Front matter
I n o ■• r
.4
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Chapter I. Page
THE PIONEERS OF POLAR DISCOVERY . . i
The Undiscovered Region 2
Approaches to the Unknown Area 3
The early Arctic Voyages 4
Voyage of Stephen Burrough 5
Pett and Jackman 7
Milton on Arctic Discovery 9
Chapter. II. William Barents 10
Petermann's Map of Barents' Voyage . . . .12
Third Voyage of Barents 13
Discovery of Spitzbergen 14
Barents off Novaya Zemlya 16
Barents' Winter Quarters 17
Death of Barents 21
Observations of Barents 22
Voyage of Carlsen 24
Contents
Chapter III. Page
HENRY HUDSON 32
Hudson off East Greenland 34
Hudson off Spitzbergen 35
Hudson's Tutches '36
Results of Hudson's Voyage 37
Hudson off Novaya Zemlya . . . . .38
Succour to Mrs. Hudson 39
Jonas Poole v 40
Robert Fotherby 41
Chapter IV. Dutch And English Whaling Voyages In
THE SPITZBERGEN SEAS .... 46
English Whaling Ventures 47
Captain Edge 48
Discovery of Wiche's Land 49
English Delineation of Spitzbergen . . . . 51 A Plea for the Old Names . . . . ■ . .52
Dutch Whaling Ventures 53
Dutch Whale Fishery 54
Dutch Discoveries 56
Voyage of Captain Giles (Gillis) 58
Dutch Delineation of Spitzbergen 59
The Chart of Van Keulen 60
Revival of Dutch Enterprise 61
Daines Barrington's Fables 62
Moxon's Ale-House Yarn 63
English Whaling ........ 64
Daines Barrington's Yarns 65
Reward for Reaching the Pole 66
C o?i ten is xi
PAGE
Line of the Winter Ice 67
Ice in the Spitzbergen Seas . . . . .69
Scoresby's Voyage 71
Sealing .74
Chapter V. The Spitzbergen Route 75
Russian Expedition under Tchitschakoff . . . .76
Expedition of Phipps 77
Expedition of Buchan 79
Clavering's Voyage . . . . . . . 82
Russian Surveying Voyage of Lutke 83
Parry's Attempt to reach the Pole 84
Chapter VI. The Spitzbergen Route 93
Currents in the Spitzbergen Seas 94
Swedish Expeditions ........ 97
First German Expedition ...... 99
Lamont and Birkbeck 10 1
Leigh Smith 102
The Norwegians . 104
Carlsen's Circumnavigation of Spitzbergen . . .105 Voyage of Tobiesen . .... 106
Re-discovery of Wiche's Land 107
Norwegian Fishing Fleet no
Voyage of Payer and Weyprecht . . . . .111 The Swedish Expedition of 1872-73 . . . . 113
Winter Voyages of Relief .119
Leigh Smith's Expedition of 1873 . . . . .121 Polar Basin Theories . . , , . .124 xii Contents
Chapter VII. Page
THE EAST COAST OF GREENLAND . . .128
Voyage of the Zeni 129
Mistakes of Nicolo Zeno the Younger . . . .130
Story told by the Zeni 131
The Gunnbjorns Skerries . . . . . . .132
The Greenland Monastery 133
The Discovery of America 135
Position of Icaria 136
Value of Mr. Major's Labours 138
Searches for the Lost Colony 1 39
Scoresby on the East Coast of Greenland . . .140
Graah's Expedition 141
Clavering and Sabine 142
Expedition of Messrs. Gibbs 144
The 'Erik' 146
The Second German Expedition 148
Views of Captain Koldewey 154
The East Coast Whalers 155
Chapter VIII. Baffin's Bay, And The Passage Of The
MIDDLE PACK 156
John Davis 157
William Baffin 158
Discovery of Baffin's Bay 159
Tardy Justice to Baffin 160
The Current in Baffin's Bay 16 r
The Middle Pack 163
Voyage of John Ross 164
Passages through Baffin's Bay 165
The ' North-about Passage' .166
Contents
Xlll page
Melville Bay 167
Dangers of Melville Bay . . . . . .170
Scenery of Melville Bay 171
The l North Water ' 173
Dundee Whalers 174
Discoveries by Whalers . . . . . .178
Captain A. H. Markham, R.N. 179
The Arctic Campaign of 1873 180
Chapter IX. Smith Sound
Sir Thomas Smith
Baffin and Ross
Inglefield ....
Dr. Hayes ....
Hall's Expedition .
Captain Hall
Staff of the ' Polaris '
Departure of the ' Polaris '
Maps of Smith Sound .
Voyage of the ' Polaris '
Death of Captain Hall .
Return of the ' Polaris '
Drift of the Boat of < Polaris '
Position of the ' Polaris ' .
Deductions from the Voyage of the
Importance of Arctic Exploration
Polaris
Chapter X. The Parry Islands 209
Jones' Sound 210
Discoveries of Richards and Osborn . . . .212
XIV
Contents
PAGE
Discoveries of Vesey Hamilton ...... 213
— Mecham 213
— McClintock . . . 214
— Sir Robert McClure 215
Collinson and Kellett 216
Osborn on the Pack Ice West of Banks' Land . . 217
CHAPTER XT.
RUSSIAN ARCTIC DISCOVERY
Early Russian Voyages .
Early Russian Explorers .
Discovery of Cape Chelyuskin Expedition of Behring Discovery of Behring's Strait Steller on Behring Island .
Discovery of the New Siberia Isles Hedenstrom and Anjou Journeys of Anjou ....
Sledge Journeys of Wrangell Wrangell Land ....
Polynia of the Russians
Exploration of the Yenisei, by Herr F. Schmidt Russian Arctic Explorers
246 248
Chapter XII. The Austrian Arctic Expedition , . 250
Norwegians off Novaya Zemlya 251
Staff of the 'TegethofT , . 254
Payer and Wilczek .... . 255
Contents xv
Chapter XIII. Page
THE BEST ROUTE FOR ARCTIC EXPLORATION 259
The Spitzbergen Route 260
The Smith Sound Route 262
Sledge Travelling 263
Results from Sledge Travelling 264
Navigation up Smith Sound ...... 265
Discoveries by Smith Sound 267
Evidence of Land far to the North 268
The Two Routes Compared 269
Work to be done in Spitzbergen Seas .... 270
A Government Arctic Expedition 271
Advantage to the Navy 272
Absence of undue risk in Arctic Exploration . . . 279
Opinions of Arctic Officers 281
Opinion of Lady Franklin . . . . . .282
Lady Franklin's Letter 283
Insignificant Cost of Arctic Expeditions .... 284
Chapter XIV. The Results Of Arctic Exploration . 288
Geographical Results 289
Hydrographical Results 290
Geodetic Results 291
Pendulum Observations 291
Aurora. Spectrum Analysis 293
Meteorological Results 294
Geological Results 296
Botanical Results 300
Zoological Results 306
Migrations of Birds . 309
Ethnological Results 311
Unknown Results 317
Concluding Remarks 318
a xvi Contents
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