Front matter
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—
THE
Preface
THE Embalmers and Funeral Directors of this country have made frequent complaints that they were unable to find, in books on embalming heretofore published, such information as they desire on numerous topics of professional inquiry, especially those which have been the subject of recent investigation or introduction.
To meet this confessed demand for a work of more modern character along this line, the preparation of the Champion Text Book on Embalming was undertaken.
The purpose of the authors has been to supply, within the compass of a single volume of moderate size, the information necessary to a full understanding of the subjects belonging properly to the science and art of embalming.
This work is intended both as a text book for the student and a complete reference book for the embalmer. To meet these ends, we have endeavored to furnish that information which our teaching and long experience in the practice of embalming have suggested to us to be the most needful to the student and practitioner. We have treated of anatomy and physiology to the extent necessary to give a good understanding of the structure and functions of the body, thus laying a sure foundation for the successful study and practice of embalming. After tracing the history of this art from ancient times down through the intervening ages, the most modern, simplest and best methods have been clearly set forth. Morbid anatomy and the treatment of special diseases, including those which give the embalmer the most trouble, are much more fully considered than in any similar work, thus adding largely to the value of the Text Book. The
If vi PREFACE.
best and latest information concerning sanitation, disinfection, infection and bacteriology, is also set forth in a terse and practical form; while much useful information is given on other subjects.
The very comprehensive Glossary at the conclusion of the work cannot but prove helpful to both student and practitioner; while, within the compass of the General Index, has been included every term and subject on which information is likely to be sought.
We have appropriated to our use many important facts found in the works constituting the physician's library, that have a direct bearing upon the subjects of which we treat; but, nevertheless, we have relied chiefly upon our own observations and experiences, especially in the operations and methods of treatment given.
We have made it a rule to write pointedly and briefly, without unnecessary verbiage, or circumlocution, on all subjects treated; and, where it could be done without sacrificing clearness or accuracy, have practiced careful abridgement of the text. As far as possible technical terms have been eliminated. Where it has been necessary to introduce them, they have been placed in the Glossary, with a clear, concise definition.
Our illustrations are of a preeminent character, much superior to any hitherto published in a similar work, and will add greatly to an elucidation of the text and a proper understanding of the methods taught.
We are especially indebted to the works of the following authors in the preparation of this book:
Anatomy: — Gray ; Potter.
Physiology: — Flint ; Steele ; Baldwin ; Huxley.
Morbid Anatomy and Pathology: — Flint ; Osler ; Stille ; Bristowk ; Aitken ; Quain ; Green ; Peper's System.
Bacteriology and Sanitation: — Sternberg ; Abbott ; Sykes.
THE AUTHORS.
Springfield, Ohio, Jan. 1, 1897.
Table Of Contents
PAGE
Portraits of Eliab Myers, M. D., and Prof. F. A. Sullivan Frontispieces.
Preface v
Table of Contents vii
List of Illustrations xix
Part First
the human body 1
Bones of the Skeleton 2
Analysis of the Human Skeleton 3
Chapter I. — Osteology 5 General Description of the Bones 5
The Bones of the Skeleton 5
In the Head and Trunk 5
Classification of Bones , 6
The Composition of the Bones 6
The Structure of Bones 7
Fresh or Living Bones , 7
The Lacunae 7
Development of Bone 7
The Joints 8
Injury and Repair of Bones 8
The Breaking of a Bone 8
Bones of the Head 9
The Bones of the Skull and Face 9
The Skull Bones 9
The Cranial Cavity 9
Bones of the Trunk 9
The Trunk 9
The Spinal Column 9
The Ribs 10
The Innominata 10
The Extremities 10
Bones of the Upper Extremity 10
The Shoulder 10
The Scapula 10
The Shoulder Joint 10
The Elbow 11
The Carpus 11
The Hand 11
Bones of the Lower Extremity 11
The Femur 11
The Knee Joint 11
(vii)
viii CHAMPION TEXT BOOK ON EMBALMING.
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Chapter I. — Osteology — Continued.
Bones of the Lower Extremity — Continued.
