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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
A SMALLER
CHAPTER I. The Peoples of Italy
Page
Position of Italy 1
Its boundaries 1
Its two Divisions 2
The name " Italia " 2
1. The Gauls 2
2. The Ligurians 3
The Veneti 3
3. The Etruscans 3
4. The Italian races 4
The Unibrians 5
The Volscians 5
The Aequians 5
The Hernicans 5
The Sabines 5
The Picentines 5
The Paeligni and neighbouring
tribes 5
The Sabellian races 5
The Samnites 5
The Lucanians 6
The Bruttii 6
The Latins 6
The Latium 6
5. The lapygians 7
6. The Greeks 7
CHAPTEE n.
The Early Kings and the Okiginal Constitution of Rome, 753-617 b.o.
B.C.
Position of Rome 8
Its inhabitants 8
1. Latins 8
2. Sabines 8
3. Etruscans 9
Remarks on early Roman history 9
Legend of jEneas 9
Legend of Ascanius 10
Foundation of Alba Longa 10
Legend of Rhea Silvia . . . . 10
Birth of Romulus and Remus 10
Their recognition by Numitor 10
7r3 Foundation of Rome .. .. 11
RomaQuadrata ., .. .. 11
Pomerium 11
Death of Remus 11
B.C.
753-716. Reign of Romulus ..
Asylum
Rape of Sabines . .
War with Latins . .
War with Sabines
Tarpeia
Sabine women Joint reign of Romulus and Titus Tatius Death of Titus Tatius Sole reign of Romulus Translation of Romulus 715-673. Raignof NumaPompilius Institutions ascribed to NumaPompilius ..
Flamens 14
Vestal Virgins.. .. 14
Vlll
CONTENTS.
Salii 14
Temple of Janus . . 14 673-642. Reign of Tullus Hostilius 14
War with Alba Longa 14
Battle of the Horatii and Curiatii . . . . 14
War with the Etruscans 15
Punishment of Mettius Fuffeiius, Dictator of Alba Longa . . . . 15
Destruction of Alba Longa ; .. 15
Semoval of its inhabitants to Rome . . . . 15
Death of Tullus HostiliuB 15
642-617. Reign of A ncuB Marcius 15
War with the Latins.. 15
Institution of Fetiales.. 16
Osiia 16
Janiculum 16
Pons Sublicius .. .. i6
Death (if Ancus Murcius 16 The original constitution of
Rome 16
The Patricians .. .. 16
The Plebeians .. .. 16
The king 17
The Patrician tribes . . 17
The Curiae 18
The Comitia Curiuta . . 18
The Senate 18
The priestly colleges . . 18
Chapter III
The Last Three Kings op Rome, and the Establishment of the Republic, DOWN to the Battle of the Lake Reoili us, 616-498 b c.
616-579. Reign of Tarquinius
Priscus 20
His early history. . . . 20 His removal to Rome. . 21 Becomes king . . . . 21
His wars 21
TheCloacK 21
Circus Maximus . . . . 21 Increase of the Seuate. . 21 Increase of the Vestal
Virgins 21
Early history of Servius
TuUius . . .,21 Death of Tarquinius
Priscus 22
678-535. Reign of Servius TuUius 22 I. Reform of the Roman
Constitution.. .. 23
1. Division of the Ro-
man teriitory into Four Tribes . . . . 23
2. Census 23
Five Classes ,. .. 24 The Equities . . . . 24 Number of the Centuries 24
Comitia centuriata, . 25
Two assemblies —
Comitia CentUTiata,
Comitia Curiata 25
II. Increase of the city
walls of Servius Tul-
lius 25
III. Alliance with the Latins 26 Death of Servius TuUius 26
535-510. Keijin of Tarquinius Su-
perbus 27
His tyranny 27
His alli£.nce with tlie
Latins 27
His war with the Vol-
scians 27
Foundation of the temple
on the Oftpitoline Hill 28 The Sibylline books . . 28 Legend of the Sibyl . . 28 Capture of Gabii .. .. 28 King's sons and Brutus sent to consult the oracle at Delphi . . 28
Lucretia 29
Expulsion of the T.ir-
quins 30
509. Establishment of the Rf public 30
The Consuls 3U
first attempt to restore the
Tarquins 31
Execution of the sons of
Brutus 31
War of the Etruscans with
Rome 31
Death of i rutus . . . . 31
Defeat of the Etruscans . . 31
Valerius Pulilicola 32
Dedication of the Capitoline Temple by M. Horatius .. 32 508. Second attempt to restore the
Tarquins 32
Lars Porsena 32
Horatius Cucles 32
CONTENTS.
