A treatise on the diseases of the sheep : being a manual of ovine pathology. Especially adapted for the use of veterinary practitioners and students

Front matter

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YY Rerrtiuanl PLE]

Lupeyn Ate,

Chapter I.—introduction

PAGE The wild and domesticated Ovide ; uses of domesticated forms; relative functions of the farmer and the veterinary surgeon; variation. Methods of offence and defence; general physiological characteristics of ovines; methods of seizing, throwing, and detaining. Catching. Work of the shepherd; holding for operation or examination; to throw a sheep. Routine management of a flock as a cause of disease; domestication predisposes to, but feral sheep not exempt from, disease; they also suffer from ravages of wild beasts. The General Symptoms of disorder and signs of health. Pulse ; internal temperature; respirations, auscultation and percussion; the rougher methods of diagnosis; state of the tongue, feces, and urine. Loss of wool; condition of the skin. Causes: miscellaneous; effects of hot winds. Constitutional tendencies of sheep in disease. Parasites—spurious enzooty and epizooty; its influence on treatment. Wholesale administration — drenching, cathartics, vehicles, enemata. Bleeding; rough methods; surgical methods; the angular vein, saphenous, jugular, and cephalic veins. Anesthetics, effects of chloroform. Blisters; setons; charges; fomentations and poultices. Preventive measures. Paucity in numbers of specific diseases of sheep; influence of diffusion of races. Effects of early slaughter in lessening disease. Longevity of “guide sheep.” Bearings of sheep diseases on derangements of man . ; : ; : : . 1—17

CHAPTER IJ.—THE BLOOD.

Composition and characters. The pulse. SIMPLE DISORDERS: FEVER, JAUNDICE; PLETHORA, Bollinger’s researches. AN#MIA; form seen after shearing, symptoms of anemia; different observations on debility by Williams, Fleming, and Robertson. Disease in Oregon. SANGUINFOUS AsciTES, Red water, or acute dropsy.

Xil

Contents

Pathology, causes, and treatment. VINQUISH or PINING ; Hogg’s ideas on this disease. NEcRmMIA; effects of lightning. SPECIFIC DISORDERS: general remarks. SHEEP-POx, VARIOLA OVINA; Sorms, symptoms, duration of phases of attack, constitutional symptoms, cutaneous lesions; immunity of the offspring. Abortive disease, irregular cases. Asthenic type, eye changes; discrete condition. Malignant type, confluent; Gamgee’s emphysematous form. Causes, cyclic character ; contagium, Chauveau’s researches, conveyance and diffusion of the virus. Post-mortem examination. Lesions, Klein on sheep-pox virus, Chauveau on the pathological anatomy of sheep-pox. Characters of the flesh. Prognosis ; fatality of outbreaks. Study of variola ovina in relation to other variolous affections. Simonds on the specific independence of sheep-pox. Vaccination for sheep-pox prophylaxis. Vaccine disease in sheep—Youatt on the differences between the eruptions of sheep-pox and smallpox. Treatment. Inoculation, clavelisation or ovination. Conditions on which its value depends. Routine inoculation. Selection of lymph and its preservatiun; methods of ovination. Characters of the inoculated disease. Reynault on rapidity of absorption of virus. General measures for prevention of the disease. VaniceLLa Ovrum or chicken-pow of sheep. ANTHRAX, BRAXY, Hemostasis, Inflammatory Fever, &c.; meaning of the terms Anthrax; Braxy, four forms of braxy. Hogg’s views. Meaning of other synonyms. Great-head (Hogg); AN- THRAX FEVER, “staggers” in lambs (Youatt) ; symptoms, immunity, causes, conveyance, and modes of access of the bacillus. The disease is communicated to mankind. “ Woolsorters’ disease 7] consumption of anthrax flesh ; “ mutton hams ;” annual loss from braxy; post-mortem examination. Splenic Apoplexy ; Gloss- Anthrax, Blain; Heternal Anthrax, Carbuncular Fever, Anthracoid Erysipelas. INTESTINAL ANTHRAX. Treatment of anthrax. Pasteur’s anthrax vaccination. Details of the operation. Chauveau on the effects of enormous amounts of bacilli intravenously injected into protected sheep—Klein’s results of vaccination— other methods of lessening activity of virus besides Pasteur’s ; Klein’s results. Toussaint’s method. Best practical means for prophylaxis against anthrax. EMPHYSEMA INFECTUOSUM, hematosepsis, black leg, &c., a “shot 0’ blood ”—differences between this disease and anthrax—Intravenous injection of blood as a prophylactic. RINDERPEST. Relations of the disease in sheep with that of cattle. Prognosis. Treatment. Use of the flesh as food. Foovr- AND-MovutH Disease, Hezema epizootica, Infectious Aphtha; relations with the disease of the ox. Symptoms—Youatt’s notices of the disorder, differential diagnosis from contagious foot-rot and ergotism. Dormancy of the virus, loss resulting from the disease. Rapies. Dogs as causing rabies in sheep. Precautions with the bitten. Pasteur on inoculation for rabies. Virulence of saliva