The Fibia 11
The Foot 11
Sesamoid Bones 12
Wormian Bones 12
Articulations 12
The Structures 12
The Ligaments 13
Chapter II. — The Muscles 14 Number of Muscles 15
Contractility 15
The Tendons 15
Fasciae 16
Arrangement of Muscles 16
Modification of Muscles 16
Kinds of Muscles 17
Attachment of Muscles 17
The Sterno-cleido-mastoid 17
The Biceps 18
The Sartorius 18
The Diaphragm 18
Wonders of the Muscles 18
Muscular Sense 19
Development of the Muscles 19
Chapter III. — The Absorbents 20 The Skin 20
Structure of the Skin 20
Rete Mucosum 21
" Skin Slip " 21
Uses of the Skin 21
The Hair 22
The Nails 23
The Lymphatic System 24
The Lymphatics 24
The Lacteals 24
The Lymphatic Glands 24
The Thoracic Duct 25
The Lymphatic Duct 25
The Lymph 25
VISCERAL ANATOMY 26
Chapter IV. — The Nervous System 26 Nervous Tissue 26
The Nerves 27
Nerve Current 27
Nerve Sensations 27
The Sympathetic System 28
The Cerebro-spinal System 28
The Brain 29
Ganglions 29
The Cerebrum 29
The Cerebellum 30
The Medulla Oblongata 31
The Spinal Cord 31
The Cranial Nerves 32
TABLE OF CONTENTS. ix
PAGE
Chapter V. — The Digestive Organs 33 The Organs of Digestion 33
The Alimentary Canal 33
The Mouth 33
The Salivary Glands 34
The Tongue 35
The Teeth 35
The Jaws 36
The Pharynx 36
The Esophagus 36
The Stomach 37
The Fundus 37
The Small Intestine 38
The Duodenum 39
The Jejunum 39
The Ileum 39
The Large Intestine 39
The Caecum , 39
The Appendix Vermiformis 40
The Colon 40
The Rectum 40
The Liver 40
The Hepatic Duct 41
The Gall Bladder 41
The Pancreas 41
The Pancreatic Duct 42
The Spleen, Thyroid, Thymus and Suprarenal Capsules 42
The Suprarenal Capsules 42
The Abdominal Cavity 42
The Abdomen 42
Regions of the Abdomen 43
The Contents 43
The Peritoneum 44
Peritoneal Sacs 44
The Omenta 45
The Mesos or Mesenteries 45
The Pelvic Cavity 45
Chapter VI. — The Organs of Respiration 46 Mouth and Nose 46
The Pharynx 47
The Larynx 47
The Trachea or Windpipe 47
The Bronchi 48
The Lungs 48
Structure of the Lungs 48
The Pleura? 49
Chapter VII.— The Circulatory System 50 An Important System 50
Organs of Circulation 50
The Heart 50
The Pericardium 51
The Endocardium 51
Heart's Weight and Size 51
Its Cavities 51
Its Capacities 52
CHAMPION TEXT BOOK ON EMBALMING.
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Chapter VII. — The Circulatory System — Continued. The Heart — Continued.
The Right Auricle 52
The Right Ventricle 53
The Left Auricle 53
The Left Ventricle 53
The Circulation of the Blood 55
The Arteries 55
The Systemic Circulation 56
The Aorta 56
The Coronary Arteries 57
The Innominate Artery 57
The Common Carotid Artery 57
The External Carotid Artery '. 57
The Internal Carotid Artery 58
The Tympanic 58
The Arterife Receptaculi 58
The Anterior Meningeal 58
The Ophthalmic 58
The Anterior Cerebral 58
The Middle Cerebral 58
The Anterior Choroid 58
The Posterior Communicating 58
The Circle of Willis 58
The Subclavian Artery 58
The Vertebral Artery 59
The Thyroid Axis 59
The Inferior Thyroid 59
The Transversalis Colli 59
The Suprascapular 59
The Internal Mammary Artery 59
The Superior Intercostal Artery 59
The Axillary Artery 59
The Brachial Artery 59
The Radial Artery 60
The Ulnar Artery 60
The Superficial Arch 60
The Deep Palmar Arch 60
The Thoracic Aorta 60
The Pericardiac Branches 6
The Bronchial Arteries 6
The Esophageal Branches. , 6
The Posterior Mediastinals 6
The Intercostals 6
The Abdominal Aorta 6
The Phrenic 6
The Cceliac Axis 6
The Gastric 6
The Hepatic 6
The Splenic 6
The Superior Mesenteric 6
The Inferior Mesenteric 62
The Suprarenal 62
The Spermatics 62
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xi
PAGE
Chapter VII. — The Circulatory System — Continued. The Abdominal Aorta — Continued.