IX
Mucius Scaevola 33
Cloelia 33
498. Third attempt to restore the
Tarquins 33
War with the Latins . . . , 33
496. Battle of the Lake Eegillus . . 34
Death of Tarquinius Superbus 34
CHAPTEK IV.
Fbom the Battle of the Lake Regillus to the Decemvikate, 498-451 B.C.
Struggles between the Patricians and Plebeians . .
Ascendency t)f the Patricians Sufferings ot the t'lebeians . .
Law of debtor and crt ditor . .
Ager Publicus 36
Object of the Plebeians to obtain a share in the political power and in the public
land 37
494. Secession to the Sacred Mount 37 Fable of Menenius Agrippa 37
Instituiions of the Tribunes
of the i'lebs 37
486. Agrarian Law of Sp. Cassius 38 League between the Romans, Latins, and Hernicans . . 38
Foreign wars 38
488. I. Coriolanus andtlie Vol-
scians 39
477. n. The Fabia Gens and
Veientines .. .. 40 458. III. Cincinnatus and the
Aequians 40
CHAPTER V. The Decemvikate, 451-449 b.c
471. Publilian Law, transferring election of the Tribunes from the Comitia of Curite to the Concilium ol the Tribes . . 44
462. Proposal ol the Tribune Terentilius Arsa lor the appointment orDecemviri . . . . 44
454. Appointment of three Commissi 'U-^rs to visit Greece. . 44
452. Their return to Rome . . . . 44
451. Appointment of the Decemviri 44 The Ten Tables 45
450. New Decemviri appointed . . 45 Their tyranny 45
Two new Tables added,
making twelve in all . . 45 449. The Decemviri continue in
office 45
Death of Sicinius Dentatus 46
Death of Verginia . . . . 46 Second secession to the Sacred
llount 47
Resignation of the Decemvirs 47
Election of ten Tribunes . . 47
Valerian and Iloratian Laws 48
Death of Appius Claudius . . 48
The Twelve Tables 48
CHAPTEE VI.
From the Decemvieate to the Capture of Rome by the Gauls,
445. Third secession to the Janic-
ulum 50
Lex Canulela for inte-'- marriage between the two orders 50
Institution of Military Tribunes with consular powers 51
443. Institution of the Censorship 51 421. Quaestorship thrown open to
the Plebeians 51
440. Famine at Rome 51
439. Death of Sp. Maelius . . . . 52
Foreign wars 52
Roman colonies 52
War with the Etruscans . . 52
CONTENTS.
B.C. I 'age
437. Spolia Opima wod by A. Cornelius Cossus 53
426. Capture and destruction of
Fldenae 53
406. Commencement of siege of
Veil 53
Tale of Alban Lake . , . . 63
396. Appointment of Camillus as
Dictator . . 53
Capture of Veil 53
394. Surrender of Falerii . , . . 53
Unpopularity of Camillus .. 54
391. He goes into exile 54
Chapter VII
From the Capture of Rome by the Gauls to the Final Union of the Two Orders, 390-367 B.C.
The Gauls 55
391. Attack of Clusium by the
Senones 56
Roman ambassadors sent to
Clusium 56
They take part in the fight
against the Senones ... 56 The Senones march upon
Rome 56
390. Battle of the Allia 56
Destruction of Rome . . . . 57 Siege of the Capitol .. .. 57 Legpnd of M. Manlius . . 57 Appointment of Camillus as
Dictator 57
Legend of his delivering
Rome from the Gauls . . 58 Rebuilding of the city .. .. 58 Further Gallic wars . . . . 58 361. Legend of T. Manlius Tor-
quatus 59
349. Legend of M. Valerius
Corvus 59
385. Distress at Rome 59
384. M. Manlius comes forward as
a patron of the poor . . . . 59
His fate 60
376. Licinian Rogations proposed 60 Violent opposition of the Patricians 61
367. Licinian Rogations passed .. 61 366. L. Sextius first Plebeian
Consul . . . . 61
Institution of the Praetorship 61 356. First Plebeian Dictator . . . . 62 351. First Plebeian Censor . . . . 62 337. First Plebeian Praetor .. .. 62 300. Lex Ogulnia, increasing the number of the Pontiffs and Augurs, and enacting that a certain number ol them should be taken from the
Plebeians 62
339. Publilian Laws 62
287. Lex Hortensia . . ._ 63
Equalisation of the orders . . 63
CHAPTER VIIL
From the Licinian Rogations to the End of the Samkite Wars, 367-290 B.C.