CONTENTS. X111

PAGE of rabid sheep. Period of incubation. Symptoms. Post-mortem examination. Fatality. Use of flesh as human food. Nonconveyance by milk. Sororuna, TUBERCULOSIS doubtful as a natural disorder in sheep; “pining,” “evil.”’ RHEUMATISM. Evidences as to its occurrence. Greswell’s outbreak. Relations with ‘scoliasis. Symptoms, treatment. MILK SIOKNEss or “ THE TREMBLES.” Haubner on “trembling disease” or “lumbar prurigo ’—Actinomycosis ?’—Gangrenous stomatitis—Strangles ? INFLUENZA: New South Wales outbreak in 1834-5; symptoms, autopsy, treatment. Spooner’s record of outbreaks; Darby’s, Clayworth’s. Youatt’s epizootic outbreaks of catarrh; Roche Lubin’s; Wiltshire on “ Heart water.” Seron’s; epizootic and enzootic pneumonia and pleurisy. Duncan Hutcheon’s researches. SEPTICEMIA, SEWAGE POISONING, disease as observed by Carless. Topical contagious disorders—ContTaaious Foot-RoT; debate as to whether it really occurs, how it is caused, means of communication and vehicles of contagion; W. C. Spooner’s remarks on transmission—prevention. Note concerning diseases of the blood mentioned elsewhere in this work . ; - 18—76

Chapter Iii—the Circulatory And Lymphatic Systems

General considerations concerning the Circulatory System. TRAUv- MATIC PERICARDITIS, by a needle, by spikes of Stipa; Fatty degeneration of the Heart. Derangements of arteries and veins.

The Lymphatic System. Simple lymphangitis—Strangles or Stranguillon ?—Tabes mesenterica ? 4 77—79

APPENDIX: the Ductless or Blood-vascular uate The Spleen. Hydatids. Tochenlin, of Baden, on INFLAMMATION OF THE SPLEEN. Extirpation of the Spleen. The Thyroid Bodies. GOITRE, Spooner’s record of the disease. Thymus, &c. 79, 80

Chapter Iv.—the Respiratory System

Anatomical and physiological details; the voice; the brisket bone; Gamgee on AUSCULTATION and on PERCUSSION ; the diaphragm. Succussion. Mensuration. Nasa“ CATARRH; apparently enzootic form; erroneous ideas concerning relations of this disorder to glanders of the horse. OzmNna, NAsaL GuEET. Cstriasis. Pentastoma txnioides—Cstrus ovis—Bracy Clark’s observations description of the parasite and its habits. Symptoms; behaviour of the flock when molested, of the sheep when struck; migrations and development of the larve. The adult bot. Effects of the

X1V

CONTENTS.

bot in the sinuses, Youatt’s views, Bracy Clark’s opinions; supposed “maggots in the brain;” records of French observers ; treatment—migration of the larve from the sinuses. The pupa stage—prevention. INFLAMMATION OF THE LARYNX—Tracheotomy. Inflammation of the respiratory organs in the chest. Pleurisy, hydrothorax, sporadic pleuropneumonia, pneumonia, bronchitis, phthisis pulmonalis, Youatt’s views. Simple pneumonia, “rot of the lights,’’ chronic pneumonia, hydatids in the lungs, SIMPLE BRONCHITIS. PARASITIC BRONCHITIS, HUSK, hoose, “‘snots*’—two forms of parasite present; ‘lamb disease ;” description of Strongylus filaria; its condition in the lungs and elsewhere; its development; Cobbold’s views; discussion as to mode of entry to the lungs; Ercolani’s, Koch’s, Grey’s, and Cobbold’s researches on vitality and life-history of the parasite; causes and conditions under which the disease occurs. Losses. Symptoms. Treatment. Thompson’s preventive measures; other prophylactic means; Stephen’s method of fumigating; intratracheal administration of remedies. Further prophylactic mea-

