A history of England, for the use of schools and academies

Front matter

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Preface

I should like to be able to describe this book on its title-page more correctly than by calling it a " History of England ; " for it is much less than that, and it is also much more. It is necessarily a sketch, rather than a history, in the right sense of that term ; and the people whose national life and growth are its subject ceased long ago to be those, alone, of that part of the island of Great Britain which bears the name of England on the map. A better description of the book would be given by saying that it is an outline of the principal circumstances and events in the history of the English people and the British nation, especially of those most connected with the growth of the English constitution of government, with its extension to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and with its expansion in sovereignty over a vast empire of British colonies and dependencies in every quarter of the globe. That is more explanation, however, than can be put into a title, and there seems to be no escape from the common usage which gives a larger meaning to " England " and less to " History " than they ought to have.

In so small a book as this must be for school use, even the outlining of events which run through nearly two thousand years has to be meagrely done, with a stiff restraint kept always on the writer's hand. He can iv PREFACE.

hardly more than name the chief actors of the history, — hardly more than mention some few things that they did. He can make no attempt to bring them before the minds of his readers like living persons, moving in real scenes. His brief and crowded narrative will only be interesting so far as one who reads it is made to feel that the things most essential are being told, with simple clearness, in such an order and so connectedly as to show streams of influence and cause flowing through them, and that it is leading him easily along the main lines of development that run through English history from its beginning to its end. Those are the qualities that I have tried to give to this book, aiming to make it show as much of the outcoming of each succeeding state of things from that which went before it, and as much of the larger meanings of English history, as can appear in so brief an account.

Those meanings are quite as interesting and important to us, of the New World, as they are to the people of the British Isles. Down, at least, to the time when our nation branched from the old English trunk, their history is equally ours. It is true that we have become a remarkably composite people, and that the forefathers of the generation now living in the United States came from many different lands ; but more came from the British islands than from all other countries, and they brought us more than we have taken from all other sources combined. Along with the language that we speak, and the great old literature that delights us most, our English forefathers brought to us the main principles

PREFACE. V

of our government and our law, and the better part of the ideas, the modes of feeling, and the habits of mind by which our national character has been formed. They brought to us our system of elected representatives, for the making of laws and the direction of public affairs ; our system of township and county local government ; the whole system of our courts, of our juries, of the writs which protect us from arbitrary imprisonment ; and they brought the precious " common law " of England, under which half of our personal rights are enjoyed. Above all, they brought to America, at the beginning, an understanding of political freedom and a preparation for self-government that enabled them to work wisely in founding the institutions of the Republic. It is literally a fact that our nation is the offspring of England ; and, while it has fed its own immense growth in an independent way, yet its form, its distinguishing features, and its very spirit, are derived from the parent that gave it birth. Naturally it follows that, excepting their own, there is no part of human history so important and interesting to Americans as the history of the English people. Indeed, their understanding of the meaning of their own history depends on their acquaintance with what went before it in the land which trained the founders of their national life. To trace from seed and root in England the many traits and habits, modes and forms, principles and sentiments, that have had a transplanted growth in the New World, is the necessary beginning of a profitable study of the history of the United States.

v i PREFACE.

Some features of the book, accessory to its narrative, seem to call for a few explanatory words : —

(i.) The Surveys of General History, of which one will be found for each century after the Twelfth, besides a preceding one which covers the first seven centuries after the fall of Rome. I have introduced these because the story of England cannot be told without allusions, on almost every page, to affairs in other countries, which need some kind of explanation for those who have no broad knowledge of general history already in their minds. Instead of thrusting such explanations, disconnectedly, here and there, into the English narrative, I have thought it better to supply them at intervals, by these glancing surveys of events and conditions in the world at large, which faintly give to English history the background that it needs. They are entirely detached from the text of the English narrative, being printed in a different type, and arranged in a different form. It is the intention that teachers shall make such use of them as they find best. Some may wish to have them studied by the pupil ; others may have them merely read ; still others may refer to them, only, as occasion suggests. Their relation to the narrative text is such that they can be used much or little, as the teacher desires.

