The history of Oregon and California, and the other territories on the north-west coast of North America : accompanied by a geographical view and map of those countries, and a number of documents as proofs and illustrations of the history

Front matter

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Preface

The following pages are devoted, principally, to the description and history of the portion of North America bordering on the Pacific Ocean, between the 40th and the 54th parallels of latitude, which is traversed and in a great measure drained, by the River Columbia, and to which the name of OREGON is now usually applied. It has, however, been found necessary, for the objects of the work, to bestow almost equal attention on the regions embraced under the general appellation of California, extending southward from the Columbia countries, to the arm of the Pacific, called the Californian Gulf; and also to take into consideration the coasts and islands north and north-west of those countries, as far as the Arctic Sea.

The vast division of America, comprehending these territories, remains, with the exception of a few isolated spots on the coasts and on the margins of the larger streams, uncultivated and inhabited only by tribes of wandering savages. Its shores and some of its rivers have been examined with care, and their course may be found delineated with considerable minuteness on maps. Of its interior regions, some have never been explored, and are indeed apparently impenetrable by man ; others, which oflfer fewer obstacles to the traveller, are only known through the vague and imperfect accounts of traders or missionaries ; and in those which have been the most frequented by civilized persons, much remains to be eflfected by the aid of scientific observations, in order to obtain satisfactory ideas of their geography and physical characteristics.

IV PREFACE.

These territories, unoccupied, partially explored, and remote from all civilized countries, nevertheless present much that is interesting in their political history, as well as in their natural conformation and productions ; and events are now in progress which seem calculated, ere long, to attract towards them the views of the governments and people of many powerful nations.

Every pajl of this division of America is in fact claimed by some civilized state as its exclusive property, in virtue either of discoveries or settlements made by its citizens or subjects, or of transfer or inheritance from some other state claiming on similar grounds, or of contiguity to its own acknowledged territories. On these points, the principles of national law are by no means clearly defined ; nor is it easy to apply such as are most generally admitted, to particular cases ; nor are governments ordinarily found ready to relinquish claims merely because they prove to be unfounded, agreeably to such principles : and disputes have in consequence arisen between different nations asserting the right of possession to the same portion of Western America, which have more than once threatened to disturb the peace of the world. Attempts have been made to settle the questions at issue by negotiation ; and certain lines of boundary have been agreed on by treaties between one and another of the claimant powers : but the arrangements thus made, can scarcely in any instance be considered definitive, as they have not received, and will probably never receive, the assent of the other parties interested.

In the mean time these territories are daily becoming more important from the advancement of the population of adjoining countries towards them, and from the constant increase of the trade and navigation of several of the claimant powers in the Pacific, which would render the undisputed possession of establishments on the coasts of that Ocean most desirable for each. The difficulty of effecting an amicable partition of tlio territories thus becomes dailv

PREFACE. V

greater, and more urgent therefore is the necessity of endeavoring to attain that end without delay.

It was principally with the object of showing the nature, origin, and extent of these various claims, that the author of the following pages composed his " Memoir, Historical and Political, on the North-West Coasts of North America and the adjacent Territories,"* which was published by order of the Senate of the United States in 1 840. He there endeavored to present a complete, clear and impartial view of all the discoveries and settlements, made or attempted, in those countries by civilized nations, and of all the disputes, negotiations and conventions, between different governments with respect to them, from the period when they were first visited by Europeans ; founding his statements, as much as possible, upon original authorities. That Memoir is the only work hitherto published, approaching in its character to a history of the western portion of North America. The History of California,! printed at Madrid, in 1758, is devoted almost exclusively to descriptions of the Californian Peninsula, and to accounts of the missionary labors of the Jesuits, in that desolate region. The Introduction to the Journal of Marchand's Voyage, J which appeared in 1799, and the Introduction to the Journal of Galiano and Valdes,§ published in 1802, are confined to the discoveries of European navigators on the North Pacific coasts of America, before 1793; upon which so many details have been made known, since the appearance of those works, that they are now entirely obsolete, and scarcely one of their paragraphs can be cited as correct. The Journals of Cook, La Perouse, Vancouver, Mackenzie, Krusenstern,

* Extract from the Journal of the Senate of the United States. — " Monday, Feb. 10, 1840. On motion, by Mr. Linn — Ordered, That a History of the North-West Coast of Nortli America and the adjacent Territories, communicated to the Select Committee on the Oregon Territory, be printed, with the accompanying map: and two thousand five hundred copies, in addition to the usual number, be printed for the use of the Senate."

t See page 105. f See page '223. § See page 241.