PAGE sures. Strongylus rufescens, its effects and diagnosis . . 81—103

Chapter V.—the Digestive System

Anatomical and physiological points. Teeth, accidents and injuries of; Dentition table; signs of age in the Sheep; names given to Sheep according to age, shearing, &c.; APHTHA, Thrush in the mouth, pustular fever, or contagious ecthyma. Aphtha simplex, stomatitis; Aphtha maligna: its relations with Chapped or Cracked Teats ; Contagium, honeydew, amcebe, oidium, Walley’s account of the disease; symptoms, treatment. The tongue: Actinomycosis; Ranula; benign epulis, salivary glands; parotiditis ; Choking, passing the probang, csophagotomy, fibrous tumour in the gullet; Loss of the cud, dropping the cud; Vomition, Indigestion ; HOVEN or TYMPANY OF THE RUMEN; symptoms, treatment; PLENALVIA; Hawes on the effects of eating standing wheat; Axe on disease due to mangold tops; Olver on the effects of eating maize; Ruminotomy or Paunching ; Alvitis rare; FARDEL BOUND, GRASS STaGaERs, “ Drying up,” impaction of the faik or manyplies; CALCULOUS AND OTHER CoONCRETIONS, earth-eating. Hair-balls in the rumen, Bezoars in the Abomasum, Abomasitis ; gastro-enteritis, Pantas or moor evil; Rupture of the Abomasum. IMPACTION OF THE ABO- MASUM. Parasites in the rumen. ‘The intestines, their length and proportions. COLIC, strangulation, hernia. ENTERITIS ; DIARRHGA, simple, “ white skit” and “‘ green skit;’’ Parkinson

CONTENTS, XV

PAGE on superstition as to cure of this disease; parasitic diarrhea, outbreaks due to Tenia expansa; Cox, Cross, Cobbold, Gamgee, Curtice on this subject ; outbreaks due to nematodes, Simonds’ views on Trichocephalus. Parasitic Gastric Catarrh or Gastrorrhea parasitica (Williams); DysEnTERY, bloody flux or “cling ;” “ pinding ”—ConsTIPpATION. Imperforate anus (Proctatresia), Hemorrhoids or Piles. Properties and characters of Sheep’s dung. Fibrous tumour in abdomen . : 104—133

APPENDIX I: THE APPENDAGES OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL.—Pancreas. The Liver. Jaundice, Acute and chronic liver degenerations; plethora from overfeeding; HEPATITIS ; echinococcus cysts in liver; FASOIOLIASIS, fluke disease, liver rot, or Cachexia aquosa verminosa. A “jack rot;” history of research into the nature of rot; Youatt’s views and those of Simonds and Cobbold. Pathology of rot, how the fluke produces its effects; supposed cases of fatal rot without flukes, ‘“water rot; determining causes, influence of pasture, season, overstocking, overgrazing; a very brief period essential for invasion; relations of the disease in sheep to it in other individuals and species, various supposed causes; the Fluke; concomitant presence of other parasitic forms. Post-mortem appearances, Friedberger’s researches ; “ fluke abscesses ”—Symptoms ; Bakewell’s method of finishing sheep for slaughter, question as to dishonesty of the process; Gerlach on the stages of rot; premonitory symptoms according to Simonds and Beattie; state of the mucous membranes and skin. Effects of the carcass on human beings. Life-history of the Fasciola ; Thomas’s researches ; mode of development of the parasites; development and diffusion of the ova; larve; the intermediary bearer, Limnezus; invasion of the liver; chances against development of any one egg into a fluke; Treatment. Necessity for State action, Zundel’s suggestions, regulation of and dealing with pastures, destruction of intermediary bearers. Summary of preventive measures. Curative treatment. Distoma lanceolatum. Oholocystic Caleuli 133—172

APPENDIX II: The Peritoneum—Cysticercus tenuicollis; PrErt- TONITIS, ASCITES : P : = 172,173

Chapter Vi.—the Urinary Apparatus

Chemistry of the urine and‘anatomy of the urinary system; Litt on the vermiform appendage. Simple diuresis. NEPHRITIS in lambs, by Roger Williams. Levie on WHIRQUIBUS, shell sickness, or oil poke. RENAL CALCULI, analyses; Litt, of Shrewsbury, on Urethral Calculi. Fraudulent amputation of the “ Worm” in

XVl CONTENTS.

