History of Clarion County, Pennsylvania

Preface

JOSEPHUS says, "Those who undertake to write histories, do not, I perceive, take that trouble on one and the same account ; but for many and various reasons. For some apply themselves to this part of learning to show their great skill in composition ; and that they may therein acquire a reputation. Others write histories in order to gratify those who happen to be concerned in them ; But there are others who of necessity are

driven to write history, because they are concerned in the facts, and so cannot excuse themselves from committing them to writing, for the advantage of posterity."

The editor of the following pages can not profess any of these motives, but in analyzing his own emotions he finds that he must have been impelled to this " labor of love " by a desire to wrest from oblivion the annals of a people unpretentious in their manners, simple in their habits, but strong in manly virtues.

Not many thrilling adventures are related in this narrative of the doings of the people of Clarion county, but here and there we are afforded glimpses of the sterling patriotism, the noble daring, and the lofty courage of those whom occasion afforded the opportunity to display these virtues.

The record of the settlement and development of Clarion county contains few startling incidents. Peaceful and quiet has been the history of this people, and while our fathers and brothers bear a record of loyal devotion to their country in at least two wars, no spot within the borders of our county can be pointed out with certainty as the scene of sanguinary battle. So may it be evermore.

Owing to many pressing duties the editor has been able to write but a small portion of this work, and he is indebted to George J. Reid, Esq., of Clarion, for the preparation of all of the county history, excepting the annals of the civil war, which were compiled and written by Hon. W. A. Beer, of Cal-

2 Preface.

lensburg. Besides these gentlemen the following persons each wrote the local history of one or more townships or boroughs : C. E. Rugh, Benton Price, L. L. Himes, Miss Clara Campbell, S. C. Hepler, W. W. Deatrick, M. E. Hess, C. F. McNutt, David Bryner, John Beer, Miss Alice Allen, and John Graham.

The compiler of the general part of the county history desires the editor to make his acknowledgments to the many who lent him their assistance ; but he is particularly indebted for kind aid and co-operation to Samuel D. Irwin, Esq., of Tionesta, Hon. J. B. Lawson, Hon. D. McClay, Hon. James Campbell, B. J. Reid, Esq., C. A. Rankin, Benjamin Gardner. For the history of the Clarion township settlements, Mr. Joseph M. Owens rendered valuable assistance. Reynolds Laughlin, P^sq., furnished useful data concerning the early military affairs, as well as other subjects ; and to the courtesy of Mr. M. E. Hess the compiler is indebted for many of the facts of the oil development in our county. Mr. Joseph W. Long furnished a list of county officials, which was valuable in making up the political history.

In a work so comprehensive, a few omissions and inaccuracies are unavoidable. In spite of great caution and diligent research, some errors have found their way into the work. To obtain accurate data of long-past local events is one of the most difficult among the labors of the historian ; and it will not be surprising if some mistakes are found in this volume, which, with all its imperfections, as well as such merits as it may possess, is respectfull,v dedicated to the people of Clarion county. A. J. D.

Chapter I. Pennsylvania From First Settlement To The Revolution

Introductory— The Natives —Hudson —Dutch Settlements —Settlement by the Swedes — Conquest of the Swedish Colony by the Dutch — Conquest of the New Netherlands by the British — Re-conquest by the Dutch — Final Cession to England — New Jersey— WilUam Penn— Charter of Charles II — Settlers sent to Pennsylvania — Philadelphia— Penn in America— Disputes with Lord Baltimore— Treaty with the Indians — Rapid Immigration — Division into Counties — Troubles with Maryland — Penn Returns to England — Death of Charles II — Dissensions in the Colony — Public Schools in Philadelphia— Penn Arrested in England— Governor Fletcher — Penn Returns to America — Sails for Europe — Death of King William — Discord in the Colony— Death of Penn — Hannah Penn — French and Indians — Trouble with Maryland—Logan — Whitefield — War with France — Peace of Aix — French Encroachments in the West — Celeron — Ohio Company — Washington — Fort Necessity — First Congress— Braddock's Defeat— Battle at Kittanning — Capture of Fort Du Quesne — Death of George II — Pontiac's War 13

CHAPTER n.

FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE PRESENT TIME.

