Twenty Two Years A Slave

Front matter

TWENTY-TWO YEARS A SLAVE,

AND

FORTY YEARS A FREEM AN ;

I. Page

Slave Life on the Plantation, - - - - 13

ii.

in.

Hcrse-Racing and its Consequences, - 40

IV.

Journey to our Home in Y>:\v York, - 52

v.

Incidents at Sodus,. ---56

VI.

Removal from Sodus to Batii, - 60

VII.

Dueling.. C4

CONTENTS.

viii

VIII.

Horse-Racing and Genial Training, -

IX.

Death-Bed and Bridal Scenes, .84

X.

htjmto Out to a New Master, ------ 92

XI.

Thoughts on Freedom - - - - - - -106

XII.

Captain Helm—Divorce—Kidnapping, - - - - 116

XIII.

Locate in the Village of Rochester,.124

XIV.

Incidents in Rochester and Vicinity, - - - - 138

XV.

Sad Reverses of Captain Hslm, - - 145

XVI.

British Emancipation of Slavbily, - - - - - 149

XVII.

Oration—Termination of Slavery in the British Possessions. 153

XVIII.

CONTENTS.

IX

XIX.

„ ^ _ PAGK.

XX.

.Removal to Canada, ------- 183

XXI.

Roughing it in the Wilds of Canada, - 190

XXII.

Narrow Escape of a Smuggler, - ... 196

XXIII.

Narrative of Two Fugitives from Virginia, - 202

XXIV.

Pleasant Re-Union of Old and Tried Friends, - 210

XXV.

Private Losses and Private Difficulties, - 219

XXVI.

Incidents and Peculiarities of the Indians, - 223

XXVII.

XXVIII.

XXIX.

A Narrow Escape from mv Enemies,

XXX.

PAGE.

Death of B. Paul and Return of his Brother, - - 257

XXXI.

My Family Return to Rochester,. 268

XXXII.

The Land Agent and the Squatter, ----- 274

XXXIII.

Character and Death of Israel Levis, - 282

XXXIV.

XXXV.

Bishop Brown—Death of my Daughter, - 299

XXXVI.

Celebration of the First of August, - 311

XXXYII.

Conclusion, - -.31 g

Preface

The author does not think that any apology is necessary for this issue of his Life and History. He believes that American Slavery is now the great question before the American People: that it is not merely a political question, coming up before the country as the grand element in the making of a President, and then to be laid aside for four years; but that its moral hearings are of such a nature that the Patriot, the Philanthropist, and all good men agree that it is an evil of so much magnitude, that longer to permit it, is to wink at sin , and to incur the righteous judgments of God. The late outrages and aggressions of the slave power to possess itself of new soil, and extend the influence of the hateful and God-provoking u Institution,” is a practical commentary upon its benefits and the moral qualities of those who seek to sustain and extend it. The author is therefore the more willing—nay, anxious, to lay alongside of such arguments the history of his own life and experiences as a slave , that those who read may know what are some of the characteristics of that highly favored inti tut ion, which is sought to be preserved and perpetuated. u Facts are stubborn things,”—and this is the reason why all systems, religious, moral, or social, which are founded in injustice, and sup¬ ported by fraud and robbery, suffer so much by faithful exposition.

The author has endeavored to present a true statement of the prac¬ tical workings of the system of Slavery, as he Uas seen and felt it himself. He has intended “ nothing to extenuate, nor aught set down

PEEFACE.

xii

in malice;” indeed, so far from believing that lie has misrepresented Slavery as an institution, he does not feel that he has the power to give anything like a true picture of it in all its deformity and wickedness; especially that Slavery which is an institution among an enlightened and Christian people, who profess to believe that all * men are bom free and equal , and who have certain inalienable right*, among which are life, liberty , and the pursuit of happiness.