(2.) The Topics, References, and Research Questions which accompany each chapter. These have been prepared for the book by Mr. Homer P. Lewis, Principal of the English High School at Worcester, Massachusetts, whose experience and success in teaching English history give high value to his topical analyses of the

PREFACE. vn

text and his suggestions for thought and reading beyond it. The "Topics" are an accurate synopsis of the text and serve a double purpose, enabling the pupil to examine himself, and presenting to him, at the same time, a grouped view of each subject. The " References " are to the books which Mr. Lewis finds best for school use, and they are specific, — closely connected with the text. For nearly every section in the book there is at least one reference, and important sections have a dozen or more. The arrangement of the references is planned to give great assistance to teachers in assigning work to their pupils. The " Research Questions " have a double aim. In some cases they enlarge the text ; in others they deal with matter suggested by the text. They often bring forward a lesson from the text to kindred problems, situations or institutions of the present day.

(3.) The Index, in which teachers will find more than indexes commonly contain. It is made to be a working part of the book, (a.) It is analytical of the topics of the book, tracing through it the greater subjects of English history (such as Parliament, the Monarchy, Ministerial Government, the Church, etc.), and outlining the development of them, (b.) It is a geographical guide, locating places mentioned in the text by the page of the map on which they are found, and by an approximate indication of latitude and longitude for each, (c.) It is a pronouncing vocabulary.

(4.) The Maps. These have been specially prepared for the book, with carefulness to have them show all places mentioned in the narrative of English history, but

V1 " PREFACE.

to be simplified as much as possible otherwise, containing no unnecessary details.

(5.) The Illustrations, which offer no imagined scenes, but are wholly representative of historical realities — portraits of important personages, and pictures, mostly photographic, of things and places which are related in some interesting way to what is recounted in the text. They have been chosen with care, and many of them will be found to have a teaching value of their own, in what they show of the conditions of life, the state of knowledge, or the art and workmanship, of past times.

Buffalo, June, 1900.

Contents

BRITAIN AND EARLY ENGLAND, TO 1066.

CHAPTER PAGE

I. Britain until the English Conquest .... 1

Appendix

The British Empire in 1899 634

A Working Library 636

An Additional List of Books 637

Illustrative Fiction in Poetry and Prose .... 642

Index • ■ 6 49

ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND GENEALOGIES.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Westminster Abbey. From a photograph. Frontispiece.

Ancient Block of Tin found at Trereife, Cornwall, and preserved in the museum at penzance. from the Archa>ological Journal, xxiii. 285 4

Stonehenge. From a photograph 7

Remains of a Roman Bath, at Bath. From Windle's Life of Early Britain, p. 149 9

Remnant of Roman Military Road called Watling Street. From a photograph made in Delamere Forest, ten miles from Chester. The ruts seen are worn in the stone foundation 10

Ancient Jutish Boat found buried in a Peat Bog in Nydam, South Jutland. From Engelhardt's Denmark in the Early Iron Age, pi. i 17

Early English Spears and Knives found in Kentish Barrows. From Jewitt's Half-Hours among Some English Antiquities, p. 108 20

A Thane's House. From Harl. MS. 603, as shown in Cutts's Parish Priests 25

Saxon Cross at Ruthwell, about 680 a. d. From Cutts's Parish Priests, p. 25 27

Remains of an Ancient Celtic Church on the Island of Eilean-na-Naoimh, near Iona. From Dowden's Celtic Church in Scotland, p. 113 29

Iron Swords of the Vikings, found in Schleswig. From the Archceological Journal, xxiii. 182 39

Alfred the Great. From an engraving by Vertue in Annates rerum gestarum Alfredi Jlfagni, by Asserius Menevensis (Wise's ed., Oxford, 1722) 41

Church of St. Lawrence, at Bradford-on-AvoN, Wiltshire. From Cutts's Parish Priests 44 xiv ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND GENEALOGIES.