PAGE breeding rams. CysTITIs or Water Braxy—Rupture of the Bladder; simple Atony of the Bladder ; pervious urachus, “ navelull,” umbilical phlebitis ; Heematuria or spurious ‘‘ Red Water ” 174—180

Chapter Vii.—the Skeleton And Muscular System

Summary of points in the anatomy of the skeleton. The skull; some observations on breeds as affecting shape of skull; Jornrt- ILL or JOINT EVIL; Williams’, Robertson’s, Youatt’s, Simonds’ (“ Scoliasis”), M‘Gillivray’s and Walley’s views; treatment, prognosis. RickEeTs, Robertson’s researches; Fragilitas et mollities ossium, Robertson on this disease. Osteoporosis. FRACTURES. Spooner on setting fractures. DIsLOOCATIONS. Wryneck. AMPUTATIONS: of the limbs, of the ears, of the tail (‘‘ Docking’’)—Methods of Fleming, Youatt, and Spooner. HORNS, AND THEIR INJURIES AND DISEASES; Anatomy of the horns; advantages of “ pollards.’ Many-horned sheep of Iceland and Cyprus. Malposition of horns—Fracture of horns. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. Spratns—Cystic larva of Tenia tenella ; cysticerci of T. mediocanellata in the goat (Zenker). Characters of healthy mutton : ; ; 181—196

CHAPTER VIIT.—THE GENERATIVE SYSTEM,

SECTION I: MALE GENITAL APPARATUS.—Anatomy. Physiology. Urethritis ; CastRATION. The “ Practical Farmer” on the usual method of operation on lambs ; Spooner on the firing or hottron method ; the covered operation; “drawing” and scraping methods. Castration of older sheep; tying or lashing, trapping, burning, cutting, d¢stournage, or the French method (Youatt), Paget’s method. Sterility : : . 197—203

SECTION II: FEMALE GENITAL APPARATUS.—Anatomy and

physiology. (Estrum, pregnancy; prolonged bearing in ewes

and multiparity ; “Clatting;” Instruments and appliances required by the lamber, his duties; False presentations. Mon-

STROSITIES. Hermaphroditism, dead lambs; “substitutes rgd

Embryotomy, Casarean operation. Exhaustion after lambing.

Scirrhous os uteri; Torsio cervicis uteri. PARTURIENT FEVER

—Seamen on the disorder. INFLAMMATION OF THE Wome,

METROPERITONITIS, False “red water ;” HYSTERITIS, Sibbold

and Dick on this disorder. Discussion at the Obstetrical

Society—Walley on MALIGNANT PARTURIENT FEVER. Axe’s

CONTENTS. XVll

PAGE report on this disease. Vaginitis. HEAVING PAINS, AFTER- PAINS, OR PARTURITION FEVER. Inflammation of the pudenda. Hematozymosis. Casualties at time of parturition; Uterine Milk. Mammitis or “ Garget’’—Nocard’s contagious form ; Rivolta’s septic mammitis. Teats, injuries and diseases; erythema chronicum; imperviousness. Characters of ewe’s milk. SPpaYIne or Ovarroromy—Youatt’s description of the operation andits uses. : : , ‘ 204.— 227

Chapter Ix.—the Nervous System

Anatomy and physiology; FRENzy or ENCEPHALITIS; EPILEPSY ; CEREBRAL APOPLEXY; HYDROCEPHALUS; STURDY, GID, TURN- SICK, HYDATIDOCEPHALUS, &c. Losses due to this disease ; symptoms; positions where the parasite chiefly occurs in their effects on the symptoms; pathology. Differential diagnosis of Gid, life-history of the parasite; Treatment: general; Hartenstein’s icebag method, empirical methods for destruction of the hydatid, Hogg’s operation of “wiring,” Youatt’s modification of this method ; Trephining, Youatt’s method ; importance of prevention. Fractures of the Cranium. LOUPING-ILL, TREMBLES, Map Staggers (Dick), THWARTER-ILL, &c.; Brown on the range of this disease. Confusion in diagnosis; Gamgee’s views on its pathology ; symptoms, post-mortem appearances, Goodsir’s observations. Pathology, views of Hamilton, Williams, Robertson, and Goodsir, Botanical examination of pastures where louping-ill prevails near Brotherston. Influence of Ticks in causation. Miscellaneous causes. Prophylaxis and curative treatment. SIMPLE PARALYSIS or Patsy; TreTanus; Chorea ' 228—255