362. Pestilence at Rome 64
Death of Camillus 64
Tale of M. Curtius 64
Extension of Koinan dominion over Southern Etruria, Vol-
sci, and Latins 65
The Samnites 65
Their history 65
Conquer Campania and Lu-
cania 65
Samnites of the Apennines
attack the Sidicini . . . . 65 Campanians assist the Sidicini 65 They are defeated by the Samnites 65
They solicit the assistance of
Rome
343-341. First Samnite War
Battle of Mount Gaurus
Peace concluded . .
Reasons for the conclu
sion of peace
340-338. The Latin War . .
The armies meet near
Mount Vesuvius Tale of Torquatus Decisive battle Self-sacrifice of De
cius
Battle at Trifanum
CONTENTS.
Capture of Latin towns 68 Conclusion of the war 68 Dissoluiion of the Latin
league 68
330. Conquest of tbe Volscian town
of Privernum 69
Origin of the Second Samnite
War 69
327. The Romans attack Palaeo-
polis and Neapolis . . . . 69 326-304. Second Samnite War . . 69 First Period.
Roman arms successful 69 326. Quarrel between L. Pa-
pirins Dictator and Q.
Fabius, his master of
the horse 69
321-315. Second Period.
Success of the Samnites 70 321. Defeat of the Romans at the Caudine Forks by C.Pontius 70
Ignominious treaty rejected by the Romans 71 314-304. Third Period.
Success of the Romans 71
311. War with the Etruscans 71
Defeat of the Etruscans 71
Defeat of the Samnites 71
304. Peace with Rome. . .. 71
300. Conquests of Rome in Central
Italy T2
Coalition of Etruscans, Umbrians, and Samnites, against
Rome 12
298-290. Third Samnite War . . 72 295. Decisive battle of Sen-
tinum 72
Self-sacrifice of the younger Decius.. .. 72 292. C. Pontius taken pri-
soner and put to
death 72
Results of the wars 73
Chapter IX
From the Conclusion of the Samnite War to the Subjugation of Italy, 290 265 B.C.
283. War with the Etruscans and
Gauls 74
Battle of the Lake Vadimo . . 74
282. State of Magna Graecia . . . . 74
The Romans assist Thurii . . 74 Their fleet is attacked by the
Tarentines 75
Roman embassy to Tarentum 75 281.AVar declared against the Tarentines 75
They apply for aid to Pyrrhus 75
Pyrrhus arrives in Italy . . 75 280. Plis first campaign against the
Romans 76
Battle near Heraclea . . . . 76 Remarks of Pyrrhus on the
victory 77
He attempts to make peace
with Rome 77
Failure of his minister Cineas 77
He marches upon Rome . . 77 Retires into winter-quarters at
Tarentum 78
Embassy of Fabricius . . . . 78
279. Second campaign of Pyrrhus 78
Battle near Asculum . . . . 78 278. Treachery of the servant of
Pyrrhus . . . . 79
Truce with Rome 79
Pj'rrhus crosses over into Sicily 79
276. He returns to Italy 79
275. Defeat of Pyrrhus 80
He returns to Greece . . . . 80 272 Subjugation of Tarentum .. 80 Supremacy of Rome in Italy 80 273. Embassy of Ptolemy Philadel-
phus to Rome 81
Organisation of Italy .. .. 81 Three classes of Italian population : —
I. Cives Romani, or Ro-
man Citizens . . 81
1. Of the Thirty-three
Tribes 81
2. Of the Roman Co-
lonies 81
3. Of the Municipal
II. Municipia 81
ni. Socii, or Allies . . . . 81
(i.) Latini 81
(ii.) VivlatesUberaeand
foederatae . . .. 81 312. Censorship of A ppius Claudius 82 His dangerous innovation as to
the Freedmen 82
304. Repeiiled in the C nsorship of Q. Fabius Maximus and P.
Decius Mns 82
312. The Appian Way 8:i
The Appian Aqueduct .. .. 82 Publication of the forms of law by Cn. Flavins .. .. 83