The Westminster Abbey of Edward the Confessor, as represented on the Bayeux Tapestry. From Jules Comte's La Tapisserie de Bayeux 47

William the Conqueror and Attendants : Bayeux Tapestry. From Jules Comte's La Tapisserie de Bayeux, pi. xxvi. and xxvii 60

Norman Vessel of the Eleventh Century : restored from the Bayeux Tapestry. From Lacroix's Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages, p. 76 61

The Battle of Senlac, as partly represented on the Bayeux Tapestry. From Jules Comte's Tapisserie de Bayeux, pi. lxvi 63

The Tower of London in 1597. (The earliest drawing.) From John Bayley's Tower of London, p. 1 65

Plan of the Manor of Burton Agnes, as it appeared in 1809. From Canon Isaac Taylor's "Domesday Survivals " in Domesday Stu dies, i. 55 71

Facsimiles of Entries in Domesday Book. From Gardiner's Student's History of England, p. 1 12. The Domesday Book in two volumes of vellum manuscript, one a large folio, the other a quarto, is preserved in the Public Record Office, London 73

A King's Deathbed : Bishops and Abbots attending. From a twelfth century MS. as represented in J. R. Planche's Encyclopaedia of Costume, i. 1 53 83

Keep of Rochester Castle. Called by Professor Freeman "the noblest example of the Norman military architecture of the next generation after William I." From a photograph 85

Interior of Westminster Hall. From a photograph . 87

Henry I. From Hollis's Monumental Effigies 88

Exchequer Table, as depicted in the " Red Book of the Exchequer Court of Ireland," Fifteenth Century. From William Longman's Edward the Third . . 91

Nave of St. Alban's Abbey Church. This was built between 1077 and 1093, and is a good example of the Norman style of architecture. From a photograph 94

A Cistercian Monk. From Planche's Encyclopaedia of Costume, ii. 64 95

Durham Cathedral. (Built mostly in the reign of Henry I.) From a photograph 96

Stephen of Blois. After an engraving by G. Vertue . . 98

ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND GENEALOGIES. XV

"The Standard" of the Battle of 1138. From MS. Arundel 150 (British Museum), an early thirteenth century copy of part of the Chronicle of Roger of Hoveden ... 99

Thomas Becket and his Secretary. From an old MS. at Trinity College, Cambridge 112

Transept of Canterbury Cathedral, the Scene of Becket's Murder. From a photograph 113

Effigies of Henry II. and his Queen, Eleanor, in the Abbey Church of Fontevrault. From Blanche's Encyclopedia of Costume, i. 273 116

A Mediaeval Author at Work. From an old MS., as shown in Cutts's Scenes and Characters of the Middle Ages, p. 83 121

Hood of Chain Mail, and Cylindrical Helmet with close Vizor, of the Twelfth Century. From the Archaeological Journal, xxii. 8 122

Effigy of Richard I. in the Abbey Church of Fontevrault. From Stothard's Monumental Effigies . . . .123

Effigy of King John in Worcester Cathedral. From Stothard's Monumental Effigies 136

Runnymede. From a photograph 139

Facsimile Extract from One of the Original Copies of the Magna Carta in the British Museum. The passages are a portion of the Preamble, the Forty-Sixth Clause, and the Attestation. From Craik and MacFarlane's Pictorial History of England, i. 557 140

London early in the Thirteenth Century. After a drawing by Matthew Paris, showing the Tower, the old St. Paul's, Westminster Palace, and Lambeth. From Hubert Hall's Court Life under the Plantagenets, p. 27 142

Henry III. as represented on his Tomb in Westminster Abbey. From Craik and MacFarlane's Pictorial History of England, i. 672 143

Louis IX. of France (Saint Louis). As painted on glass in the Cathedral of Chartres. From Boutell's Arms and Armour, p. 112 145

Edward I. After the engraving by George Vertue of the statue at Carnarvon Castle. From Clifford's Life and Reign of Ediuard the First 147

The Great Seal of Edward I. From Gardiner's Student's History of England, p. 209 149

XVI ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND GENEALOGIES.

