Introduction
The original idea of the writer of the present history was to translate Cretineau-Joly's Histoire de la Compagnie de Jesus into English, no history of the Society existing in that language. On further consideration, however, it was resolved to take Cretineau-Joly's work only as a foundation from which materials might be drawn, and with the assistance of other modern works on the subject to condense the history of the Order into a popular form.
The object in view has been to write a POPULAR history — one that, without any pretensions to completeness or to deep learning or research, should present, as far as possible, a statement of leading events, narrated with sufficient brevity and simplicity to attract those who might hesitate before attempting the study of more important and learned volumes.
Besides Cretineau-Joly's history in six volumes (3d edition, 1859), °f which, as has been stated, ample use has been made throughout, other books by modern writers have been referred to. Thus for the foundation and general history of the Society, the Lives of St. Ignatius by Fathers Bartoli, Bouhours, and Ribadeneira ; the works of P. Prat upon Father Ribadeneira and vi Introduction.
Father Coton ; the Mcnologe de la Compagnie de fcsus^ Assistance de Portugal, by P. de Guilhermy ; the Etudes religieuses, pJiilosophiques, historiques et litter aires, par des PP. de la Compagnie de Jesus, &c, have frequently been used by the writer. The materials for the chapters relating to the English Province have been gathered almost entirely from Challoner's Missionary Priests r Simpson's Life of Father Campion, and the late valuable publications of the English Jesuits : The Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers, by Father Morris ; and the Records of the English Province of the Society of fesus, by H. Foley, SJ. For the Missions, use has been made of Marshall's Christian Missions; of the voluminous Lettres cdifiantes et curieuses (edition 1781), written by the Jesuit missionaries themselves ; of the Lives of Father Ricci, Father de Nobrega, and Venerable Joseph Anchieta, by Ste. Foy; and also of the works published within the last few years by the French Jesuits upon the modern missions of China and Madura. Lastly, as regards the suppression, it will be seen that P. de Ravignan and Father Weld are, with Cretineau-Joly, the authors most constantly referred to.
B. N.
Feast of St. Joseph, March 19, 1879. •
CHAPTER I. Don Igtiacio de Loyola
Birth of St. Ignatius His youth and military life .
He is wounded at Pampeluna His return to Loyola and his con
version ....
His pilgrimage to Montserrat Stay at Manresa .
Pilgrimage to the Holy Land He begins his studies .
AGE I 2 3
PAGE 12
Barcelona and Ines Pascual .
Persecutions at Alcala and Salamanca *3
His arrival in Paris . . • , *4 His mode of life at the university . 14 He begs alms in Flanders and England 15
His humility and charity . . 16
Chapter II
The First Companions of St. Jgnatiiis.
in different Italian
Companions of St. Ignatius in Paris Peter Favre .
Francis Xavier James Laynez Alphonsus Salmeron Simon Rodriguez .
Nicholas Bobadilla Their first consecration in the cha
pel of Montmartre St. Ignatius returns to Spain His stay at Loyola J ourney of his companions to Venice
where they meet him .
20 20 21
They preach
cities 2 4
St. Ignatius and Favre proceed to Rome 2 4
Vision at La Storta State of the Church Calumnies and justification in Rome The newly founded Society of Jesus
is approved by Paul III. .
St. Ignatius elected General .
Peter Ribadeneira enters the Society His character and early history .
viii
Contents.
Chapter III
Co7istitutioiis of the Society of Jesus and the Spiritual Exercises.
PAGE
The Constitutions of the Society are
Tertianship
PAGE approved by the Holy See .
A Jesuit's daily life
Method pursued by St. Ignatius
Government of the Society .
when drawing up the Constitu-
Rule of obedience .
General instructions
4*
Conditions requisite for entering the
The Spiritual Exercises .
Approved by the Pope .
The Society and ecclesiastical dig-
St. Ignatius prays for persecution .
Chapter IV
St. Ignatius, First General of the Society.
John III., King of Portugal, peti-
Peter Favre gains Peter Canisius to tions that Jesuit missionaries may the Society be sent to India ....