Chapter X.—organs Of Special Sense

SECTION I: THE FOOT.—Anatomy. Interdigital Canal, Ercolani’s researches on its anatomy. INFLAMMATION OF THE Canat. “The Worm in the Sheep’s foot ’—Mudballing, sore cleft, worn feet, bruised or otherwise injured feet. FOov-RoT, Paronychia, &c.—History; Dick’s views, Williams’, Youatt’s, and Hogg’s opinions; Gohier’s experiments; Spooner’s views on contagiousness; differential diagnosis from Foot and Mouth Disease ; pathology ; Brown on the lesions of non-specific foot-rot. Dick on the same subject. “Scald;’”? symptoms; causes ; treatment. Randall on foot trimming and dressing. Various foot dressings recommended by different authors. Prophylaxis. The preventive foot-bath . ; 256—275 b

XVIl11 CONTENTS.

PAGE SECTION II: THE EYE.—Anatomy and physiology. OPHTHAL- MIA, “the blinds;” ‘“lark-spurred.” Simple ophthalmia; the larmier or “ tear-pit.” CATARACT—AMAUROSIS. Fracture of the margin of the orbit; bursting of the eyeball; cancerous disease of the eyeball; DERMATOID CONJUNCTIVITIS ; simple Staphyloma, adhesion of the eyelid to the front of the eyeball; InrT1s and

RETINITIS ; warts on eyelids : n 275—278 SECTION III: MISCELLANEOUS.—Rudimentary external ear;

ear-marking; Otitis. GUSTATION—SMELL : 278, 279 SECTION IV: THE SKIN.—Anatomy and Physiology—The Yolk. “Kemps ;” prickly fruits on wool; removal of the fleece, tearing, SHEARING, details of the operation ; notes on wool (Youatt) ; when to shear, ill effects of shearing. WASHING, various methods. Marking. ACUTE PRuRITUS; ERYSIPELAS, “ wild-fire ;’ EczEMA, Hering’s outbreak. Edgar’s views on this disease. HKoOTHYMA; Psoriasis; IMPETIGO LARVALIS v. Limmergrind. Gamgee on this disease. ERYTHEMA, chronicum, traumaticum, intertrigo. (EpEMA, “swelled head,” “great head’””—R1In@WoRM—SCAB v. Acariasis ovis; SARCOPTIC SCABIES, “black muzzle” (Youatt). SymBioric ScaBizs (Ziirn); DERMATODECTIC SCABIES or “ TRUE

SCAB,’ symptoms, causes of spread, “foot mange;” contagion; diagnosis; life-history of the Psoroptes v. Dermatodectes ovis ; the effects on the skin, Hertwig’s experiments on contagion, determination of duration of a particular case by state of skin, and state of Acari; changes of skin and development of parasites according to Walz. Gerlach’s estimate of rapidity of multiplication. Relations of the Acarus to those of other species, its vitality ; detection of Acari (Gerlach); post-mortem examination. Treatment. Measures to be taken under Government control; danger of half-hearted measures. DIPPING, description of the process on large and small scale. Properties of substances used for treating scab; enumeration of some of the principal methods recommended; precautions in connection with dipping. ‘‘ Spotting” or “pouring.” Methods in which dipping may prove poisonous or otherwise dangerous to health. SALVING or SMEAR- Inc. The method of smearing, different ointments used for the purpose. Skin parasites other than Acari, harvest bugs, TICKS, LICE; “‘bridling.” The fly, maggots, fly-dressings; Nestor mirabilis; Lucilia sericata ; Youatt’s remarks on the functions of the skin. ORDINARY WOUNDS AND SURFACE LESIONS OF THE BODY; bruises, sore head, lacerations of the ears and limbs 280—327