Mason and Dixon — Indian Troubles — Stamp Act — Connecticut and Virginia Claims — First Continental Congress — Second Continental Congress — Declaration of Independence — New Constitution for Pennsylvania — Retirement of Governor Penn and the Proprietary Assembly — Evacuation of Boston — Attack on Charleston — British take New York — Battle of Trenton — Princeton — Assembly of the New Legislature — Brandy wine — The British Occupy Philadelphia— Attack on Fort Mercer — Battle of German town — Valley Forge — Aid from France — Evacuation of Philadelphia — Battle of Monmouth — Abolition of Slavery in Pennsylvania —Wyoming Massacre — ^ Overtures of Peace — Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line — Disaster of Colonel Crawford — Peace — Revolt of Pennsylrania Troops — Treaty of Fort Stanwix — Constitution of United States Framed and Adopted — New Constitution for State — Whisky Insurrection — War of 1812 — Coal — Public Schools — Revision of Constitution — Buckshot War — Mexican War — Sale of Public Works— Petroleum and Gas — Secession— Invasion of Pennsylvania — Battle of Gettysburg — Burning of Chambersburg — Soldiers' Orphan Schools — Revision of the Constitution — Centennial Exposition°— Riots of 1877 —Extra Session of the Legislature 27

CHAPTER in.

TOPOGRAPHY OF CLARION COUNTY.

Table-Land Character — Drainage — Streams — Elevations — General Description — Forests — Scenery — Ancient Channels 38

Contents.

CHAPTER IV.

GEOLOG-Y AND MINERALOGY.

Definition — Anticlinals and Synclinals — Geologic Column — Surface Rocks — Measures

— Freeport Group — Kittanning Group — Ore and Limestone — Analyses — Clarion G-roup — Brookville Coal — Homewood Sandstone— Rocks Beneath — Other Minerals

— Petroleum — Theories — Natural Gas — Fuel Value 42

CHAPTER V.

FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PURCHASE OF 1784.

Aborigines, Senecas, and Delawares — Indian Remains — Petroleum — Christian Frederick Post — Tobeco and Toby — Redbank Creek — Brodhead's Expedition — Captain Samuel Brady 57

CHAPTER VI.

FROM THE PURCHASE OF 1784 TO THE SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY.

The Purchase — Pickering & Co. — Small Warrantees — The Fox Estate — Lewis and Peters — The Holland Land Company — The Bingham Lands — Mifflin Warrants — Franklin College — Northumberland and Lycoming — David Mead — The State Commissioners 63

CHAPTER VII.

FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY TO THE WAR OF 1812.

Absalom Travis — Securing Warrants — John Laughlin — Settlers from Westmoreland — From Centre County — Character of Pioneers — Pioneer Life — Mills — Churches — Schools — Pastimes — " First Things " 76

CHAPTER VIII.

Alarms on the Frontier — Drafts — Captain Wallace's Company — Incidents of the March

to the Maumee — Fort Meigs — Neely's Company — Proceedings at Erie — Volunteers 87

CHAPTER IX.

FROM THE WAR OF 1812 TO THE ERECTION OF THE COUNTY.

Land Changes — Lancaster Land Company — The Bingham Estate — Fox — Postal Facihties — Roads and Steamboats — "Clarion" River — Early Mihtia — Prices of Land, etc. — General Progress 92

CHAPTER X.

FROM THE ERECTION OF THE COUNTY TO THE IRON ERA — 1839-1845.

Legislation, etc., Previous to Organization — The Act — Change of Boundaries — Selection of Site of County Seat — Public Buildings — Militia — Pohtics — Statistics — County Finances 101

CHAPTER XI.

THE FURNACES.

The Pioneer Furnace — Structure of the Stacks — Methods of Manufacture — Review of

the Industry — List of Furnaces 112

Contents. 5

CHAPTER XII.

FROM THE IRON ERA TO THE CIVIL WAR. — 1845-1861.

Mexican War — The Underground Railway — The Tornado of '60 — Floods — War Sentiment — Politics — Statistics — County Finances — Old-Fashioned Temperance — A Fourth of July Celebration — Fox Hunt — A Mass Meeting in '60 121

CHAPTER XIII.

THE SOLDIERS OF CLARION COUNTY IN THE REBELLION.

Introductory 142

CHAPTER XIV.

COMPANY H, THIRTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT — EIGHTH RESERVE. •Organization — Service in the Field — Roll of the Company 145

CHAPTER XV.