St. Francis Xavier leaves Rome for
Successful labours of Father Favre in Portugal and in Spain .
He sails for India .
His return to Rome and his death .
Francis Borgia and Peter Canisius .
Fathers Broue't and Salmeron sent
Foundation of several colleges as Legates to Ireland .
Journey of Peter Ribadeneira to
Instructions given to them by St.
His adventure at Viterbo
Foundation of the College of Coim-
His stay at Paris and at Louvain .
Return to Rome ....
Labours of Peter Favre in Germany
Hardships and perils on the way .
He is joined by Le Jay and Boba-
The Council of Trent .
dilla
Laynez and Salmeron appointed
The bishopric of Trieste refused by
Theologians of the Holy See
Advice given to them by St. Igna-
Bobadilla's imprudence reproved by
St. Ignatius ....
Influence of Laynez
Progress of the Society in Spain .
Attempts to introduce heresy into the Society
Chapter V
Death of St. Ignatius.
The Society attacked by Melchior Canus in Spain, and by the university in Paris . . . .66
The false accusations of the Sor-
bonne are refuted ' . . .67 Labours of Xavier in the East . 68
Contents.
ix
PAGE
He evangelizes Goa and the coast of India .....
Peace reestablished by St. Ignatius
His arrival in Japan . .
His treatment of his religious
Special tenderness for the sick
Return to Goa ....
His foundations in Rome
He sails for China ....
The Roman College
His death at Sancian
The German College
Veneration attached to his memory
Personal appearance of St. Ignatius
His love for St. Ignatius and for the
His practices of devotion
Society .
St. Ignatius and Ribadeneira.
Jesuit missionaries in Brazil and
Gratitude towards benefactors
Supernatural lights
Influence of Canisius in Germany .
His infirmities ....
Fault of Laynez ....
Last illness and death .
His humility and sorrow
Honours paid to his memory .
Rodriguez is removed from Coimbra
Chapter VI
Father James Lay mez, Second General of the Society, 1558-1565.
Election of Laynez
Father Possevinus ....
Endeavours of Paul IV. to modify
Labours of the Jesuits in Germany the Constitutions and Poland ....
Pius IV. maintains them in their
Blessed Peter Canisius . .
original form . .
Father Gaudan's embassy to Scot-
Execution of the Caraffas
Influence of St. Francis Borgia in
St. Charles Borromeo and Father
Ribera .....
IOI
Father Gonzalves appointed tutor
Attempt to prejudice Pius IV.
to King Sebastian of Portugal .
against the Society
The Society attacked in Spain and
Innocence of Ribera . . i
Justification of the Jesuits
Difficulties of the Jesuits in France
Murder of Father Venusti in Sicily
Animosity of the parliament and
Missions under Father Laynez university
Jesuit martyrs in India .
Father Laynez at the Conference
Father de Nobrega, the Apostle of ios
The Paris Parliament confirms the
Sufferings of Father Oviedo in royal decree in favour of the So-
Death of Laynez ....
Father Auger ....
Chapter VII
St. Francis Borgia, Third General of the Society, 1565-1572.
Illustrious birth of St. Francis He refuses the Roman purple . 109
Borgia 108 His election as General . . . 109
His entrance into the Society . 109 Statistics of the Order in 1565 . no
X
Contents.
PAGE
PAGE
St. Pius V. ascends the Pontifical
Accusations against F. Gonzalves .
no
They are proved to be false .
Public mark of affection for the
State of the Society in France
Society no
Opposition of the Parliament of
He proposes to modify the Constitutions in
Religious war in France
Abandons his project in
Arrival of St. Francis Borgia in
Devotion of the Jesuits during the plague . . . . •
The Society in the Low Countries .
Labours of Canisius in Germany .
The General's return to Rome
Foundation of colleges in Austria and Bavaria ....
**3
Honours paid to his memory .
Decree of the Duke of Bavaria in
Foundation of the Gesu favour of the Jesuits .
The Roman College under St.
Christian League organised by the
Francis Borgia ....
Foundation of Sant' Andrea .