The Renal 62
The Lumbar 62
The Sacra Media 62
The Common Iliac Arteries 62
The Internal Iliac 62
The External Iliac Artery 62
The Epigastric 62
The Circumflex Iliac 63
The Femoral Artery 63
The Superficial Epigastric 63
The Superficial Circumflex Iliac 63
The Superficial External Pudic 63
The Deep External Pudic. . . 63
The Profunda Femoris 63
The Muscular Branches 63
The Anastomica Magna 63
The Popliteal Artery 63
The Anterior Tibial Artery 64
The Dorsalis Pedis Artery 64
The Posterior Tibial Artery 64
The Internal Plantar 64
The External Plantar 64
The Lesser or Pulmonary Circulation 64
The Pulmonary Artery 64
The Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries 65
The Veins 65
Venous Valves 65
The Sinuses 65
The Veins Are Divided 65
Veins of the Head 66
Veins of the Neck 66
External Jugular. 66
Posterior External Jugular 66
Anterior Jugular 66
Internal Jugular 66
The Vertebral 66
The Veins of the Upper Extremity 66
The Radial Vein 67
The Cephalic Vein 67
The Median Vein 67
The Principal Veins of the Thorax 67
The Azygos Veins 67
The Right Azygos 67
The Left Lower Azygos 67
The Left Upper Azygos 67
The Spinal Veins 67
The Subclavian Vein 67
The Innominate Veins 68
The Superior Vena Cava 68
The Veins of the Lower Extremity 68
The Superficial Veins 68
The Internal or Long Saphenous 68
The External or Short Saphenous 68
E.— a xii CHAMPION TEXT BOOK OX EMBALMING.
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Chapter VII. — The Circulatory System — Continued.
The Veins — Continued.
The Internal Iliac Vein 68
The Common Iliac Veins 69
The Inferior Vena Cava 69
The Portal System 69
The Hepatic Vein 69
The Portal Vein 69
The Cardiac Veins 69
The Pulmonary System 69
The Pulmonary Veins 69
The Capillaries 70
The Foetal Circulation 71
Chapter VIII. — The Organs of Special Senses 72 The Eye 72
The Membranes 72
Chambers of the Eye 72
The Retina 73
The Iris 73
The Eyelids 74
The Lachrymal Gland 74
The Ear 74
The External Ear 75
The Middle Ear 75
The Internal Ear 76
Other Special Organs 76
The Nose 76
The Tongue 76
Touch.. 76
Chapter IX. — The Body : Its Weight and Constituents 77 Weight of the Different Parts of the Body 77
The Chemical Constituents of the Body (after Huxley) 78
Anatomical and Physiological Constants 79
General Statistics 79
Digestion 79
Circulation 80
Respiration 80
Part Second
ancient and modern embalming 81
Chapter X. — Ancient Embalming 83 General Remarks 83
Egyptian Methods of Embalming 85
Jewish Methods 94
Methods of the Romans and Other Nations 97
On the Western Hemisphere 98
Among Early Christians 99
Chapter XL — Modern Embalming 101
Dr. Frederick Ruysch 101
Dr. William Hunter 102
John Hunter 103
The Hunterian Method 104
M. Boudet's 104
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xiii
PAGE
Chapter XI. — Modern Embalming — Continued
M. Franchini's 104
Jean Nicholas Gannal 105
M. Sucquet 105
M. Falcony 106
Dr. Chaussier's 106
Franciolla's 107
Brunetti 108
A Method in Vogue in Belgium 108
Dr. Tscheirnoff's 109
The Florentine Process 110
A German Process 110
Embalming but Little Practiced To-day in England Ill
Chapter XII. — Up to Date Embalming 112 Preservation as a Reason for Embalming 113
Sanitation as a Reason 114
Thorough Embalmment 114
The Condition, Appearance and Disease of the Body 114
To Thoroughly Embalm 117
Appearance of a Body After Thorough Embalmment 118
Chapter XIII. — Death: Its Modes, Signs and Changes 119 Modes of Death 119
Signs of Death 119
Syncope, Asphyxia and Trance 119
Cessation of the Heart's Action 119
Cessation of Respiration 120
Cooling of the Body 121
Hypostasis . 121
Post Mortem Staining 121
Rigor Mortis 122
Putrefaction 123
Chapter XIV.— The Blood 125 Blood, Lymph and Chyle 125
Coagulation of the Blood 125
Circulation of the Blood 126
Causes of Arteries Being Empty after Death 127
Circulation of the Fluid 128
Chapter XV. — Embalming Instruments : Their Use and Care. . . . 129 Instruments Should Be Kept Clean 129
Aseptic Instruments 130
Should Take Just Pride in His Instruments 130
Sterilizing Instruments 131
To Remove Rust from Steel Instruments 131
Instruments Should Be Sharp 131
The Number and Quality 131
The Instrument Necessary for Arterial Work 132
Instruments Used for Cavity Injection 132
Chapter XVI. — Arterial Injection 133 Selection of the Artery to Be Injected 133
The Raising and Injecting of Arteries 134
To Raise an Artery .* 134
The Brachial Artery and Basilic Vein 135
Location 135
The Linear Guide 135
CHAMPION TEXT BOOK ON EMBALMING.