The author claims that he has endeavored since he had his freedom, as mueh as in him lay, to benefit his suffering fellows in bondage; and that he has spent most of his free life in efforts to elevate them in manners and morals, though against all the opposing forces of prejudice and pride, which of course, has made much of his labor vain. In his old age he sends out this history—presenting as it were his own body , with the marks and scars of the tender mercies of slave drivers upon it, and asking that these may plead in the name of Justice, Humanity, and Mercy, that those who have the power, may have the magnanimity to strike off the chains from the enslaved, and bid him stand up, a Freeman and a Brother !

Chapter I. Slave Life On The Plantation

I ’ WAS born in Prince William County, Virginia.

At seven years of age, I found myself a slave on the plantation of Capt. William Helm. Our family consisted of my father and mother—whose names were Robert and Susan Steward—a sister, Mary, and myself. As was the usual custom, wc lived in a small cabin, built of rough boards, with a floor of earth, and small openings in the sides of the cabin were substituted for windows. The chimney was built of sticks and mud; the door, of rough boards; and the whole was put together in the rudest possible manner. As to the furniture of this rude dwelling, it was procured by the slaves themselves, who were occasionally permitted to earn a little money after their day’s toil was done. I never knew Capt. H. to furnish his slaves with household utensils of any description.

WEEKLY ALLOWANCE OF FOOL.

The amount of provision given out on the planta¬ tion per week, was invariably one peck of corn or •neal for each slave. This allowance was given in meal when it could be obtained; when it could not, they received com, which they pounded in mortars after they returned from their labor in the field. The slaves on our plantation were provided with very little meat In addition to the peck of corn or meal, they were allowed a little salt and a few herrings. If they wished for more, they were obliged to earn it by over-work. They were ‘permitted to cultivate small gardens, and were thereby enabled to provide themselves with many trifling conveniences. But these gardens were only allowed to some of the more industrious. Capt. Helm allowed his slaves a small quantity of meat during harvest time, but when the harvest was over they were obliged to fall back on the old allowance.

It was usual for men and women to work side by side on our plantation; and in many kinds of work, the women were compelled to do as much as the men. Capt. H. employed an overseer, whose business it was to look after each slave in the field, and see that he performed his task. The overseer always went around with a whip, about nine feet long, made of the toughest kind of cowhide, the but-end of which was .oaded with lead, and was about four or five inches in circumference, running to a point at the opposite

SLAVE LIFE ON THE PLANTATION.

extremity. This made a dreadful instrument of tor¬ ture, and, when in the hands of a cruel overseer, it was truly fearful. With it, the skin of an ox or a horse could be cut through. Hence, it was no uncommon thing to sec the poor slaves with their backs mangled in a most horrible manner. Our over¬ seer, thus armed with his cowhide, and with a large bull-dog behind him, followed the slaves all day; and, if one of them fell in the rear from any cause, this cruel weapon was plied with terrible force. He would strike the dog one blow and the slave another, in order to keep the former from tearing the delinquent slave in pieces,—such was the ferocity of his canine attendant.

It was the rule for the slaves to rise and be ready for their task by sun-rise, on the blowing of a horn or conch-shell; and woe be to the unfortuate, who was not in the field at the time appointed, which was in thirty minutes from the first sounding of the horn. I have heard the poor creatures beg as for their lives, of the inhuman overseer, to desist from his cruel punish¬ ment. Hence, they were usually found in the field “betimes in the morning,” (to use an old Virginia phrase), where they worked until nine o’clock. They were then allowed thirty minutes to eat their morning meal, which consisted of a little bread. At a given signal, all hands were compelled to return to their work They toiled until noon, when they were

MODE OF COOKING.

permitted to take their breakfast, which corresponds to our dinner.

On our plantation, it was the usual practice to have one of the old slaves set apart to do the cooking. All the field hands were required to give into the hands of the cook a certain portion of their weekly allow ance, either in dough or meal, which was prepared in the following manner. The cook made a hot fire and rolled up each person’s portion in some cabbage leaves, when they could be obtained, and placed it in a hole in the ashes, carefully covered with the same, where it remained until done. Bread baked in this way is very sweet and good. But -cabbage leaves could not always be obtained. When this was the case, the bread was little better than a mixture of dough and ashes, which was not very palatable. The time allowed for breakfast, was one hour. At the signal, all hands were obliged to resume their toil. The overseer was always on hand to attend to all delinquents, who never failed to feel the blows of his heavy whip.