CONTENTS. xXx

Chapter Xi.—poisons And Poisoning

PAGE Introductory remarks. SUPPRESSED CUTANEOUS ACTION; Pathology of this condition according to Feinberg. Cutaneous Asphyxia from exposure to the sun. MERCURIAL POISONING. Hertwig on the effects of calomel; Corrosive sublimate. ARSENICAL POISON- ING. CARBOLIC ACID. Supposed poisoning by top-dressing wheat with soot. VEGETABLE POISONING: HeEtuzsors. Topacco. Poisoning by pastures. Linnzus’s analysis of pasture plants. Yew leaves; Ranunculus; Savin; Erica; Hyoscyamus ; Water-hemlock; Rhododendron; Digitalis; Conium ; Aconite; Rye-grass ; Nux vomica ; effects of mildewed and mouldy forage. ERGOT OF RYE, its influence and production of abortion; researches by Kluge, Stoddart, Walker, and Law, on the effects of ergot. Conferva poisoning in Australia. Effects of acorn mast ; kalmia, Morrell on the effects of this plant. Lupine poisoning; Shultz and Dammaun on the subject. ANIMAL POISONS: serpent-bite ; Scorpion-bite. Tsetse fly; Cantharides; Urine POISONING. Schiitt on the effects of flax poison; Martin on buckwheat; Runciman on the water-betony; Shand and Pappe on poisonous plants. MINERAl] POISON; sewage contamination of grazing land; effects of overdose of nitre; apparent non-action of tartar emetic on the sheep ; Herpath on the effects of smelting works on neighbouring pastures. ; , 328—345

Appendix

List of medicines for the sheep, showing their actious and doses 346—350

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. 1. Simple enema funnel (Arnold) 2. Simple enema syringe (Arnold) 3. Patent enema apparatus (Arnold) 4, Skin in sheep-pox (Gamgee) 5. Ditto, confluent stage (Gamgee) : : : 6. Vaccination ( Anthrax vaccination | 7. Withdrawal of lymph from tube (Pasteur’s) 8. <A vaccine tube ~ after the circular 9. Withdrawal of lymph | issued with the 10. The syringe vaccine

11. Thoracic viscera of a sheep (after Chauveau) :

12-18. Life history of Hstrus ovis, after Bracy Clark’s oriaial Avares 12, the attack ; 13, the grub; 14, the larva; 15 and 16, the fly ; 17, a wing magnified; 18, a common fly for contrast.

19. Lung worms in sputum (Harley and Brown)

20. Intra-tracheal injection syringe (Arnold)

21. Alimentary canal of sheep (diagram after W. C. saorery

22-26. Cuts illustrating replacement of incisors (Simonds)

27. The whipworm of ruminants (Cobbold)

28. Hydatids encysted in lungs and liver of sheep (Cobbold)

29-48. Life history of Fasciola hepatica (reproduced by special per-

mission of the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society) 29, the egg; 30, egg ready for hatching; 31, embryo; 32, embryo boring into snail; 33, young dividing sporocyst; 34, change of embryo into sporocyst; 35, young sporocyst 36, full-grown sporocyst ; 37, a young redia 38, full-grown redia ; 39, a free cercarian 40, encysting cercaria; 41, liver-fluke cysts on grass Brealey 42 and 43, limneeus 44 and 45, adult fluke, showing its Rnatonyt 46-48, hres young flukes . ; ; : :

49, Skeleton of the sheep Cen

50. Skull of a ram (Chauveau) .

51-53. Leg amputations: 51, oblique ayn ; 52, Stites ; 53, obitane

single flap (Fleming) k :

54-56. French castration glam pe (Pouch and Toneeeint}

PAGE

101 105 107 127 135

192 199

XX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE 57-60. Arnold’s castration instruments: 57, forceps; 58, abt a 59, firing iron; 60, knife : 200 61. <A process of Pecunnue rams (Peuch and fepretta : . 202 62. Uterus, oviducts, and ovaria of sheep (Owen) F ; . 204 63. Celosomian lamb (Youatt) . : ; : . . 208 64. Cyclopean ram (Hering) . . . 208 65. Genital organs of an hemes goat (Renckaet ; . 209 66. Twin gestation; pregnant uterus of a goat (Colin) : - 216 67. Arteries of base of brain of sheep (Chauveau) : . 2380

68-81. Details of anatomy, life history, &c., of Canwrus cerebratn from various sources: 68, embryo, and 69 and 70, hooks of two forms of tenia contrasted (Van Beneden) ; 71, hookless coenurus, and 72, cenurus heads (Leuckart) ; 73-76, phases of development (Van Beneden) ; 77-80, brains of sheep containing ccenurus in various situations (Cobbold); 81, sturdy instruments . : 235, 236 82-85. Ravages of foot-rot (Browne 82, Ay cae 83, early stage in an induced case ; 84, advanced stage ; 85, section to illustrate extension of crack ‘ . . 260 86. Fungoid horn from advanced foot-rot ( x 200) (Bem ; . 265 87. Foot changes resulting from eczema epizootica (Williams) . 265 88. Ear-marking pincers , : ‘ 21 278 89. Arrangement of glands and wool (Rreaienit ‘ , . 280 90. Section of skin of sheep (Gault) . ‘ : ; . 280 91. Oil glands from foot of sheep (Ercolani) . : : i 2a 92. Portion of stem of wool of sheep (Reissner) : : +" 281

(The last four illustrations from Gamgee’s ‘ Our Domestic Animals in Health and Disease.’)