St. Francis in Spain
"5
St. Stanislas Kostka
Heroism of the Spanish fathers
Arrival in Rome ....
during the plague
"5
Sanctity and death
Battle of Lepanto ....
Ignatius Azevedo and his com-
The Jesuits act as chaplains to the
Christian fleet ....
Their departure for Brazil
Father Gonzalves tutor to Don Se-
The ship attacked by Calvinist bastian of Portugal .
Reluctance of the Society to accept the post
Missionaries and martyrs of the
Character of Don Sebastian .
Society in America and India .
Chapter VIII
Father Everard Merairiaiz, Fourth General of the Society, i573-*58o.
Interest caused by the election of a new General ....
Affection of Gregory XIII. for the Society 133
He wishes to make Canisius a Cardinal
Is persuaded to abandon the idea . 134 Sufferings of the Jesuits in the Low
Countries 134
Michael Bai'us and his errors . . 134 Bellarmine defends the Catholic
doctrine
Father Toletus obtains the retractation of Ba'fus
Father Warsewicz and Father Pos-
sevinus in Sweden . . . 135 Conversion of the king . . . 136 His return to heresy . . . 136 Stephen Batory, King of Poland,
protects the Society . . . 136 Progress of the Jesuits in France '. 137 Peter Coton and the College of
Clermont 137
Father Maldonatus . . . 138 Accession of Henry III. . . 138 The Society in Spain . . . 139 Balthazar Alvarez, the confessor of
St. Teresa 139
Contents.
XF
PAGE
The Jesuits in Lombardy and St.
Charles Borromeo . . . 139 Imprudence of Father Mazarini . 140 False assertions of hostile writers . 140 Love of St. Charles for the Jesuits . 141 The so-called Reformation in England . . . . . .142
Mary restores the ancient faith . 142 Accession of Elizabeth . . . 143 The Anglican Establishment is substituted for the Catholic Church . 143 Condition of the English Catholics 143
English colleges founded abroad . 144
Dr. Allen 144
He requests that Jesuits may be
sent to England . . . 145 Hesitation of the General . . 145
His consent 145
Summary of the penal laws . . 146
PAGE
Parsons and Campion are selected . 148 Early history and character of Parsons . . ... . . 148
Edmund Campion .... 149
Brilliant career at Oxford . . 149 Entrance into the Society . . 149 Novitiate in Bohemia . . . 150
His character 150-
Departure for Rome . . . 151 Advice given to the missionaries by
Father Mercurian . . .152- They start for England . . . 15a Are welcomed by St. Charles Borromeo at Milan .... 153 Arrival at Rheims .... 153 Father Parsons lands in England . 154- George Gilbert .... 154.
Father Campion reaches Dover . 154.
Death of Father Mercurian . . 155.
Statistics of the Society . . . 155.
Chapter IX
Father Claudius Aquaviva, Fifth General of the Society, 1581-1615.
THE SOCIETY IN SPAIN, ITALY, AND GERMANY.
Important epoch in the history of
the Society 156
Claudius Aquaviva . . . 157 Father Darbyshire's vision . . 157 Election of Aquaviva . . .157 His character and personal appearance 158
Consecration of the Gesu . . 158 Sextus V. ascends the Papal throne 158 Division among the Spanish Jesuits 159 The affair referred to the Inquisition, and, later on, to Rome . 159 Intervention of Philip II. . . 160 Sextus V. attempts to modify the
Constitutions .... 161 Remonstrances of Aquaviva . . 161 His obedience .... 162 Death of the Pope .... 162 Gregory XIV. maintains the Constitutions untouched . . . 163
Toletus created a Cardinal . . 163 Father Possevinus sent on an embassy to Russia .... 164 His interview with the Czar . . 164 Stephen Bathory protects the Society 165 His intervention on behalf of an
English Jesuit .... 165 Aquaviva withdraws Possevinus
from his diplomatic missions . 166 Progress of the Society in Austria
and Poland .... 167 The Belgian Jesuits are accused of
regicide 167
Influence of Paolo Sarpi at Venice . 168 The Venetian Jesuits are given their choice between fidelity to the Pope or exile .... 169 Their banishment .... 169 The Molinists and Thomists . . 170 Decision of Paul V. 170 xii
Contents.