COMPANY E, THIRTY-NINTH REGIMENT — TENTH RESERVE.

Organization — Route to the Field — Service in the Field — Losses — Record of Hugh

Wilson — Roll of Company 152

CHAPTER XVI.

COMPANIES OF THE FIFTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT — MILITIA OF 1863.

•Company D : Recruiting — Service in the Field — Roll. Company H : Enlistment — Service — Roll. Company I : Recruiting — Familiar Names — Roll of Company. Company K ; Where Recruited — Service — Roll of Company 164

CHAPTER XVII.

COMPANY C, SIXTY-SECOND REGIMENT, P. V.

When Recruited — Organization and Muster — Service in the Field — Death of Colonel

Black — Roll of Company 167

CHAPTER XVIII.

COMPANY E, SIXTY-SECOND REGIMENT.

When Recruited — Captain Kerr's Dismissal — Service in the Field — Roll 178

CHAPTER XIX.

COMPANY F, SIXTY-THIRD REGIMENT.

When and By Whom Recruited — Officers — Service on the Field — Roll of Company .... 189

CHAPTER XX.

When Recruited — Familiar Names — Roll of Company 209

CHAPTER XXI.

COMPANY C, SEVENTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT, P. V.

Recruiting — Service — Roll of Company 218

6 Contents.

CHAPTER XXII.

COMPANY E, SEVENTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT, P. V.

Recruited — Mustered — Service — Familiar Names — Roll of Company 225

CHAPTER XXIII.

COMPANY A, ONE HUNDRED AND THIRD REGIMENT, P. V.

Enlistment — Route to the Field — Services — Roll 232

CHAPTER XXIV.

COMPANY B, ONE HUNDRED AND THIRD REGIMENT, P. V.

Enlistment — Route to the Field — Services — Death of Captain Gillespie — Roll 243

CHAPTER XXV.

COMPANY F, ONE HUNDRED AND THIRD REGIMENT, P. V.

CHAPTER XXVI.

COMPANY H, ONE HUNDRED AND THIRD REGIMENT P. V.

Recruiting — To the Field — Services — Roll 257

CHAPTER XXVII.

COMPANY C, ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTH REGIMENT P. V.

Recruiting — To the Front — Services — Severe Losses — Distinguished Names — Roll. . . . 264

CHAPTER XXVIII.

COMPANY L, ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTH REGIMENT, P. V.— ELEVENTH

CAVALRY.

Enlistment — To the Field — Services — Captain Loomis's Death — Roll 277

CHAPTER XXIX.

COMPANY K, ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT, P. V.

CHAPTER XXX.

COMPANY H, ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-NINTH REGIMENT P. V.

Enrollment — Route to the Field — Services — Roll 299

CHAPTER XXXI.

COMPANY G, ONE HUNDRED xVND FIFTY-FIFTH REGIMENT P. V.

CHAPTER XXXII.

COMPANY H, ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FIFTH REGIMENT P. V.

Enrollment - - Services — Casualties — Roll 318

Contents.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

COMPANY K, ONE [HUNDRED AND FIFTY -NINTH REGIMENT P. V.— FOUR- TEENTH CAVALRY.

First Enlistment Recruits — Other Recruits — In the Field — Record of the Men 327

CHAPTER XXXIV.

COMPANY B, ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-NINTH REGIMENT.

Enlistment — Remarkable Number of Desertions — Roll 329

CHAPTER XXXV.

MISCELLANEOUS ENLISTMENTS.

Captain Tanner's Independent Company : Muster — Service — Roll. List of Soldiers Enrolled in Various Other Organizations Than Those Already Named 334

CHAPTER XXXVI.

FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE OIL ERA— 1865-1877.

Oil Mania — Apprentices — The Allegheny Valley Railroad — The Low Grade — Telegraphic

— Attempt to Move County Seat — Politics — Statistics — County Finances 343

CHAPTER XXXVII.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PETROLEUM.

Deer Creek Oil Spring — The Pocohontas — Early Operations — Graham's Landing — Foxburg — First Pipe Line — Grass Flats — St. Petersburg — -Turkey City and Monroe ville

— The St. Lawrence- — Edenburg — Beaver City — Elk City — Pipe Lines — Cogley Field — Reidsburg — Statistics 347

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

THE LUMBER AND COAL INDUSTRIES.