William Wallace. After an engraving by S. Alphonse of the statue by W. G. Stevenson. From the Art Journal, xxxvii. 335 153

The Steelyard, London. After an engraving by Hollar in 1641. From Herbert's Twelve Great Livery Companies of London, i. 11 154

Merton College, Oxford, founded in 1264 by Bishop Merton, of Rochester. From Lang's Oxford, p. 185 . . . .155

Edward III. After a wall-painting, formerly in St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster. From Longman's Edward III., vol. i. 168

Crossbowman with his Shield. From Longman's Edward III, i. 257 169

Archer with his Sheaf of Arrows. From Longman's Edward III, i. 264 170

John of Gaunt. Painted by L. Cornelisz. From South Kensington National Portraits, vol. i 176

John Wiclif. From South Kensington National Portraits, vol. vi. Painter unknown 177

Tomb and Part of the Armor of the Black Prince in Canterbury Cathedral. From Stanley's Historical Memorials of Canterbury, p. 120 179

John Ball, the Priest, preaching from Horseback, after a MS. of Froissart's " Chronicle." From Cutts's Parish Priests, p. 171 180

Richard II. From South Kensington National Portraits, vol. i. Painter unknown 182

Geoffrey Chaucer. From the National Portrait Gallery. Painter unknown 184

Manor-House at Mellichope, Shropshire, built in the latter half of the twelfth century. From Thomas Wright's Homes of Other Days, p. 149 192

Henry IV. From the National Portrait Gallery. Painter unknown 208

Henry V. From the National Portrait Gallery. Painter unknown 212

John, Duke of Bedford. From Reresby's Travels and Memoirs, p. 2 217

Statue of Joan of Arc, by Fremiet, Place des Pyramides, Paris. From Louis Gonse's La Sculpture Francaise depuis le XI V&"* siecle 219

Margaret of Anjou. After an old MS. at Jesus College. Oxford. Archaeological Journal, viii. 98 220

ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND GENEALOGIES, xvii

Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. From Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors, vol. i 222

Henry VI. From the National Portrait Gallery. Painter unknown • 231

Edward IV. From the National Portrait Gallery. Painter unknown 235

Warwick, the King-maker. After the Rous Roll. From C. W. Oman's Warwick 236

Armor of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. From Boutell's Arms and Armour, p. 149 237

The murdered Prince, called Edward V. After an engraving by W. Ridley. From a painting in Lambeth Palace 240

Richard III. From the National Portrait Gallery. Painter unknown 241

Oldest known Representation of a Printing Press. From Blade's William Carton, pi. vii. p. 126 243

Facsimile Specimen of Caxton's Printing. From Blade's William Caxton, pi. xiii. p. 336 244

Henry VII. From the National Portrait Gallery. Painted, 1505, by an unknown Flemish artist 256

Katharine of Aragon. From the National Portrait Gallery. Painter unknown 259

Henry VIII. After an engraving by Houbraken (from an original painting by Holbein), in the Gardiner Greene Hubbard Collection, Library of Congress 263

Thomas Wolsey. From the National Portrait Gallery. Painter unknown 264

English Warship which conveyed Henry VIII. to France. From Lacroix's Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages, p. 80 266

Anne Boleyn. From the National Portrait Gallery. Painter unknown 268

Sir Thomas More. After the painting by Holbein. From Lodge's Portraits, vol. i 272

Thomas Cromwell. Painted by Holbein. From South Kensington National Portraits, vol. i 276

Edward VI. and Council. After a woodcut on the title-page of the Statutes of 1551. From Law's History of Hampton Court Palace 287

Thomas Cranmer, at the Age of Fifty-Seven. From a painting by G. Fliccius, in the National Portrait Gallery . 289 xviii ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND GENEALOGIES.