CHAPTER X. Father Claudius Aquaviva, Fifth General
THE SOCIETY OF JESUS AND THE LEAGUE.
PAGB
The Jesuits in France are inevitably
engaged in political affairs . . 171 Weakness and treachery of the king 171 Power of the Huguenots . . 171 Origin of the League . . . 172 Failure of the negotiations between
the League and the king . . 173 Civil war declared . . . .173 The League, supported by Sextus V. and by Philip II. of Spain, is joined by the clergy and religious
in France 173
Claude Mathieu and Henri Sam-
mier 173
Aquaviva objects to the fathers taking part in political transactions 174
His views opposed by Sextus V. . 174 Recall of Father Mathieu . . 175 His obedience and death . . 176 Father Auger, confessor to the king 176 The ' Journ^e des Barricades' . 177 Assembly of the ' Etats G^ndraux'
at Blois 177
Assassination of the Duke de Guise 177 Exasperation of his partisans . . 178 Father Maggio sent to France by
Aquaviva 178
He releases Father Auger from his
office at court .... 178 Siege of Paris by the combined
PAGE
forces of the Kings of France and Navarre . . . . . 178 Henry III. murdered by Jacques
Clement 178
Henry of Navarre continues the
siege 178
Violence of the Ligueurs . . 179 Father Odon Pigenat . . . 179 The Jesuits act as sentinels . .180 Processions organized by the Ligueurs 18 r
Negotiations with Spain . . . 182 Death of Cardinal de Bourbon, the
sovereign of the League . .182 The lawfulness of acknowledging Henry of Navarre is discussed in
Paris 182
The Society persecuted by the Huguenots 182
Mayenne assembles the ' Etats
Abjuration of the King of Navarre . 184 Father Possevinus convinces the
Pope of his good faith . .184 Continued resistance of the League 184 The King of Navarre enters Paris . 184 Inconsistency of the university . 185 Its members demand the expulsion
of the Jesuits .... 185 The case is tried before parliament 186 The case is adjourned . . . 187
CHAPTER XI. Father Claudius Aquaviva, Fifth General
THE SOCIETY OF JESUS AND HENRY IV. OF FRANCE.
Chatel's attempt to assassinate Henry IV. 189
The parliament and the university lay the responsibility of the crime upon the Jesuits . . . .189
Chatel declares that they are innocent . . ... . . 190
Father Gudret arrested and tortured 190 Trial and execution of Father Guignard ...... 190
Contents.
xiii
PAGE
Banishment of the Paris Jesuits . 192 Confiscation of their possessions . 192 Their pupils follow them . . 193 General sympathy felt towards them 193 Displeasure of Pope Clement VIII.
at the king's weakness , . 193 Cardinal Toletus mediates in favour
of Henry IV. , 194
Battle of Fontaine Francaise . . 195 Final submission of the Ligueurs . 195 The king petitioned to recall the
Jesuits 195
Intervention of Marie de' Medici . 195 The king restores the Society of
Jesus in France .... 195 Father Peter Coton . . . 196 Summoned to court . . .196
The Paris Parliament remonstrates with the king on the recall of the
Jesuits 197
Henry IV. makes his celebrated defence of the Society . . . 199 His friendship for Father Coton . 201 Father Coton 's life at court . . 203.
Foundation of new colleges . . 204
La Fleche 204
Assassination of Henry IV. . . 205 His heart interred at La Fleche . 205 Father Mariana and his book De
Rege 205
Controversy between thejesuits and
their adversaries .... 205 Death of Father Aquaviva . . 206 His character and influence . . 206'
CHAPTER XII. Saints and Scholars under Father Claudius Aquaviva
THE ' RATIO STUDIORUM' AND ITS RESULTS.