B

Vi PREFACE.

Lewis and Clarke, Kotzebue, Beechey, and Belcher, all contain important information as to the geography of the countries under consideration ; but as regards the events, which lie within the province of the historian, we have only the accounts of the Astoria enterprise, by Franchere, Cox, and Irving, all interesting, yet all limited to the occurrences of three or four years. In the most popular histories of other countries, and especially of Great Britain, the I circumstances relating to North-West America, are, in / every material point, misrepresented, either from neglect ) on the part of the authors, or from motives less excusable ; j and these histories, being universally read and received as ; true in England and in the United States, it is not astonishing, that erroneous ideas should be generally entertained by the people of both nations, upon points, which have been, and will continue to be, the subjects of discussion between their governments.

The Memoir, above mentioned, contains the outlines of the History now presented ; for which the same authorities, with many others since collected, consisting of private and official reports, letters and accounts, journals of expeditions by sea and land, and histories and state papers of various civilized nations, have been carefully examined and compared. Many errors of fact as well as of reasoning in the former work, have by this means been corrected ; and new circumstances have been brought to light, and ne^y arguments have been founded upon them, calculated perhaps materially to modify the views of those to whom the settlement of questions relative to North-West America may be hereafter entrusted. The principal object of the author has been to present the facts relative to the discovery and settlement of those countries, fairly ; and to investigate the claims which have been deduced from them, agreeably to the immutable principles of right, and the general understanding of civilized nations : and although he fully appreciates, and endeavors in all cases to place in

PREFACE. Vll

their proper light, the merits of his own countrymen, and the pretensions of his own government, he is not conscious that his desire to do so, has in any case led him to the commission of injustice towards other individuals, or nations, either by misstatements, or by suppressions of the truth. In order to unite the various parts into a regular narrative, and to preserve the remembrances of events which may be interesting, if not important at future periods, he has introduced circumstances not immediately tending to the attainment of the principal objects proposed ; but he has omitted nothing voluntarily, which if made known might have led to conclusions different from those here presented. Dates and references to authorities are generally given, and always in cases where the circumstances related are new or material, or in which his accounts differ from those usually received ; and he has appended a number of documents, extracts and original notices as Proofs and Illustrations of the history. Among 'tfie latter, are some valuable papers never before published, others not commonly known, and others again which the reader will probably desire frequently to consult, including all the treaties and conventions hitherto concluded between civilized nations, with respect to the countries forming the subjects of the history.

In the geographical view he has collected, compared, and endeavored to arrange in order, what appeared to be the most exact and striking details, presented by the numerous travellers who have visited the countries in question. The map has been composed, as far as possible, from original authorities ; being intended for the illustration of the history, it necessarily embraces a very large portion of the surface of the globe, and will be found, perhaps, on the whole, more nearly correct than any other yet offered to the public.

Washington, February, 1844.

Preface To The Second Edition

Circumstance s which it is unnecessary here to mention, prevented the pubhcation of the first edition of the work in the United States for more than a year, though it was issued in London, by Mr. John Murray, in June, 1844. Congress having by a recent Act most hberally ordered the purchase of fifteen hundred copies for the use of the general government, and for distribution among the States and in foreign countries, it has been necessary to print the new edition now offered ; in which errors have been corrected, many portions, including the whole of thejGfeoffraphy, and nearly the whole last chapter of the History, have been written anew, and an important document has been added to the Proofs and Illustrations. '^

The first edition, thus published in Europe, has not remained unnoticed : it has been reviewed generally with extreme severity of language, and with corresponding looseness of criticism, in London journals, and has afforded large materials for another work on the same subject, published in Paris, under the auspices of the French government. The author, however, observes with pleasure, that in all, even the best of these articles, the reviewers carefully abstain from the most important points touched in his work ; while all his admissions are cited as definitive. On the accounts and views here presented of Drake's Visit to the North-West Coast, of the pretended British Settlement at Nootka, of the discovery and survey of the Columbia river, of the character and duration of the Nootka Convention, of the alleged reservation on the part of the British govern-