Early Lumbering — Hahn & Metzgar — Marvin, Rulofson & Company — Penn Mills — Shoup & Siegworth — Cobb & Sons — Paint Mills — Star Mills — P. Haskell — Byrom, Minor & Gordon — Higby Tract — Arthurs Coal and Lumber Company — Blake Tract — F. Vowinckel — T. Raine — Observations — Statistics — Fairmount Mines — Mineral Ridge

— New Catfish — Hardscrabble — Pine Run — Clarion Shaft — Star and Long Run — Church Hill — Shgo Branch — Western Shaft 359

CHAPTER XXXIX.

Railroads — Politics — Statistics — County Finances — Civil List — Newspapers — Post-

oflfices — Agricultural Association — Public Buildings '. . 367

CHAPTER XL.

THE BENCH AND BAR.

The First Court — Judge Alexander McCalmont — The First Attorneys — Later Ones — Judges Buffington, Knox, and J. S. McCalmont — The Logue Trial — Murder Cases — Judges Scofield and Campbell — Additional Sketches — Judge Jenks — The Standard Proceedings — Hons. Corbett and Wilson — History of the District — List of Attorneys — First Records — County Officers '. . 387

8 Contents.

CHAPTER XLI.

SCHOOLS.

First Schools — Free Schools — The County Superintendency — Superintendent Orr — The First Institutes — Superintendent Magonagle — Superintendent Walker — Superintendent Kelly — Superintendent Wood — Superintendent Davis — Superintendent Anderson — Superintendent McNutt — Parochial Schools 411

CHAPTER XLII.

CHURCHES 420

CHAPTER XLHI.

HISTORY OF ASHLAND TOWNSHIP 432

CHAPTER XLIV.

HISTORY OF BEAVER TOWNSHIP 441

CHAPTER XLV.

HISTORY OF BRADY TOWNSHIP U9

CHAPTER XLVI.

HISTORY OF EAST BRADY BOROUGH 452

CHAPTER XLVII.

HISTORY OF CALLENSBURG BOROUGH 45^

CHAPTER XLVni.

HISTORY OF CLARION TOWNSHIP ■ 467

CHAPTER XLIX.

HISTORY OF CLARION BOROUGH 474

CHAPTER L.

HISTORY OF CURLLSVILLE BOROUGH 496

CHAPTER LI.

HISTORY OF EDENBURG BOROUGH 49&

CHAPTER LH.

HISTORY OF ELK TOWNSHIP 506

CHAPTER LHI.

HISTORY OF FARMINGTON TOWNSHIP 5ia

CHAPTER LIV.

HISTORY OF HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP 516

Contents. 9

CHAPTER LV.

HISTORY OF KNOX TOWNSHIP 5m

CHAPTER LVI.

HISTORY OF LICKING TOWNSHIP 524

CHAPTER LVU.

HISTORY OF LIMESTONE TOWNSHIP 531

CHAPTER LVni.

HISTORY OF MADISON TOWNSHIP 536

CHAPTER LIX.

HISTORY OF MILL CREEK TOWNSHIP 543

CHAPTER LX.

HISTORY OF MONROE TOWNSHIP 546

CHAPTER LXI.

HISTORY OF NEW BETHLEHEM BOROUGH 551

CHAPTER LXn.

HISTORY OF PAINT TOWNSHIP 562

CHAPTER LXni.

HISTORY OF PERRY TOWNSHIP 565

CHAPTER LXIV.

HISTORY OF PINEY TOWNSHIP 569

CHAPTER LXV.

HISTORY OF PORTER TOWNSHIP 573

CHAPTER LXVI.

HISTORY OF REDBANK TOWNSHIP 582

CHAPTER LXVn.

HISTORY OF RICHLAND TOWNSHIP 588

CHAPTER LXVin.

HISTORY OF RIMERSBURG BOROUGH 592

CHAPTER LXIX.

HISTORY OF ST. PETERSBURG BOROUGH 600 lo Contents.

CHAPTER LXX.

HISTORY OF SALEM TOWNSHIP 606

CHAPTER LXXI.

HISTORY OF SLIGO BOROUGH 611

CHAPTER LXXn.

HISTORY OF STRATTANVILLE BOROUGH 613

CHAPTER LXXni.

HISTORY OF TOBY TOWNSHIP 617

CHAPTER LXXIV.