Learned and holy members of the
Society under Aquaviva . . 207 Father Nicholas Bobadilla . . 207 His interest in young scholastics . 208 Father Ribadeneira . . . 208 Returns to Spain .... 208 His humility and religious spirit . 209 Contributes to the beatification of St. Ignatius, whose picture is painted under his direction . 210
His death 210
His works 211
Blessed Peter Canisius founds the College of Fribourg . . . 212
His humility 212
Death of Canisius . . . .212 St. Aloysius Gonzaga . . .213 His birth and early youth . . 213 Enters the Society .... 213 His holy death . . . .214 Honours paid to his memory . .214 Cardinal Bellarmine, professor at
the Roman College . . . 214 His pupils 214
Father Francis Suarez . . .215.
Eminent Jesuits .... 215 Father Emmanuel Sk . . . 215 Father Christopher Clavius . . 216 He reforms the Calendar . . 216 Condemnation of Father Mariana's
book De Rege .... 217 Opinions of the Generals on the doctrines professed by Mariana . 217 Father Maldonatus . . . 218 Education of youth one of the chief
objects of the Society . . . 219 Rules of St. Ignatius . . . 220 His programme of studies . . 220 His interest in the young scholastics 22r The Ratio Studiorum is thoroughly
organized under Father Aquaviva 222 He completes the plan sketched out
by St. Ignatius .... 223 After sufficient trial, is adopted
throughout the Society . . 223 Excellence of this method . . 224 Importance attached to the classics,
and to the use of Latin . . 224 xiv
Contents.
PA&B
The superiority of the Ratio over the method of Port Royal proved
by facts 226
Latin grammar of Father Alvares . 227 Viva voce teaching, or ' prelection' 227 Duties of a Jesuit professor . . 227 Success of the Jesuits in education . 228 Testimonies on the subject . . 229 Great men trained by the Jesuits — Popes, generals, authors, &c. . 230 [
TAGE
Sodalities of our Lady . . . 230 Father Aquaviva collects materials for a complete History of the
Order 231
The, Annual Letters . . . 231 Fathers Orlandini, Sacchini, Dejouvancy, and Cordara, historians of the Society .... 233 Lettres idifiantes ct curicuscs . . 233
Chapter XIII
The English Mission of the Society under Father Claudius Aquaviva.
Thomas Pounde .... 234 His youth, conversion, and captivity 234 Labours of Parsons and Campion . 235 Their journeys and perils . . 235 Campion's book Decent Rationes . 236 Campion is arrested and conveyed
to the Tower .... 236 Solitary confinement and torture . 237 The queen and the martyr . .238 Public discussions .... 238 The Catholic prisoners accused of
high treason .... 239 Campion refutes the charge . . 239 His condemnation .... 239 Father Alexander Briant . . 240
Tortures 240
He is sentenced to die with Father
Campion 240
They are taken from Newgate to
Tyburn 241
Last words and death . . . 241 Conversions produced by this execution 242
Brother Ralph Emerson . . . 242 Imprisonment, sufferings, and death 242 Execution of Father Cottam . . 243 Death of Thomas Pounde . . 243 George Gilbert .... 243 Sent to Rome .... 243 Received into the Society of Jesus
on his deathbed .... 244 New law against missionaries . 244
Father Weston .... 244 His meeting with Fathers Garnett
and Southwell .... 245 Father Weston's imprisonment . 245 Wisbeach Castle a place of pilgrimage 245
Solitary confinement in the Tower . 246 Father Weston restored to liberty . 246 Execution of Father Cornelius . 247 Condition of the English Catholics . 247 Arrest of Father Southwell . . 247 Tortures and death . . . 247 The five Walpoles .... 248 Henry Walpole the martyr . . 248 Father Filcock executed with Father Barkworth, a Benedictine, and Mrs. Anne Line .... 248 Father John Gerard . . . 248 Tortured in the Tower . . . 249
His escape 249
Death of Elizabeth . . . 249 James I. promises Catholics liberty
of conscience .... 249 New laws against the Catholics . 249 Catesby and his associates . . 250 Catesby plans the Gunpowder Plot 250 Father Garnett's suspicions aroused 250 He uses his influence to quiet the
Catholics 250
Writes to Rome for the purpose . 250 Catesby lays open the design in
Contents.