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Chapter XVI. — Arterial Injection — Continued.
The Brachial Artery and Basilic Vein — Continued.
The Anatomical Guide 135
To Raise the Artery or Vein 136
The Femoral Artery and Vein 136
Location 136
Linear Guide 136
The Anatomical Guide 139
To Raise the Artery or Vein 139
The Common Carotid Artery and Internal Jugular Vein 139
The Common Carotid Artery 139
The Linear Guide 140
The Anatomical Guide 140
To Raise the Artery and Vein 140
The Radial Artery 140
To Locate and. Raise the Radial Artery 140
The Posterior Tibial Artery 143
Location 143
To Raise the Posterior Tibial Artery 143
To Remove the Blood 144
The Methods 144
To Remove Blood from the Heart 144
Circulation Not Destroyed by Tapping the Heart 144
The Valves of the Heart and Veins 147
To Remove Blood by the Veins 147
If the Basilic Vein 147
To Open the Basilic Vein 147
If the Femoral Vein 148
The Internal Jugular Vein 148
The Proper Time to Withdraw the Blood 148
Second Injection 149
" Skin Slip : " Its Causes and Prevention 149
Slipping of the Skin 149
To Prevent Slipping of the Skin 150
Formula and Treatment 150
Discoloration 150
Congestion of the Peripheral Veins 151
The Brownish or Greenish Spots 151
Bruised and Other Spots 151
Discoloration Caused by Biliverdin 152
The Ice Mixture 152
Formula 152
A Substitute 152
Chapter XVII. — Cavity Injection 155 The Thoracic Cavity 156
The Pleurae 156
To Inject the Pleural Cavities 156
The Pleural Cavities may be Injected 159
To Inject the Lung Tissue 159
To Inject the Abdominal Cavity 159
To Inject the Stomach and Intestines 159
To Remove Gases and Liquids 160
To Remove Gases from the Thoracic Cavity 160
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xv
PAGE
Chapter XVII. — Cavity Injection — Continued. To Remove Gases and Liquids — Continued.
To Remove Gases from the Abdominal Cavity 160
To Remove Liquids from the Abdominal Cavity 160
Chapter XXI. — Diseases of the Air Passages and Chest 198 Pneumonia — Lung Fever 198
Gangrene of the Lungs . 201
Pleurisy — Pleuritis 202
Primary Pleurisy 202
Purulent Pleurisy 202
Pericarditis 203
Inflammation of the Pericardium 203
Pneumo-pericarditis 203
Valvular Diseases of the Heart 204
Other Diseases of Air Passages and Chest, such as Laryngitis,
Bronchitis, etc 205
Chapter XXVI. — Death from Accidental Causes. 235 Drowned Cases 235
Treatment of a " Floater " 235
Lightning and Electricity 237
Cases of Mutilation 237
Gunshot Wounds 238
Asphyxia 239
Opium or Morphine Poisoning 240
Death Caused by Poisonous Gases 241
Poisoning by Carbonic Acid 241
Poisoning by Carbonic Oxid 242
Poisoning by Coal Gas 242
Chapter XXXIII. — Resuscitation 279 Definition 279
Treatment of Syncope 279
Howard's Method of Artificial Respiration 279
Position of Patient 279
Position of Operator 279
Action of Operator 280
Treatment for Asphyxia 280
Asphyxia from Breathing Noxious Gases 280
Asphyxia from Mechanical Obstructions of the Air Passages " 280
Asphyxia from Poisons or Anaesthetics 281
Treatment for Restoring a Drowned Person 281
Ayphyxia from Drowning 281
Position of Patient. ... 281
Position and Action of Operator 281
Directions for Restoring the Apparently Dead 282
Treatment for Lightning Strokes 282
Treatment for Restoring Natural Breathing 282
Rule 1. — To Maintain a Free Entrance of Air Into the Windpipe 282
Rule 2.— To Adjust the Patient's Position 283
Rule 3. — To Imitate the Movements of Breathing 283
Rule 4. — To Excite Inspiration 283
Treatment After Natural Breathing Has Been Restored 284
Rule 1. — To Induce Circulation and Warmth 284
Rule 2.— If from Intense Cold 284
Rule 3. — If from Intoxication 284
Rule 4. — If from Apoplexy or Sunstroke 284
Stimulants and Food 284
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