PREFACE. IX

ment with regard to the restoration of Astoria — on these and other points, the London reviewers are silent, or carefully omit to notice the principal arguments adduced by the author. The same observations apply to the answer written by Adam Thorn, Recorder of Rupert's Land, to the Memoir on the North-West Coast above mentioned, which was published at London, in 1843, by direction of the Hudson's Bay Company, and has been liberally distributed by its officers. The author, however, takes great pleasure in excepting the article on the same Memoir, in the British and Foreign Review, for January, 1844 ; which, though not less decided in its opposition to his views on the subject than the others, and far more able in every respect, is as remarkable for its fairness as for the courteous and conciliatory language employed. With regard to the contradiction in the Quarterly Review, (Sept., 1844, article on the Life of Lord Malmesbury,) of the account in page 1 1 1 of this history, of the engagement believed to have been made by the British government, in 1771, to withdraw its subjects from the Falkland Islands, the reader is simply referred to that page as amended, and to the authorities there cited.

The Memoir " on the Discovery of the Mississippi, and on the South-western, Oregon and North-western boundaries of the United States, by Thomas Falconer," published at London, in October, 1844, contains many strictures on the present history, the justice of which the author denies in toto ; and he will, in defence, merely recommend to Mr. Falconer, the observance in future, of a few simple rules of historical composition, from which he has himself never deviated, and the propriety of which, he doubts not, will be immediately admitted. The first is — never to cije authorities at second hand, but a]\5[ays to examine the original book, document ox-map cited. Had Mr. Falconer, for instance, examined the treaty of 1803, by which France ceded Louisiana to the United States, he would not have found in it the passage describing the limits of Louisiana,

PREFACE.

which he has quoted (page 37,) as an important passage of that treaty from Bradford's History of the Federal Government ; nor would he have reprehended the author of this history, for failing to notice that passage, nor would he have founded upon its supposed stipulations, many pages of argument very logically drawn, but unfortunately vain, to prove the premeditated bad faith of the American government. Had he in hke manner examined the collection of documents presented by the English and French commissaries, appointed under the Treaty of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, to settle certain disputed questions of boundary in America, he would not have mistaken those commissaries, as he has, for the plenipotentiaries who signed the Treaty of Paris, in 1763 ; nor would he, on the faith of the inexplicable assertions of M. Duflot de Mofras, have triumphantly cited the map of Northern America, in the fourth volume of that Collection, as proving that Canada formerly extended to the Pacific, and that the Columbia river was discovered by French officers and traders, early in the last century. (See note at page 159 of this volume.) He should, also, in justice to those whose arguments he opposes, quote their expressions correctly ; that is, quote their words, and not omit important passages, which are indispensable to show their true meaning, as he has done, (in his pages 65 to 68,) with regard to the views of the rights derived from discovery and occupation, presented in pages 187 et seq. of this history. Lastly, he should not attempt to controvert precise statements, expressed in exact terms, by vague and general assertions. Thus had he succeeded in proving that Canada extended to the Pacific — which he has most signally failed to do — he would still have been very far from redeeming the pledge given in his page 85, " to demonstrate most distinctly, that there is not the slightest foundation," for the statement in page 276 of this history, (misquoted by him,) that at the beginning of the present century, " Louisiana stretched northward and north-westward to an

PREFACE. XI

undefined extent." The word undefined was there used to show that the boundaries of Louisiana, in those directions, had not been, as on the east, definitely settled by accord of the parties interested ; and this simple statement cannot be impugned, by the assertion that Louisiana was then bounded on the north by Canada, or the Hudson's Bay territories, the limits of which were equally undetermined.

Mr. Falconer has displayed very httle fairness, in his remarks on the part of this history, relating to the discovery of the Columbia, in which he omits all notice of the principal arguments in favor of the Americans, and against the assertions of Vancouver and Broughton. With regard to the bitterness which the author is said to evince towards Vancouver, he confesses, that as an American, he felt deeply, but more in sorrow than in anger, the insults heaped upon his fellow-citizens, in the journal of that distinguished navigator : he has, however, in no instance expressed those feelings, without showing the circumstances which gave rise to them ; and he has produced distinct charges of invidiousness and want of good faith, on the part of Vancouver, drawn entirely from his Journal, which it will not be easy to controvert. It may be observed, however, that Mr. Falconer rather apologizes for his countryman than defends him ; and that he does not seem disposed to admit, that Gray never saw the Columbia or was within five leagues of its entrance.