Lady Jane Grey. After a drawing by Vertue. From Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors, vol. i 293

Queen Mary Tudor, or Mary L, at the Age of Twenty- Eight. From a painting by Joannes Corvus in the National Portrait Gallery 295

Philip II. From the painting by Titian in the Prado, Madrid 298

Queen Elizabeth. After an engraving by Holl from an original portrait in Queen Victoria's collection, St. James's Palace. Autograph from Winsor's America 307

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. From The Duke of Portland's Collection, p. 537 310

Sir William Cecil. After an engraving by Freeman, of the original painting, probably by Marc Gheeraedts, in the National Portrait Gallery 319

Queen Elizabeth carried in State to Hunsdon House, September 18, 1571. From the original painting by Marc Gheeraedts, exhibited (1866) at South Kensington Museum 323

Spanish Armada attacked by the English Fleet. As represented on the ancient tapestry in the House of Lords, From Craik and MacFarlane's Pictorial Histo?y of England, ii. 675 . . 327

Edmund Spenser. From South Kensington National Portraits, vol. i. Painter unknown 330

Richard Hooker. From Walton's Livti 330

William Shakespeare. From " the Chandos Portrait " in the National Portrait Gallery 331

Francis Bacon. From Birch's Heads of Illustrious Persons . 33 1

James I. of England, VI. of Scotland, at the age of Fifty-Five. From the original painting by Paul Van Somer in the National Portrait Gallery 350

Anne of Denmark, Wife of James I. (showing the "wheel farthingale " then worn). From PlancWs Encyclopcedia of Costume, i. 187 351

Vault beneath the Old House of Lords. From Craik and MacFarlane's Pictorial History of England, iii. 24 . . 354

George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. From the original painting by Gerard Honthorst in the National Portrait Gallery 361

Sir Walter Raleigh. From Stalker's engraving published in London in 181 2 362

ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND GENEALOGIES, xix

The Manor-House at Scrooby, William Brewster's Residence. After a drawing by A. M. Raine 366

Charles I. After the painting by Van Dyck 372

John Pym. After an engraving by Houbraken. From Birch's Heads of Illustrious Persons of Great Britain 375

William Laud. From the National Portrait Gallery. Copied by Henry Stone from the original painting by Van Dyck at Lambeth Palace 380

Sir John Eliot. After Holl's engraving of the original painting at Port Eliot, Cornwall. From Forster's Sir John Eliot, vol. i., frontispiece 382

Interior of St. Giles's Church, Edinburgh. From a photograph 387

Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford. From The Duke of Portland 's Collection 390

John Hampden. After an engraving by Houbraken in the Gardiner Greene Hubbard Collection, Library of Congress 393

A Cavalier. From Craik and MacFarlane's Pictorial History of England, Hi. 609 403

Oliver Cromwell. From a miniature by Samuel Cooper . 405

Prince Rupert. From an original painting by Sir Peter Lely in the National Portrait Gallery 408

James Graham, Marquis of Montrose. From Birch's Heads of Illustrious Persons of Great Britain 412

Trial of Charles I., as represented by a contemporary print. From Craik and MacFarlane's Pictorial History of England, iii. 337 419

The Commonwealth Flag. After an original at Chatham Dockyard. From Clowes' Royal Navy in History, ii. 115 . 426

Robert Blake. Painted by A. Hanneman. From South Kensington National Portraits, vol. ii 430

The Great Seal of the Commonwealth ; the Rump Parliament is represented on the reverse. From Craik and MacFarlane's Pictorial History of England, iii.

399 432

Sir Henry Vane, the Younger. From the original painting by William Dobson in the National Portrait Gallery . 433

George Monk. From the original painting by Sir Peter Lely in the National Portrait Gallery 439

The Puritan Dress as shown in George H. Boughton's painting, The Return of the Mayflower . . . .441

John Milton. From the crayon drawing at Bayfordbury . 442 xx ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND GENEALOGIES.