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP 622

CHAPTER LXXV.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 631

BRIEF PERSONALS i

INDEX Ixv

Contents.

II Illustrations

Andrews, Charles E., facing 552

Arnold, Frank M., facing 494

Arnold, M., facing 484

Berlin, George N facing 508

Bowman, David, facing 514

Black, Jacob, facing 658

Campbell, James, facing 402

Clarion County Map of Larger

Land Patents facing 64

Craig, Colonel C. A facing 264

Cresswell, John, facing 580

Davis, A. J., facing 410

Fox, J. M., between 634-635

Fox, S. M., between 634-635

Fox, William L facing 636

Foxburg Memorial Church facing 637

Hamilton, William R., facing 554

Hess, Michael E., facing 500

Kahle, Hon. John W facing 628

Kaufman, C facing 480

Keating, H., facing 590

Klingensmith, John, facing 542

Knox, Hon. James B facing 156

Leeper, C, facing 468

Lowry, Samuel, facing 218

Payne, T. J., facing 652

Reynolds, David, • facing 120

Ritts, Elias facing 602

Ritts, John V., facing 604

Robinson, Robert facing 456

Ross, J. Frank, facing 476

Rulofson, R., facing 360

Siegwarth, A. L facing 512

Shanafelt, William, facing 576

Sloan, W. C, facing 584

Strattan, John R., facing 614

Sweny, James, facing 404

Wilson, J. H., facing 548

Yeany, John, facing 662

BIOGRAPHICAL.

Andrews, Charles E., 642

Arnold, Frank M., 650

Arnold, George W.,, 632

Arnold, Manasseh 661

Berlin, George N 648

Bowman, David, , 653

Black, Jacob, 659

Campbell, Hon. James, 631

Collner, W. F., 658

Craig, Colonel C. A 655

Cresswell, Dr. John, 648

Davis, A. J., 647

Eaker, Philip K., 644

Fox, J. M 635

Fox, William L., 635

Kahle, Hon. John W., 643

Kaufman, Charles 633

Keating, John, 662

Klingensmith, John 660

Knox, Hon. James B., 638

Lowry, Samuel 634

Payne, T. J., 653

Reynolds, David, 654

Ritts, Elias, 637

Ritts, John V., 651

Ross, J. Frank, M. D., 649

Rulofson, R., 641

Siegwarth, A. L., 650

Shanafelt, William, 645

Sloan, William C, 642

Strattan, John R., 663

Sweny, James, 664

Wilson, Hon. J. H., 662

Yeany, John, 663

HISTORY

OF

CLARION COUNTY.

CHAPTER I.i

PENNSYLVANIA FROM FIRST SETTLEMENT TO THE REVOLUTION.

Introductory — The Natives — ^ Hudson — Dutch Settlements — Settlement by the Swedes — Conquest of the Swedish Colony bj^ the Dutch — Conquest of the New Netherlands by the British — Re-conquest by the Dutch — Final Cession to England — New Jersey — William Penn — Charter of Charles II — Settlers sent to Pennsylvania — Philadelphia — Penn in America — Disputes with Lord Baltimore — Treaty Avith the Indians — Rapid Immigration — Division into Counties — Troubles with Maryland — Penn Returns to England — Death of Charles II — Dissensions in the Colony — Public Schools in Philadelphia — Penn Arrested in England — Governor Fletcher — Penn Returns to America — Sails for Europe — Death of King William — Discord in the Colony — Death of Penn — Hannah Penn — French and Indians — Trouble with Maryland — Logan — Whitefield — War Avith France-- Peace of Aix — French Encroachments in the West — Celeron — Ohio Company — Washington — Fort Necessity — First Congress — Braddock's Defeat — Battle at Kittanning — Capture of Fort Du Quesne — Death of George II — Pontiac's War.