With regard to the " Exploration of the territories of Oregon, Cahfornia, &c. by M. Duflot de Mofras," published recently at Paris, by order of the king, and under the auspices of Marshal Soult and M. Guizot, the author conceives himself warranted in asserting, that although it professes to be the result of long and minute observations, during a mission in those countries, and of subsequent profound researches and studies, yet the greater portion of the work is extracted from the present History and the preceding Memoir on the same subject, and it contains scarcely anything which might

Xll PREFACE.

not have been produced by one who had never quitted the barriers of Paris. The errors and misstatements of M. de Mofras are indeed innumerable, particularly in all that relates to the United States, towards which he appears to entertain feehno-s of aversion even stronger than towards Great Britain. To their discredit, history and statistics are made equally subservient ; and from the facts as thus presented, always with extreme minuteness and precision of detail, conclusions are drawn, which have at least the merit of novelty. Thus while pathetically lamenting the entire disorganization of all the American Republics, he finds consolation in the fact, that they all exhibit a general return to monarchical predilections, even the United States, " where the tendencies of the loyalist party (?) are well known.'''' He resigns the hope that France will recover her former dominions on this continent, but he is assured that " the Canadians are at this day as French as in the times of the Duquesnes and Beauharnais ; " and he confidently pronounces, that whensoever they may throw off the detested yoke of Britain, a Franco-Canadian empire will be formed, extending from the Saint Lawrence to the Pacific, and including all the British possessions and Oregon, which will be bound to France by every tie, and will afford the most important aid for the expansion of her establishments in the Pacific. This songe diplomatique seems to have aflfected the imagination of M. de Mofras most strongly, and traces of its influence are to be found in every part of his work ; of his care in citing authorities, and his ingenuity in drawing deductions suitable to these views, remarkable instances will be found in the note on page 159 of this volume.

With these preliminary remarks and explanations, the author presents his book to the public, trusting that it may prove useful, in placing the difficult questions on which it treats, in a clearer light, and may thus contribute to their just and peaceful determination.

Washington, March, 1845.

Table Of Contents

GEOGRAPHY OF THE WESTERN SECTION OF NORTH

AMERICA.

GENERAL VIEW.

Chapter 1

Preliminary Observations, 45 — Efforts of the Spaniards to discover Western Passages to India — Successive Discoveries of the West Indies, the JNorth American Continent, the Eastern Passage to India, Brazil, and the Pacific Ocean, 4G — Search for a navigable Passage connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans — Supposed Discovery of such a Passage, called the Strait of Anian, 41 — Discovery of Magellan's Strait and the Western Passage to India, 48 — Conquest of Mexico by Cortes, who endeavors to discover new countries farther north-west, 50 — Voyages of Maldonado, Hurtado de Mendoza, Grijalva, and Becerra, 54 — Discovery of California — Expedition of Cortes to California, 55 — Pretended Discoveries of i'riar Marcos de Wiza, 69 — Voyages of UUoa, Alarcon, and Cabrillo, 60 — Expeditions of Coronado and Soto, Gl — The Spaniards desist from their Efforts to explore the Worth-West Coasts of America, 65.

Chapter II

The Spaniards conquer the Philippine Islands, and establish a direct Trade across the Pacific, between Asia and America, (i6 — Measures of the Spanish Government to prevent other European Nations from settling or trading in America, 68 — These Measures resisted by the English, the French, and the Dutch — Free Traders and Freebooters infest the West Indies, 70 — First Voyages of the English in the Pacific, 72 — Voyages of Drake and Cavendish, 73 — Endeavors of the English to discover a North- West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 77 — False Reports of the Discovery of such Passages, 78 — Supposed Voyages of Urdaneta, Maldonado, and Fonte, 79 — Voyage of Juan de Fuca, 86 — Expeditions of Sebastian Vizcaino, 90 — Supposed Discovery of a great River in North- West America, 93.

Chapter III

The North-West Coasts of North America remain nearly neglected during the whole of this Period, 96 — Efforts of the English and tlie Dutch to find new Passages into the Pacific — Discovery of Hudson's Bay and Baffin's Bay, 97 — Discovery of the Passage around Cape Horn — Establishment of the Hudson's Bay Trading Company — Endeavors of the Spaniards to settle California unsuccessful, 98 — The Jesuits undertake the Reduction of California, 99 — Establisiiments of the Jesuits in the Peninsula, 100, and their Expulsion from the Spanish Dominions, 106.