Charles II. From the original painting by Mrs. Mary Beale in the National Portrait Gallery 449

Titus Oates in the Pillory. From Arthur Griffith's Chronicles of Newgate, i. 193 457

James II. From the original painting by John Riley in the National Portrait Gallery 462

John Bunyan. After a drawing from Life by R. White in the British Museum. From Works of John Bunyan, vol. iii. 468

Sir Isaac Newton. From the original painting by John Vanderbank in the National Portrait Gallery 468

John Locke. From the original painting by T. Brownover in the National Portrait Gallery 469

William III. From the original painting by Jan Wyck in the National Portrait Gallery 486

John Churchill, Earl of Marlborough. From the original painting by Sir Godfrey Kneller in the National Portrait Gallery 493

Queen Anne. From the original painting by John Closterman in the National Portrait Gallery 497

London Coffee-House in the Reign of Anne. From Ashton's Social Life in the Reign of Anne, i. 215 .... 499

English Flag and Scottish Flag before 1603, and the Union Flag ordered by James I. in 1606. From Clowes' Royal Navy in History, ii. 25 501

Hackney Coach in the Reign of Anne. From Ashton's Social Life in the Reign of Anne, ii. 170 502

George I. From the original painting by Sir Godfrey Kneller in the National Portrait Gallery 509

Costume of Gentlemen in 1721. From Planche's Encyclopedia of Costume, ii. 305 512

Sir Robert Walpole. After an original painting by Zincke. From Coxe's Memoirs of Walpole, London, 1798 . . .513

John Wesley. Painted by George Romney. From South Kensington National Portraits, vcA.v 516

William Pitt, the Elder. After an original painting by Richard Brompton 525

James Wolfe. After a print in Entick's History of the Late War, iv. 90. London, 1764 526

Robert Clive. From the original painting by Nathaniel Dance in the National Portrait Gallery 527

ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND GENEALOGIES, xxi

George III. After the original painting by Thomas Frye . 531

A Stamp. From Memorial History of Boston, vol. iii. . . 535

Lord North. From Murray's Impartial History of the Present War, London, 1780 539

William Pitt, the Younger. After an original drawing by Copley. From Lord Stanhope's Life of William Pitt. vol. i., frontispiece 544

Watt's Steam Engine in 1780. From Thurston's A History of the Growth of the Steam Engine 546

Edmund Burke. After an original painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds. From Lodge's Gallery of Portraits . . . .553

The " Union Jack " (the national flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, since the Union), and The Irish Flag before 1801. From Boutell's English Heraldry, page 262 558

Lord Nelson. From the painting, Nelson in the Cabin of the Victoi y, by Charles Lucy 573

Charles James Fox. After an original painting by John Opie. From Lodge's Gallery of Portraits 574

A Stage Coach in 1804. From Ashton's Dawn of the Nineteenth Century in England, i. 238 577

Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington. From an original painting by John Lucas in the National Gallery, Dublin 579

William Wordsworth. From an engraving by F. T. Stuart 582

Robert Burns. From the" original painting by Alexander Nasmyth in the National Portrait Gallery 582

Sir Walter Scott. From the original painting by C. R. Leslie (1824) in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. . . . 583

George Canning. After an engraving by William Holl, from a painting by T. Stewardson 588

Stephenson's Locomotive, " Rocket," adopted for use on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, in 1829. From B. Cooke's British Locomotives, page 29 591

Sir Robert Peel. After a painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence 595

Daniel O'Connell. From the original miniature in the National Portrait Gallery, painted on ivory (1836) by Bernard Mulrenin Coo xxii ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND GENEALOGIES.