CONTENTS,
CHAPTER X. The First Punic War, 264-241 B.C
825. Foundation of Carthage. . .. 84
Its empire SH
Its government 85
its army 85
3ts fort-ign conquests . . . . 85 Conquest of Messana by the
Mamertini 85
Hiero attacks the Mamertini 86
They apply for assistance to
Rome 86
264. The Consul Ap. Claudius crosses over to Sicily to aid
them
He defeats the forces of Syracuse and Carthage 263. Hiero makes peace with the
Romans
262. Capture of Agrigfntum by the
Romans
260. The Romans build a fleet . .
Naval victory of the Consul
Duilius 88
256. The Romans invade Africa . . 89 Naval victory at Ecnomus . . 89 lirilliant success of Regulus in
Africa 89
The Carthaginians sue in vain
for peace . . 90
255. Arrival of the Lacedaemonian
Xanthippus 90
He restores confidence to the
Carthaginians 90
Defeat and captui e of Regulus 90 Destruction of the Roman fleet
by a storm 90
The Romans build another
fleet 90
253. Again desiroyed by a storm . . 90 The war confined lo Sicily . . 91 250. Victory of Metellus at Panor-
mus 91
Embassy of the Carthaginians
to Rome 91
Heroic conduct of Regulus . . 91
250. Siege of Lilybaeum 92
249. Defeat of the Consul Claudius
at sea 92
Destruction of the Roman fleet
a third time 92
247. Appointment of Hamilcar Barca to the Carthaginian command 93
He entrenches himself on Mount Hercte, near Panor-
mus 93
He removes to Mount Eryx . . 93 241. Roman victory off the Aegatian
islands 93
Peace with Carthage .. .. 94
End of the War 94
Sicily a province 94
CHAPTER XL
The CoNQtTBST of Northern Italy. The Carthaginians in Spain.
240-238. War of the Mercenaries
with Carthage . . . . 95 She owes her safety to Hamilcar 95
238. The Romans seize Sardinia
and Corsica 96
Hamilcar goes to Spain . . 96 235. Temple of Janus closed . , 96 Completion of the Thirty-five
Roman Tribes 96
229.IlltrianWar 96
Conquest of Teuta, queen of the lUyrians . . . . 96 228. Honours paid to the Romans
in the Greek cities . . . . 97 232. Agrarian law of the Tribune
Klaminius 97
225. Gallic War 97
Defeat of the Gauls at Tela-
mon in Etruria . . . . 97
224. Conquest of the Boii . . 97
223. The Romans cross the Po 97
222. Conquest of the Insubres 98
Marcellus wins the Spolia
Opiraa 98
220. The Via Flaminia from Rome
to Ariminum 98
218. Foundation of Colonies at
Placentia and Cremona . . 98
236. Hamilcar in Spain . . . . 98
Oath of Hannibal 98
228. Death of Hamilcar . . . . 98 Hasdrubal succeeds him in
the command 98
CONTENTS.
B.C. I
228. Treaty with Rome . . . .
221. Deatli of Hasdrubal , . . .
Hannibal t-uccecds liini in ttie
command
219. Siege of Saguntum . . . . 99
its capture 99
War declared against Carthage 100
Chapter XII
■The Second Punic War : First Period down to the Battle of Cannae, 218-216 B.C.
218. Preparations of Hannibal .. 101 His march to the Rhone . . 102 Arrival of the Consul Scipio
at Massilia 102
Hannibal crosses the Rhone 102 Scipio sends his brother to
Spain, and returns himself
to Italy
Hannibal crosses the Alps . .
Skirmish on the 'licinus Battle of the Trebia Defeat of the Romans . . 217. Hannibiil's march through
Etruria
Battle of the Lake Trasi-
menus 105
102 103 103 104 104
Great defeat of the Romans 105
Q. Fabius Maximus appointed
Dictator 106
His policy 106
Rashness of Minucius the Master of the Horse . . . . 106 216. Great preparations of the
Romans 107
Battle of Cannae Iu7
Great defeat of the Romans 107
Revolt of Southern Italy . . 108 Hannibal winters at Capua 108 Note on Hannibal's passage across the Alps 108
Chapter XIII
Second Punic War: Second Period, from the Revolt of Capua to THE Battle of the AIetaueus, 215-207 b.c.
215 Plan of the war Ill
Hannibal's repulse before
Nola la
Macedon and Syracuse negotiate with Hannibal . . .. Ill 214. He attempts in vain to surprise Tarentum 112
213. He obtains possession of Ta-
rentum .. 112
War in Sicilv —
216. Death of Hiero 112
Succession of Hipronymus 112
His assassination .. .. 112
214. Arrival of Marcellus in
Sicily 1:2
He takes Leontini . . . . 113
He lays siege to Syracuse il.'l
Defence by Archimedes .. 113
212. Capture of Syracuse .. 1x3
War in Spain— 212. Surprise and death of the
two Scipios 116
Siege of Capua 116
211. Hannibal marches upon Rome 116 Is compelled to retreat .. Ii7 Tiie Romans recover Capua 117 Punishment of its inhabitants 117 209. The Romans recover Tarentum 117
208. Defeat and death of Marcellus 118
207. Hasdrubal marches into Italy 118
He besieges Plao ntia . . . . 118
March of the Cons 1 Nero to
join his lolleagie Livius
in Umbria 118
Battle of the Metaurus .. lin
Defeat and death of Hasdrubal 119
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