The usual mode of punishing the poor^laves was, to make them take off their clothes to the bare back, and then tie their hands before them with a rope, pass the end of the rope over a beam, and draw them up till they stood on the tips of their toes. Sometimes they tied their legs together and placed a rail between. Thus prepared, the overseer proceeded to punish the

SLAVE LIFE ON THE PLANTATION.

poor, helpless victim. Thirty-nine was the number of lashes ordinarily inflicted for the most trifling offence.

Who can imagine a position more painful? Oh, who, with feelings of common humanity, could look quietly on such torture? Who could remain un¬ moved, to see a fellow-creature thus tied, unable to move or to raise a hand in his ow r n defence; scourged on his bare back, with a cowhide, until the blood flows in streams from his quivering flesh ? And for what? Often for the most trifling fault; and, as sometimes occurs, because a mere whim or caprice of his brutal overseer demands it. Pale with passion, his eyes flashing and his stalwart frame trembling with rage, like some volcano, just ready to belch forth its fiery contents, and, in all its might and fury, spread death and destruction all around, he continues to wield the bloody lash on the broken flesh of the poor, pleading slave, until his arm grows weary, or he sinks down, utterly exhausted, on the very spot where already stand the pools of blood which his cruelty has drawn from the mangled body of his helpless vie dm, and within the hearing of those agonized groans and feeble cries of “ Oh do, Massa! Oh do, Massa! Do, Lord, have mercy! Oh, Lord, have mercy! ” &c.

Nor is this cruel punishment inflicted on the bare backs of the male portion of slaves only. Oh no! The slave husband must submit without a murmur, to

CRUELTY OF THE OVERSEER.

see the form of his cherished, hut wretched wife, not only exposed to the rude gaze of a beastly tyrant, but he must unresistingly see the heavy cowhide descend upon her shrinking flesh, and her manacled limbs writhe iu inexpressible torture, while her piteous cries for help ring through his ears unanswered. The wild throbbing of his heart must be suppressed, and his righteous indignation find no voice, in the presence of the human monster who holds dominion over bun.

After the infuriated and heartless overseer had sati¬ ated his thirst for vengeance, on the disobedient or delinquent slave, he was untied, and left to crawl awav as best he could: sometimes on his hands and knees, to liis lonely and dilapidated cabin, where, stretched upon the cold earth, he lay weak and bleed¬ ing and often faint from the loss of blood, without a friend who dare administer to his necessities, and groaning in the agony of his crushed spirit. In his cabin, which was not as good as many of our stables at the North, he might lie for weeks before recovering sufficient strength to resume the labor imposed upon him, and all this time without a bed orlbed clothing, or any of the necessaries considered so essential to the sick.

Perhaps some of his fellow-slaves might come and bathe his wounds in warm water, to prevent bis clothing from tearing open his flesh anew, and thus make the second suffering well nigh equal to the first;

SLAVE LIFE OH THE PLAHTAT10H.

or they might from their scanty store bring him snch food as they could spare, to keep him from suffering hunger, and offer their sympathy, and then drag their own weary bodies to their place of rest, after their daily task was finished.

Oh, you who have hearts to feel; you who have kind friends around you, in sickness and in sorrow, think of the sufferings of the helpless, destitute, and down-trodden slave. Has sickness laid its withering hand upon you, or disappointment blasted your fairest earthly prospects, still, the outgushings of an affec¬ tionate heart are not denied you, and you may look forward with hope to a bright future. Such a hope seldom animates the heart of the poor slave. He toils on, in his unrequited labor, looking only to the grave to find a quiet resting place, where he will be free from the oppressor.

Chapter II. At The Gbeat House

W HEN eight years of age, I was taken to the “great house,” or the family mansion of my master, to serve as an errand boy, where I had to stand in the presence of my master’s family all the day, and a part of the night, ready to do any thing which they commanded me to perform.