The Victoria Cross, instituted in 1856 as a decoration awarded for notable deeds of valor. From Boutell's English Heraldry 609

The Houses of Parliament, opened in 1852. From a photograph 613

Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield. From a photograph 617

William Ewart Gladstone. From a photograph (1884) by John Moffat 618

Queen Victoria. From a photograph, 1887 623

Charles Dickens. After a crayon drawing (1868) by Sol Eytinge, Jr 626

Lord Tennyson. From a photograph 626

Lord Macaulay. From a photograph (1857) by Claudet . 627

MAPS.

County Map of Great Britain and Ireland (double

page, colored Front lining pages.

Physical Map of Britain 2

Roman Britain 8

The Older Home of the English Race. From Johnston's School Atlas 16

Britain, a. d. 597. From Gardiner's School Atlas of English

History 19

The Course of the Viking Expeditions. From Gardiner's

School Atlas of English History 38

Alfred's Britain, with Historical Detail, a. d. 449-

A. D. 1 1 54 (full-page, colored) Facing 42

The Angevin Empire of Henry II. (double page, colored) Facing no

France at the Time of the Treaty of Bretigny . . .174 French Territory held by the English when Joan of

Arc appeared, a. d. 1429 218

England during the Wars of the Roses 233

Historical Map of Scotland 313

The Netherlands : showing Dutch and Spanish Possessions 318

Ireland, a. d. 1600-A. d. 1900 (full-page, colored) . Facing 358

ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND GENEALOGIES, xxill

England at the Beginning of the Civil War, with Historical Detail from a. d. 1600 to a. d. 1900 (full-page, colored) Facing 404

India, a. d. 1785 to a. d. 1900 (full-page, colored) . Facing 526 Europe in a. d. 1825, with Historical Detail from

a. D. 1500 TO A. d. 1900 (double page, colored) . Facing 574 British-Boer War, South Africa, a. d. 1899-A. d. 1900 625 The British Empire in a. d. 1900 (double page, colored). After Bartholomew's At la s End lining pages.

GENEALOGIES.

West Saxon Kings from Egbert 51

Norman Kings from the Conqueror to Stephen . .108

Angevin or Early Plantagenet Kings 130

Later Plantagenet Kings 201

Royal Houses of Lancaster, York, and Tudor . . 227 Henry VII. from John of Gaunt, third son of Edward III 247

Tudor Family from Henry VII 304

Stuart Sovereigns of Scotland from Robert Bruce

to Mary Queen of Scots 341

Stuart Sovereigns of Scotland and England from

Mary Queen of Scots 476

Hanoverian Sovereigns from James I. of England . 606

HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

BRITAIN AND EARLY ENGLAND.

To 1066.

Chapter I. Britain Until The English Conquest

1. The Island of Great Britain. The character and career of the English people have been affected so remarkably by the geographical position of their country that some facts concerning it are really the most important in their history. Because the island of Great Britain lies far in the north, and yet is warmed by the embracing waters of the Gulf Stream, it has a climate finely tempered, a soil fruitfully watered, and is singularly suited for the breeding of a hearty race. It is favored, too, by other natural gifts, of mines, of fisheries, of good harbors, sheltered inlets, and navigable streams, for the schooling of its people in industries at home and in commerce with the outer world. But the people owe much less to these advantages of their island than they do to its separation from the continent of Europe by a narrow channel of the sea.

The little strait that divides Great Britain from France is just wide enough and stormy enough to make undertakings of war from one shore against the other very difficult, while peaceful intercourse is scarcely hindered in the least. This fortunate geographical position has enabled the English to go their own way for eight cen- Effects of turies ; to live their own life, develop their own insularity, institutions, work out their own career, with less interference and more independence than any other

PHYSICAL MAP OF BRITAIN.

European people. They have wasted less in neighborhood wars, have been distracted less by neighborhood rivalries, and, therefore, have turned more of the energies of their ambition into distant fields, of colonization and

UNTIL THE ENGLISH CONQUEST. 3

commerce, building up a great colonial empire, which stretches to all regions of the globe.