93. Dermatodectes ovis (Gerlach) ; ; . 294 94 and 95. Ectozoa of sheep; the tick and are (Gamgee) . .. 296 96. Young 6-legged acarus (x 100) (Brown) . ‘ . 295 97. Mature male acarus ( x 100) (Brown) - ; . 296 98. Mature female acarus (x 100) (Brown) . : : . 297

99. Skin débris of a case of scab ( x 40) (Brown) : « 298

LIST OF OPERATIONS AND OTHER

PRACTICAL MANIPULATIONS.

PAGE Method of seizing, throwing, and detaining sheep . 4 To hold a sheep for examination 5 To catch sheep, and 4. to lift sia 6 To take the pulse 7 Administration of drinks and enemas 12 Bleeding, from angular, saphena, jugular, and eechalid veins 13—15 Ovination v. clavilisation : 41 Anthrax vaccination (Pasteurian) . : 54: Intra-venous blood-injection for black leg . 59 Operation for prophylaxis of lung plague 72 Auscultation and percussion 83 Horn trephining for “ grub in the fread a 89 Intra-tracheal method of treatment for hoose 101 To determine the age of the sheep by the teeth 107 Use of the probang . 115 Paracentesis abdominis in hoven 117 Ruminotomy or paunching . 119 Clatting or tagging . 130, 206 Operation for impervious anus 131 Tapping the belly é 173 Amputation of the appendix ver ii for mis penis 178 Setting of fractures 190 Amputations: of limbs; of ears ; of tail (apckine) 191—198 Operations on horns 194, 195 Castration—the usual method 198 Firing or hot iron method . 7 199 The covered operation, drawing, scraping . : : . 201 Methods resorted to for adult sheep— ae trapping, burning, cutting . : : : . 201 Bistournage . : 202 Castration by the écraseur . 203 Lambing 206 ** Substitution ” of inte 209 Operation for prolapsus uteri 212 Rolling method for torsio cervicis uteri . 218

XX1V TABLES, ETC.

NO. PAGE

36. Operation for impervious teats : 2 : . . 226 837. Ovariotomy or spaying : 227 38. Hogg’s wiring operation for sory and Yount mbilification of it 242 39. Trepbining for gid . : : : j . 244 40. Opening up the interungulate canal . ; ; . 258 41. Randall’s method of foot trimming : : ; ee f' 42. Foot-bath for sheep . ; : : : : . 274 43. Kar marking : : ; : : i . 279 44, Tearing : : : . . ; : - 283 45. Shearing . , : \ : : : . 283 46. Washing . ‘ : : : * ; *. 209 47. Detection of acari inscab . ; : : : . 307 48. Dipping : : é ; As ; . . 310 49. Spotting or pouring é : : : : . 318 50. Salving or smearing ; ; ‘ : . 3820 51. Dressing for the fly . : : : : j . 825 52. Dressing for sore head ; : ‘ . : . 3827

TABLES, &ec.

1. Chemical composition of blood of sheep and goat . : Names i 2. Measures necessary for repression of contagious disease in sheep . 438 8. Dentition table, after Kreuzer, Simonds, and Gurlt : 7 whe 4, Table of the names given to sheep according to age, sex, &e. ; 105 5. Composition of urinary calculi (Furstenburg) : -- ee 6. Specifications of “ dips’? used in Victoria and South Austr ai oa 7. Recipes for sheep dips by various authorities : ; | wake 8. Recipes for salves to be used in smearing . : : . $21 9. Recipes for “ fly oils” from various authorities . - 325 10. Mist of medicines used in sheep practice (after various Suthers ». 3846

DISEASES OF THE SHEEP.