My master’s family consisted of himself and wife, and seven children. His overseer, whose name was Barsly Taylor, had also a wife and five children. These constituted the white population on the plan¬ tation. Capt. Helm was the owner of about one hnndred slaves, which made the residents on the plan¬ tation number about one hundred and sixteen per¬ sons in all. One hundred and seven of them, were required to labor for the benefit of the remaining ifine, who possessed that vast domain; and one hundred of the number doomed to unrequited toil, under the

AT THE GREAT HOUSE.

lash of a cruel task-master during life, with no hope of release this side of the gra T , 3, and as far as the cruel oppressor is concerned, shut out from hope beyond it.

And here let me ask, why is this practice of work¬ ing slaves half clad, poorly fed, with nothing or nearly so, to stimulate them to exertion, but fear of the lash? Do the best interests of our common country require it ? I think not. Did the true inter¬ est of Capt. Helm demand it ? Whatever may have been his opinion, I cannot think it did. Can it be for the best interest or good of the enslaved ? Certainly not; for there is no real inducement for the slave¬ holder to make beasts of burden of his fellow men, but that which_ was frankly acknowledged by Gibbs and other pirates: “ we have the power,”—the power to rob and murder on the high seas!—which they will undoubtedly continue to hold, until overtaken by justice; which will certainly come some time, just as sure as that a righteous God reigns over the earth or rules in heaven.

Some have attempted to apologize for the enslaving of the Negro, by saying that they are inferior to the Anglo-saxon race in every respect. This charge I deny; it is utterly false. Does not the Bible inform us that “ God hath created of one blood all the nations of the earth?” And certainly in stature and physical force the colored man is quite equal to his white

CAPT. HELM, A GREAT GAMESTER.

brother, and in many instances his superior; but were it otherwise, I can not see why the more favored class should enslave the other. True, God has given to the African a darker complexion than to his white brother: still, each have the same desires and aspirations. The food required for the sustenance of one is equally necessary for the other. Naturally or physically, they alike require to be warmed by the cheerful fire, when chilled by our northern winter’s breath; and alike they welcome the cool spring and the delightful shade of summer. Hence, I have come to the con¬ clusion that God created all men free and equal, and placed them upon this earth to do good and benefit each other, and that war and slavery should be ban¬ ished from the face of the earth.

My dear reader will not understand me to say, that all nations are alike intelligent, enterprising and indus¬ trious, for we all know that it is far otherwise; but to man, and not to our Creator,* should the fault be charged. But, to resume our narrative,

Capt. Helm was not a very hard master; but gen¬ erally was kind and pleasant. Indulgent when in good humor, but like many of the southerners, terrible when in a passion. He was a great sportsman, and very fond of company. He generally kept one or two race horses, and a pack of hounds for fox-hunting, which at that time, was a very common and fashion¬ able diversion in that section of country. He was not

AT THE GREAT HOUSE.

only a sportsman, but a gamester, and was in the habit of playing cards, and sometimes betting very high and losing accordingly.

I well remember an instance of the kind: it was when he played cards with a Mr. W. Graham, who won from him in one sweep, two thousand and seven hundred dollars in all, in the form of a valuable horse, prized at sixteen hundred dollars, another saddlehorse of less value, one slave, and his wife’s gold watch. The company decided that all this was fairly won, but Capt. Helm demurred, and refused to give up the property until an application was made to Gen. George Washington, “(the father of his country,”) who decided that Capt. Ilelm had lost the game, and that Mr. Graham had fairly won the property, of which Mr. G. took immediate possession, and con¬ veyed to his own plantation.

Capt. Helm was not a good business man, unless we call horse-racing, fox-hunting, and card-playing, business. Ilis overseer was entrusted with every thing on the plantation, and allowed to manage about as he pleased, while the Captain enjoyed himself in receiving calls from his wealthy neighbors, and in drinking what he called “grog,” which was no more nor less than whisky, of which he was extremely fond, notwithstanding his cellar contained the choicest wines and liquors. To show his partiality for his favorite beverage, I will relate an incident which

MRS. HELM USES TEE COWHIDE.

occurred between Capt. Helm and Col. Charles Williamson. The Colonel, believing wine to be a healthier beverage than whisky, accepted a bet made by Capt. Helm, of one thousand dollars, that he would live longer and drink whisky, than the Colonel, who drank wine. Shortly after, Col. Williamson was called home by the British government, and while on his way to England, died, and his body, preserved in a cask of brandy, was taken home. The bet Capt. Helm made considerable effort to get, but was unsuc¬ cessful.