Chapter IV

First Establishments on the West Coast of California founded by the Spaniards, 108 — Dispute between Spain and (Jrcat Britain respecting the Falkland Islands, 111 — Exploring Voyages of the Spaniards under Perez, 111, Heceta and Bodega, 117, and Arteaga and Bodega, 125 — Discovery of Nootka Sound, Norfolk Sound, and the Mouth of the Columbia River, 120 — Importance of these Discoveries, 124,

CONTENTS. XV

Chapter V

Discoveries of the Russians from Kamtchatka — Voyages of Bering and Tchirikof to the Arctic Sea and to the American Continent, 129 — Establishments of the Russian Fur Traders in the Aleutian Islands, 135 — Voyages of Synd, Krenitzin, and Levashcf, 137 — First Voyage from Kamtchatka to China, made by Polish Exiles under Benyowsky, 138 — General Inaccuracy of the Ideas of the Russians respecting the Geography of the northernmost Coasts of the Pacific, before 177'J, 139.

CHAPTERVl.

Great Britain obtains Possession of Canada, 1 10 — Journey of Carver to the Upper Mississippi, 14-1 — First Mention of the Orcfron Kivcr, 1 12 — Inaccuracy of Carver's Statements, 1 W — Journeys of Hearne through tlie Refiions west of Hudson's Bay, 1 1.5 — Voyage of Captain Cook to the North Pacific, 147 — His important Discoveries in tliat Quarter, and Death, 157 — Return of his Ships to Europe j Occurrences at Canton during their Stay in that Port, 158.

Chapter VII

Commercial Results of Cook's Discoveries. IGO — Settlements of the Russians in America, 161 — Scheme of Ledyard for the Trade of the North Pacific, 1G2 — Voyage of La Perouse, 163 — Direct Trade between the American Coasts and Canton commenced, 165 — Voyages of the English Fur Traders — Re-discovery of the Strait of Fuca, 171 — Voyage of Meares, who endeavors to find a great River described by the Spaniards, 17.5 — First Voyages from the United States to the South Pacific, and to Canton, 179 — Voyage of the Columbia and Washington, under Kcndrick and Gray, from Boston to the North Pacific, 180.

Chapter VIII

Uneasiness of the Spanish Government at the Proceedings of the Fur Traders in the Nortli Pacific, 183 — Voyages of Observation by Martinez and Haro to the Kussian American Settlements, 185 — Remonstrances of the Court of Madrid to that of St. Petersburg, against the alleged Encroachments of the latter Power, 186 — Martinez and Haro sent by the Viceroy of Mexico to take Possession of Nootka Sound, 187 — (Claims of Spain examined, \^8 — Seizure of British and other Vessels at Nootka by Martinez, 191 — Captain Gray, in the Washington, explores tlic East (^oast of Queen Charlotte's Island, and enters the Strait of Fuca, 199 — Kendrick. in the Washington, passes through the Strait of Fuca — Return of the Columbia to the United States, 200.

Chapter IX

Controversy between Great Britain and Spain respecting the North-West Coasts of America and the Navigation of the Pacific, 202 — The Owners of the Vessels seized at Nootka apply for Redress to the British Government, which demands Satisfaction for the aliened Outrages, 203 — Spain resists the Demand, and calls on France for Aid, agreeably to the

XVI CONTENTS.

Family Compact, 207 — Proceedings in the JNational Assembly of France on the Subject, 208 — Spain engaifcs to indemnify the British for the Property seized, 203 — Furtlier Demands of Great Britain — Designs of Pitt against Spanish America, 20b — Secret Mediation of France, through which the Dispute is settled, 209 — Convention of October, 1790, called the iXootka Treaty, 210 — Proceedings in Parliament, and Reflections on this Convention, 211.

Chapter X

Vancouver sent by the British Government to explore the Coasts of America, and receive Possession of Lands and Buildings agreeably to the Convention with Spain, 21f) — Passage of the Washington, under Kendrick, through the Strait of Fuca, in 1789, 218 — Nootka reocc\ipied by the Spaniards, 220 — Voyages of Fidalgo. Quimper, F.lisa, Billings, Marchand, and Malaspina, 221 — Voyages of the American Fur Traders, Gray, Ingraliam, and Kendrick, 22-1 — Discovery of the Washington Islands by Ingraham, 226.

