the exhumed body ; and one skeleton had a copper knife-blade, set in a handle of bone ;" and it was the judgment of our Geologist and his medical assistant, that for two centuries, no burial had been made in this Island cemetery of an extinct, but peculiar people. The facts can leave no doubt, that the deposition of shell offal, above described, was the work of human hands ; and that the locality of these deposits must have been a center of vast populousness, more than two centuries ago, when the same features marked this site of ancient ruin. Such are the facts, distinguishing the mysterious vestiges of the aboriginal " Ped-coke-gowake."

^ Jackson's Report, Geology of Maine, vol. 3, p. 57-58.

2 Jackson's Report, vol. 3, p. 57-58.

3 Head pieces of copper were angular and breast plates were square.

REMAINS OF NEKRANGAN.

Leaving this remarkable locality, and crossing the peninsula formed by the Sheepscot and Damariscotta waters, some fifteen miles south-westerly, we reach the sea near the west head of Townsend harbor, at the mouth of the Sheepscot. At this point is the only ingress and egress, by an inland passage, to the magnificent harbor below. The physical features of this entrance are very peculiar ; which in the felicitous, expressive sounds of the aboriginal tongue, are described as the " Ne-kran-gan" — our "gate-way." Here, enters the great shore trail from Pemaquid, by " Winneganne," (meaning carrying place, or portage to the harbor,) for the Merrymeeting and Casco travel, of which Cape Ne-wagen, (doubtless an English corruption of the aboriginal Nekrangan,) forms the western wall. Here is another remarkable locality of deep, unexplored, historical interest.

LOCAL FEATURES.

The ruins near to Ped-coke-gowake of the cataract, at the head-waters of the Damariscotta, would seem to have been reproduced here, on a more magnificent scale if possi ble, within sound of the " thunder of the sea."

The " Krangan," ^ or gate-way, to the harbor passage, is a deep, narrow water-way of bold shores ; and at its point of junction with the Sheepscot, expands into an elongated pool of cone-like outline, whose base, resting on the over-looking slopes of Sawyer's Island, stretches its apex some three or four miles south-westerly, into the upper end of Cape Newagen Island, making what is now known as Ebenecook Harbor.

The western outlines of this body of water are shaped at its base by the shores of " Sweet's Island," swollen into a sandy cliff-side ; and then, sweeping back into the usual

1 Ralle's vocabulary, p. 100, M. H. Coll. vol. 4.

margins of coarse, sea-girding granite, letting into view Boston and Green Islands. Rocky shores running up into the rounded evergreen eminences of " Indian Town" Island, shape the left and eastern view, so as to merge each line of vision in the head of Ebenecook harbor.

HUMAN EEMAINS.

The islands environing this body of water, skirted with southern and land-ward slopes and margins falling back in gentle declivities, sheltered on every side from bleak winds, bear remarkable vestiges of human occupancy antecedent to the periods of European colonization on our shores.

These island-lawns are covered with the remains of a vast primitive population, whose bones, blackened, broken and decayed, are everywhere diffused in the offal of their subsistence ; and the soil of their planting grounds, where clustered their lodges, is full of the fatness of the ashes of the unnumbered and forgotten dead !

The margins of each of these land-locking islands, and which, in relation to the body of water described, present a concentric aspect, have a superficies of shell-soil on an under-laying granite, or clay basis, ranging from eight inches to many feet, or yards in depth, where the surface has been leveled by the process of cultivation ; but wlierc it remains in primitive condition, there the shell-offal lies in hummocks. The original method of deposition here, would seem to have been like that on the margins of the reservoirs of the Damariscotta, viz : by successive aggregation of deposits along the water margins, which have fallen back in thinner layers, from one hundred to one hundred and fifty rods, as the slopes of the sheltering back ground may favor.

At the base of the watery cone, the chief deposits lie back from the shore margins altogether, exhibiting a surface rolled into hillocks of more than five feet depth,

The entire depositcs are estimated to cover an area of some ten acres of soil, consisting of the debris of the bony structure of man, beast, fish and fowl, in every stage of decomposition, from the dusty outline of crumbling earth-crusted bones, to perfect skulls, joints and teeth, in good preservation. The remains of the " mya edulis," or common clam, constitute the great deposite here; and the entire superincumbent mass of animal matter has generally reached a stage of decay, in which it has become a very productive dark colored soil.

The slopes of Sawyer's Island, broken to the plow some thirty years ago for the first time, interspersed with the layers of the common clam, (wiiicli here is the prevailing deposite,) disclosed patches of oyster shells of large size in a good state of preservation. Antlers of the red deer, bones of the cod, skulls of the canine, and teeth of large graminivorous animals were found, mingled with the teeth, ball and socket, skull-bones and sections of the vertebral column of the human frame.

Indeed, it would appear that the ashes of the human dead ■were everywhere strewn throughout the mass of decomposing superficies, which the hoe and the plow-share everywhere discover.

INDICATIONS OF HUMAN AGENCY.

In each deposite, below as well as on the surface, we find decisive indications of the agency of man in the accumulation of these remains, as well as of the character of the remains themselves, in the abundance of various sized rocks, from one to three pounds weight disposed throughout the mass, with the fragments of charred wood and coal. The rocks bear marks of igneous and aqueous action, as if used for culinary purposes, in the process of boiling food, some of the stones exhibiting marks of volcanic fires, like pumice stone.

Weapons of war, implements of art — the workmanship of rude but skillful hands, have been abundantly found. Broken from the dykes and veins of green-stone and horn-blend injected into the structure of Emerald Island, ^ a bare, bald surface of rock, intruded into the entrance of the harbor passage, these articles are wrought out of the bed of native material in locality there.

Stone axes, arrow-heads of jasper and flint rock, stoneheaded spears, a variety of stone and earthen pipes, and an ornament of copper, the size and shape of a Spanish quarter, with perforations in three several places, have been found. Among the pipes, was picked up one, the bowl of which was of the size and shape of an ordinary tea-cup — possibly, the calumet of the tribe — with walls an inch and one-half thick, having a perforated stem ten inches long, all wrought out of the solid rock, in a single piece. The material of this gigantic pipe was of fine grained sand-stone. Fragments of pottery, of a coarse iron hue, or dingy, pale burnt brick color, ornamented with devices of plants, pricked into the fresh moulded clay, are not infrequent.