Mrs. Helm was a very industrious woman, and generally busy in her household affairs—sewing, knit¬ ting, and looking after the servants; but she was a great scold,—continually finding fault with some of the servants, and frequently punishing the young slaves herself, by striking them over the head with a heavy iron key, until the blood ran; or else whipping them with a cowhide, which she always kept by her side when sitting in her room. The older servants she would cause to be punished by having them severely whipped by a man, which she never failed to do for every trifling fault. I have felt the weight of some of her heaviest keys on my own head, and for the slightest offences. Ho slave could possibly escape being punished—I care not how attentive they might be, nor how industrious—punished they must be, and punished they certainly were. Mrs. Helm appeared

AT THE GREAT HOUSE.

to be uneasy unless some of the servants were under the lash. She came into the kitchen one morning and my mother, who was cook, had just put on the dinner. Mrs. Helm took out her white cambric hand¬ kerchief, and rubbed it on the inside of the pot, and it crocked it! That was enough to invoke the wrath of my master, who came forth immediately with his horse-whip, with which he whipped my poor mother most unmercifully—far more severely than I ever knew him to whip a horse.

I once had the misfortune to break the- lock of master’s shot gun, and when it came to his know¬ ledge, he came to me in a towering passion, and charged me with what he considered the crime of carelessness. I denied it, and told him I knew nothing about it; but I was so terribly frightened that he saw I was guilty, and told me so, foam¬ ing with rage; and then I confessed the truth. But oh, there was no escaping the lash. Its recollection is still bitter, and ever will be. I was com¬ manded to take off my clothes, which I did, and then master put me on the back of another slave, my arms hanging down before him and my hands clasped in his, where he was obliged to hold me with a vise¬ like grasp. Then master gave me the most severe flogging that I ever received, and I pray God that I may never again experience such torture. And yet Capt. Helm was not the worst of masters.

HUMILITY' OF SLAVES.

These cruelties are daily occurrences, and so degrad¬ ing is the whole practice of Slavery, that it not only crushes and brutalizes the wretched slave, but it hardens the heart, benumbs all the fine feelings of humanitv, and deteriorates from the character of the slaveholders themselves, — whether man or woman. Otherwise, how could a gentle, and in other respects, amiable woman, look on such scenes of cruelty, with¬ out a shudder of utter abhorrence ? But slaveholding ladies, can not only look on quietly, but with appro¬ bation; and what is worse, though very common, they can and do use the lash and cowhide themselves, on the backs of their slaves, and that too on those of their own sex I Far rather would I spend my life in a State’s Prison, than be the slave of the best slave¬ holder on the earth!

When I was not employed as an errand-boy, it was my duty to stand behind my master’s chair, which was sometimes the whole day, never being allowed to sit in his presence. Indeed, no slave is ever allowed to sit down in the presence of their master or mistress. If a slave is addressed when sitting, he is required to spring to his feet, and instantly remove his hat, if lie has one, and answer in the most humble manner, or lay the foundation for a flogging, which will not be long delayed.

I slept in the same room with my master and mis¬ tress. This room was elegantly furnished with damask

AT THE GREAT HOUSE.

curtains, mahogany bedstead of the most expensive kind, and every thing else about it was of the most costly kind. And while Mr. and Mrs. Helm reposed on their bed of down, with a cloud of lace floating over them, like some Eastern Prince, with their slaves to fan them while they slept, and to tremble when they awoke, I always slept upon the floor, without a pillow or even a blanket, but, like a dog, lay down anywhere I could find a place.