Chapter XI

Vancouver and Broughton arrive on the American Coasts in 1792, and meet with Gray, who informs them of his Discovery of the Columbia River, 233 — The Strait of Fuca surveyed by Vancouver, Galiano, and Valdes, 238 — Negotiations between Vancouver and Quadra at Nootka, 21.3 — Vancouver's Injustice to the Americans, 214, 248,256 — Broughton's Examination of the Lower Part of the Columbia River, 217 — Vancouver's Proceedings at the Sandwich Islands, 249 — He completes the Survey of the North-VV^est Coasts of America, and returns to England, 233 — The Spaniards abandon jNootka, 237 — Conclusions with Regard to the Dispute between Great Britain and Spain, and the Convention of 1790, 233.

Chapter XII

Establishment of the North-West Fur Trading Company of Montreal, in 1781, 261 — Expeditions of Mackenzie to the Arctic Sea and to the Pacific Coast, 2ii3 — The Trade between the North Pacitic Coasts of America and Canton conducted almost exclusively by Vessels of the United States from 1796 to 181+, 2(i6 — Establi^hnicut of the Russian American Company, 269 — Its Settlements and Factories on the American Coasts, 270 — Expedition of Krusenstern through the North Pacific, 272 — Proposition of the Russian Govenmient to that of the United States, with Regard to the Trade of the North Pacific, 273.

CHAPTER X I i I .

Cession of Louisiana by France to the United States, 276 — Inquirii-s as to the true Extent of Louisiana, 277 — Erroneous Supposition that its Limits towards the North had been fixed by Commissaries agreeably to the Treaty of 1 ■trerht.281 — President .lefterson sends Lewis and (Clarke to examine the Missouri and Columbia, 231 — Account of their Expedition from the Mississippi to the Pacific, 285.

CONTENTS. XVii

Chapter XIV

First Establishments of the JVorth-West Company in the Countries north of the Columbia, 290 — Taeific Fur Company formed at JS'cvv York, 21)2 — Plan of its i'ounder, 293 — First Expedition from New York in the Tonquin, 293 — Foundation of Astoria near the Pdouth of the Columbia River, 29(j — March of tlie Party under Hunt and Crooks across the Continent, 298 — Arrival of th.c Beaver in the Columbia, 299 — Destruction of the Tonquin by the Savages, 300 — War between the United States and Great Britain fatal to tlie Enterprise, 301 — Establishments of tlic Pacific Company sold to the JNorth-West Company, 303 — Astoria taken by the British, 30'1 — Dissolution of the Pacific Company, 303.

CHAPTERXV.

Restitution of Astoria to the United States by Great Britain, agreeably to the Treaty of Ghent, 309 — Alleged Reservation of Rights on the Part of Great Britain, 310 — First Negotiation between the (Governments of Great Britain and the United States respecting the Territories west of the Rocky Mountains, and C^onvention for the joint Occupancy of those Territories, 311 — Florida Treaty between Spain and the United States, by which the Latter acquires the Title of Spain to the North-VVest Coasts, 313 — Colonel Long's exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, 322 — Disputes between the British North- West and Hudson's Bay Companies, 321. — Union of tliose Bodies — Act of Parliament extending the Jurisdiction of the Canada Courts to the Pacific Countries, 323 — Russian Establishments on the North Pacific, 327 — Expeditions in Search of Northern Passages between tiie Atlantic and the Pacific, 320 — Death of Tamahamaiia, and Introduction of Christianity into the Sandwich Islands, 329.

Chapter XVI

Bill reported by a Committee of the House of Representatives of the United States, for the Occupation of the Columbia River, 331 — Ukase of the Emperor of Russia, with Regard to the North Pacific Coasts, 332 — Negotiations between the Governments of Great Britain, Russia, and the United States, 33.5 — Conventions between the United States and Russia, and between Great Britain and Russia, 341 — Further Negotiations between the United States and Great Britain relative to the North-West Coasts, 344 — Indefinite Extension of the Arrangement for the joint Occupancy of the Territories west of the Rocky Mountains, by the British and the Americans, 33k