Chapter I.—introduction

We must remind our readers that among the hoofed animals which chew the cud is one family known as the Ovide. This, zoologists tell us, comprises certain feral forms which inhabit mountains and are remarkable for hardihood, fleetness, agility, and sure-footedness. These, we are reasonably given to believe, are descended from ancestors common also to certain familiar domesticated forms known in most parts of the world as sheep and goats. We are further informed that the wild Ovide are remarkably clever in gaining a living from short highland and upland grasses together with the leaves and shoots of shrubs and thorny plants, that they are gregarious in consequence of the males being polygamous and jealously assertive of their rights to such a number of females as is suited to the requirements of each and as he is able to preserve from the advances of more formidable rivals. The flesh of these ruminants is found to be extremely palatable to mankind and to admit of improvement in quantity and quality under the influence of artificial selection; their hair has proved capable of development into copious fleeces of wool, remarkably adapted for manufacture into clothing of various kinds ; and it has been ascertained that the sheep is able to thrive under extremes of climate, as well, for example, on the high, dry plains of continental uplands as on the low-lying fields of Lincolnshire, Norfolk, and other seaboard localities. Happily much intelligent interest and zeal has been brought to bear on the improvement of the sheep in various directions, some workers in this line have aimed especially at mutton, most have endeavoured to obtain increased quantity or improved staple of wool, and all have recognised that with improvement must be associated certain points of make and shape essential for due nutrition of the body.

Hence have arisen the accepted views as to symmetry of sheep, and the practical instinct whereby the sheep farmer can tell at a glance the good or bad points of an animal offered to him for sale. The veterinarian is seldom fully competent to offer opinions either as to symmetry of sheep or staple of wool, the farmer naturally knows much more about such matters than his professional adviser can afford the time or has the opportunity for learning ; but the latter will be competent to point out how improved breeds lose in constitutional vigour and are specially liable to disease, also how wool may be preserved by checking debility and skin disease, and what methods of treatment are least liable to damage the wool while curing disease when unhappily it is present. It is remarkable how much variation has been brought about in the sheep by natural and artificial selection, and no species illustrates more forcibly how “plastic in the hand of man” the conformation and qualities of domesticated animals are. We need here merely contrast the small, hairy, neglected, semi-wild sheep with some of the more marked, fully domesticated breeds. The large-tailed sheep of Arabia and Persia, the sheep of the Caucasus with fatty accumulations on the buttocks, the short, deformed-legged sheep of America (‘Otter breed”), the richly fleeced Merino, the essentially pure-blooded Southdown, and the huge long-wooled Lincoln present us with a sufficiently ample series of illustrations of variation.

The Ovid are naturally among the smallest of ruminants, and, like the rest of their order, are adapted rather for sedentary life than for excitement. They are not, however, all unprovided with offensive and defensive weapons, for some have horns with hollow bony cores, and the skull is enormously strengthened at the roots of these horns, whereby they are rendered competent for their duty as butting organs. These appendages, being so much twisted that “like a ram’s horn” has become a common expression, are not adapted for either tossing or goring an enemy, but the special form of attack adopted by the ram, either against another ram or other animals, is butting. In India, and elsewhere, ram-fights are common; and it is extraordinary how the animals, after a long course, will meet with terrible force in accurate adjustment of forehead to forehead, reeling backward if the meeting has been even, but falling dead from broken neck if there has been the slightest maladjustment of front or the most trivial bend of the neck. The fury and obstinacy shown here is in remarkable contrast with the timidity of the sheep as most familiar in Huropean countries. This timidity is generally associated with stupidity, and it must be admitted that, although there are not wanting anecdotes to indicate elementary intelligence on the part of the sheep, both anatomical and physiological evidence is opposed to higher nervous functions being an attribute of ovines. The organs of locomotion, on the other hand, are well developed, the processes of the skeleton large, the limb bones clean and compact, the muscles well defined and of good tone in breeds which have to roam far for their living. The foot differs in some essential features from that of the ox, being more adapted for rough progress on dry and rocky uplands. The organs of special sense are well developed to enable the animal early to apprehend danger, thus the sight and hearing are keen and of wide range, but the frequency of poisoning from noxious matters in pastures gives rise to a suspicion that the senses of taste and smell are not so perfect.as in the horse and ox. ‘The digestive system is specially adapted to enable the animal to contend with hard conditions of life, and to put up with food containmg much woody fibre.

The digestive powers are considerable, and there is a great tendency to the storing of fat both internally and externally (especially the latter), as we see annually exemplified at Islington and other shows of fat cattle. The facts that a sheep will thrive where an ox would starve, and that folding sheep on ground proves an excellent method of manuring it are most valuable in practical farming. Lastly, we may refer to the generative system, on considering which in detail many interesting facts, anatomical, physiological, and pathological will be noted, as, for example, the peculiar shape of glans penis, the common occurrence of twin and triplet births, and the extreme prevalence of parturient fever.