Slaves are never allowed to leave the plantation to which they belong, without a written pass. Should any one venture to disobey this law, he will most likely be caught by the patrol and given thirty-nine lashes. This patrol is always on duty every Sunday, going to each plantation under their supervision, entering every slave cabin, and examining closely the conduct of the slaves; and if they find one slave from another plantation without a pass, he is imme¬ diately punished with a severe flogging.

I recollect going one Sunday with my mother, to visit my grand-mother; and while there, two or three of the patrol came and looked into the cabin, and see¬ ing my mother, demanded her pass. She told them that she had one, but had left it in another cabin, from whence she soon brought it, which saved her a whip¬ ping but we were terribly frightened.

The reader will obtain a better knowledge of the character of a Virginia patrol, by the relation of an

A KIKD MASTER.

affair, which came off on the neighboring plantation of Col. Alexander, in which some forty of Capt. Helm’s slaves were engaged, and which proved rather destructive of human life in the end.

But I must first say that it is not true, that slave owners are respected for kindness to their slaves. The more tyrannical a master is, the more will he be favorably regarded by his neighboring planters; and from the day that he acquires the reputation of a kind and indulgent master, he is looked upon with sus¬ picion, and sometimes hatred, and his slaves are watched more closely than before.

Col. Alexander was a very wealthy planter and owned a great number of slaves, but he was very justly suspected of being a kind, humane, and indul¬ gent master. His slaves were always better fed, better clad, and had greater privileges than any I knew in the Old Dominion; and of course, the patrol had long had an eye on them, anxious to flog some of “ those pampered niggers, who were spoiled by the indulgence of a weak, inefficient, but well-meaning owner.”

Col. A. gave his slaves the liberty to get up a grand dance. Invitations were sent and accepted, to a large number of slaves on other plantations, and so, for miles around, all or many of the slaves were in high anticipation of joining in the great dance, which was to come off on Easter night. In the mean time, the

AT THE GREAT HOUSE.

patrol was closely watching their movements, and evinced rather a joyful expectancy of the many they should find there without a pass, and the dogging they would give them for that, if not guiltyof any other offence, and perhaps they might catch some of the Colonel’s slaves doing something for which they could be taught “to know their place,” by the appli¬ cation of the cowhide.

The slaves on Col. A.’s plantation had to provide and prepare the supper for the expected vast “turn out,” which was no light matter; and as slaves like on such occasions to pattern as much as possible after their master’s family, the result was, to meet the emergency of the case, they ioo\ without saying, “by your leave, Sir,” some property belonging to their master, reasoning among themselves, as slaves often do, that it can not be stealing , because “it belongs to massa, and so do we : and we only use one part of his property to benefit another. Sure, ’tis all massa’s.” And if they do not get detected in this removal of “ massa’s property” from one location to another, they think no more of it.

Col. Alexander’s slaves were hurrying on with their great preparations for the dance and feast; and as the time drew near, the old and knowing ones might be seen in groups, discussing the matter, with many a wink and nod; but it was in the valleys and by-places where the younger portion were to be found, rather

AT THE GKEAT HOUSE.

secretly preparing food for the great time coining. This consisted of hogs, sheep, calves; and as to master’s poultry, that suffered daily. Sometimes it was missed, but the disappearance was always easily accounted for, by informing “massa” that a great num¬ ber of hawks had been around of late; and their preparation went on, night after night, undetected. They who repaired to a swamp or other by-place to cook by night, carefully destroyed everything likely to detect them, before they returned to their cabins in the morning.

The night for the dance came at last, and long before the time, the road leading to Col. Alexander’s plantation presented a gay spectacle. The females were seen flocking to the place of resort, with heads adorned with gaudy bandanna turbans and new calico dresses, of the gayest colors,—their whole attire decked over with bits of gauze ribbon and other fantastic finery. The shades of night soon closed over the plantation, and then could be heard the rude music and loud laugh of the unpolished slave. It was about ten o’clock when the aristocratic slaves began to assemble, dressed in the cast-off finery of their master and mistress, swelling out and putting on airs in imitation of those they were forced to obey from day to day.