THE surface of what is now known as Pennsylvania was, at the time of the coming of the white men, one vast forest of hemlock, and pine, and beech, and oak, unbroken except by an occasional rocky barren upon the precipitous mountain side, or by a few patches of prairie, which had been reclaimed by annual burnings, and was used by the indolent and simple-minded natives for the culture of a little maize and a few vegetables. The soil, by the annual accumulations of leaves and abundant growths of forest vegetation, was luxurious, and the trees stood close and were of gigantic size. The streams swarmed with fish, and the forest abounded with game. Where now are cities and hamlets filled with busy populations intent upon the accumulation of wealth, the

1 Chapters I and II are compiled and condensed from Bates's "History of Pennsylvania," and from the State Archives. 2 mastery of knowledge, and the pursuits of pleasure, the deer browsed and sipped at the water's edge, and the pheasant drummed his monotonous note. Where now is the glowing furnace, from which day and night tongues of flame are bursting, and the busy water-wheel sends the shuttle flashing through the loom, half- naked, dusky warriors fashioned their spears with rude implements of stone, and made themselves hooks out of the bones of animals, for alluring the finny tribe. Where now are fertile fields, upon which the thrifty farmer turns his furrow, which his neighbor takes up and runs on until it reaches from one end of the broad State to the other, and where are flocks and herds rejoicing in rich meadows, gladdened by abundant fountains, or reposing at the heated noontide beneath ample shade, not a blow had been struck against the giants of the forest, the soil rested in virgin purity, the streams glided on in majesty, unvexed by wheel and unchoked by device of man.

Where now the long train rushes on with the speed of the wind over plain and mead, across streams and under mountains, awakening the echoes of the hills the long day through, and at the midnight hour screaming out its shrill whistle in fiery defiance, the wild native, with a fox skin wrapped about his loins and a few feathers stuck in his hair, issuing from his rude hut, tro ted on in his forest path followed by his squaw with her infant peering forth from the rough sling at her back, pointed his canoe, fashioned from the barks of the trees, across the deep river, knowing the progress of time only by the rising and setting sun, troubled by no meridian for its index, starting on his way when his nap was ended, and stopping for rest when a spot was reached that pleased his fancy. Where now a swarthy population toils ceaselessly deep down in the bowels of the earth, shut out from the light of day in cutting out the material that feeds the fire upon the forge, and gives genial warmth to the lovers as they chat merrily in the luxurious drawing-room, not a mine had been opened, and the vast beds of the black diamond rested unsunned beneath the superincumbent mountains, where they had been fashioned by the Creator's hand. Rivers of oil seethed through the impatient and uneasy gases, and vast pools and lakes of this pungent, parti-colored fluid, hidden away from the coveting eye of man, guarded well their own secrets. Not a derrick protruded its wellbalanced form in air. Not a drill with its eager, eating tooth descended into the flinty rock. No pipe line diverted the oily tide in a silent, ceaseless current to the ocean's brink. The cities of iron tanks, filled to bursting, had no place amidst the forest solitudes. Oil exchanges, with their vexing puts and calls, shorts and longs, bulls and bears, had not yet come to disturb the equanimity of the red man as he smoked the pipe of peace at the council fire.

When the Europeans came this territory was occupied by some of the most bloody and revengeful of the savage tribes. They were known as the Lenni Lenapes, and held sway from the Hudson to the Potomac. They came to be known to the Europeans as the Delawares, after the name of the river along the numerous branches of which they principally dwelt. The Monseys, or Wolves, another tribe of the Lenapes, dwelt upon the Susquehanna and its tributaries, and, by their warlike disposition, won the credit of being the fiercest of their nation.

The " Five Nations " — the Senecas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, and the Onondagas — occupied the greater part of the territory now known as New York, and from their hearty union came to exercise a commanding influence. The Tuscaroras, a tribe which had been expelled from their homes in North Carolina, were adopted by the Five Nations, and from this time forward were known by the English as the Six Nations ; by the Lenapes they were called Mingoes, and by the French Iroquois.

In 1609 Henry Hudson, an English navigator then in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, discovered and partially explored the Delaware Bay and the Hudson River. The adjacent country was subsequently claimed by Holland, and the States General designated it as New Netherlands. A permanent settlement was made on the Hudson, and in 1623 a settlement was. made by a party of Walloons, Protestant fugitives from Belgium, under Cornells Jacobson Mey, on the eastern shore of the " South." or Delaware River^ about fifty miles above the mouth. A fort was built which was called Nassau^ but after a few months it was abandoned and the settlers returned to their friends on the Hudson. Nassau afterward became a trading-post between the Dutch and the Indians.

Seven or eight years later a Httle settlement (consisting of about thirty persons) was made by the Dutch near the mouth of the Delaware River on the western shore, but in a short time every one of the settlers was massacred by the Indians, and their skulls and bones were found bestrewing the ground by their countrymen who came in a vessel to succor them in 1632.

The first permanent settlement in Pennsylvania was made by a company of Swedes and Fins in 1638, and was called by them Christina, after the name of the youthful queen of Sweden. The Dutch still held Nassau when the Swedes arrived, and their government at Manhattan looked with envious eyes upon the new colony. In a few years the Dutch secured a grant of land on the west bank of the Delaware, and a conflict of authority arose between the settlers of the two nationahties.

In 1654 the Swedes took forcible possession of one of the Dutch forts. The next year Governor Stuyvesant conducted a band of troops from Manhattan and not only retook the fort but forced the capitulation of the entire Swedish colony, which thus came to an end after an existence of a little more than seventeen years.

The English had always claimed the entire Atlantic seaboard. On March 22, 1664, Charles II, of England, made a grant of the whole country, at the time in possession of the Dutch, to his brother James, the duke of York.

James sent four men-of-war, which he borrowed from the king, under command of Colonel Richard Nicholls, to wrest the New Netherlands from the Hollanders. The settlements along the Hudson surrendered without firing a gun, but those on the Delaware made a gallant but fruitless resistance, and their fort was taken by assault. Nicholls was succeeded by Colonel Francis Lovelace, who was appointed governor in 1667.

In 1673 war broke out anew between the French and English on one side and the Dutch on the other. The Hollanders repelled the French army of 200,000 men by cutting the dikes which held back the sea and inundating the land. The Dutch fleet, in three great naval battles, repulsed the English fleet that was acting in concert with the French army, and drove it from the coast of Holland. Deeming this a favorable opportunity to regain their possessions wrenched from them in the New World, the Dutch sent a small fleet to New York and compelled the surrender of the country. The possessions along the Delaware also fell into the hands of the Dutch; but when peace was concluded between England and Holland, in 1674, the whole country was restored to England, and Sir Edmund Andros was sent to govern the ceded territory.

The Friends, or Quakers, settled in New Jersey, and, through the financial embarrassment of one of the proprietors (named Byllinge), William Penn became trustee about 1675-76, and finally part owner of the territory, calling his share, which lay along the Delaware, New West Jersey, that on the ocean shore being called New East Jersey. Thus we see how Penn first became involved in the affairs of the New World. He instituted a liberal form of government for his people, and in every way disclosed a noble disposition toward the settlers.

William Penn became more and more interested in the subject of colonization in America. His father had risen to distinction in the British navy, having served under the Commonwealth and also after the Restoration. Under James, duke of York, Admiral Penn commanded the English fleet which descended upon the Dutch coast, and gained a great victory over the naval forces led by Van Opdam. For this service to his country Penn was knighted, and became a favorite at court. At his death there was due him from the crown about $80,000, a portion of which he himself had advanced for sea service. The son, William Penn, petitioned King Charles H to grant him, in liquidation of this debt, " a tract of land in America, lying north of Maryland, bounded east by the Delaware River, on the west limited as Maryland, and northward to extend as far as plantable." The government granted to Penn a larger tract than he had asked for, and the charter was drawn up with unexampled liberality. He was invested with almost dictatorial power over a country as large as England itself, destined to become a populous empire. Penn wanted to name the land New Wales, but the king insisted on " Pennsylvania," in honor of the admiral, William Penn's father.

The charter of King Charles H was dated April 2, 1681, and next year

Penn obtained a deed for the territory embraced in the charter. He also obtained in 1682 two grants of a tract of land extending to Cape Henlopen, on Delaware Bay, embracing the three counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, which were for many years a part of Pennsylvania, but subsequently constituted the State of Delaware.

Penn now relinquished his share in West New Jersey and gave himself to reclaiming and settling his new province. The publication of the royal charter and his description of the country attracted attention, and many purchases of land were made of Penn before he left England. That these purchasers might have something binding to rely upon, Penn drew up what he termed " conditions or concessions " between himself, as proprietor, and purchasers in the province. These related to the settling of the country, laying out towns, and especially to the treatment of the Indians, who were to have the same rights and privileges, and careful regard as the Europeans. And, what is perhaps a remarkable instance of provident forethought, the eighteenth article provides " That in clearing the ground, care be taken to leave one acre of trees for every five acres cleared." It might have been well if such a provision had remained operative in the State for all time.