xv
PAGE
The case is communicated in confession to Father Garnett . .251 He endeavours to avert the conspiracy 251
Catesby gains other associates . 251 Sir Everard Digby . . .252 Organisation of the plot . . 252 It is discovered .... 252 Fate of the conspirators . . . 252 They affirm that the priests were in
no way connected with the plot . 252 The government resolved to implicate the Jesuits .... 253 Bates accuses Fathers Garnett, Gerard, and Tesimond . . . 253 Escape of the two latter . . 253 Arrest and imprisonment of Father
Garnett 253
Stratagem made use of to surprise
his confession .... 254 Examined and tortured . . . 254 The conspirators brought to trial . 254 They completely clear the Jesuits from any share in the plot . . 254
PAGE
Confess their own treason and express their sorrow . . . 255 Their execution .... 255 Father Garnett brought to trial . 255 Able and convincing defence . 255 He is condemned to death . . 255 His execution .... 256 Martyrdom of Father Oldcorne . 256 Brother Nicholas Owen dies under
torture . . . . . 256 His skill in making hiding-places
for priests 256
English colleges abroad . . 257 English novitiates at Watten and
Louvain 257
Dona Luisa de Carvajal . . 257 Labours of Father Parsons . . 258 His influence abroad . . . 253 Execution of Father Thomas Garnett 258 Sympathy felt in the Society for the
English mission .... 259 St. Ignatius and Ribadeneira . 259 Bellarmine defends the memory of Garnett ..... 259
CHAPTER XIV. Missions of (he Society under FatJw Claudius Aquaviva
Jesuit missionaries in Japan . . 260 Government of the Japanese empire 260 The first Christian church built at
Meaco 260
Baptism of the King of Bungo . 261 Arrival of Father Valignani . . 261 He assembles the missionaries in a
Provincial Council . . . 261 Important decisions . . . 262 Embassy from the Japanese sovereigns to the Holy See . . 262 Their stay in Europe . . . 263 Affection shown to them by the Pope 263 Golden age of the Japanese mission 264 The emperor's favourable dispositions change . . . . 264 Father Valignani returns to Japan. 264 He temporarily averts the persecution 26^
The Jesuits request that missionaries of other orders may be sent to share their labours . . . 265 Their demand is rejected by the
Pope 266
He excludes other religious from
Japan 266
Arrival of the Franciscans . . 266 The persecution breaks out . . 266 Twenty-six martyrs executed at Nagazaki, among them three Jesuits, natives of Japan . . 266 Their glorious death . . . 267 Death of the Emperor Taicosama. 268 Numerous conversions . . . 268 Death of Father Valignani . . 269 Imprudent boast of an English captain 270
A fresh persecution . . . 270
XVI
Contents.
PAGE
Child-martyrs .... 270 The Japanese Christians eager for
death 270
Jesuit apostles and martyrs in India 271 Jesuit mission in the Lebanon . 272 Prosperity of the mission of Ethiopia 273 Father Barreira in Western Africa . 273 Father Zgoda in Tartary . . 273 Missions in Mexico and Peru . 273 The blind neophytes at Cuzco . 273 Father Valdivia in Chili . . 274 The Jesuits oppose slavery, and defend the natives against the cruelty of the Spaniards .... 274 The Venerable Joseph Anchieta in Brazil 274
PAGK
Two classes of missionaries in Brazil 275 An chieta's Christian Reductions . 275 His apostolic journeys and hardships ...... 276
Miracles 276
His death 277
Honours paid to his memory . . 277 Origin of the Reductions of Paraguay 277
Original condition of the Indians . 278 Father Paez and Father Torrez . 278 The Jesuits gradually gain an influence 278
Philip IV. gives them full liberty . 279 The first Reductions are founded . 279
CHAPTER XV. Missions of the Society under Father Claudius Aquaviva
THE FIRST JESUITS IN CHINA.
Desire of St. Francis Xavier to
preach the faith in China . . 280 Obstacles opposed to the entrance
of strangers into China . . 281 Its inhabitants and their characteristics 281
Confucius and his philosophy . 281 The mandarins . . . .281 Mode of government in China . 281
Language 282
First missionaries in China in the
eighth century .... 282 The Portuguese merchants obtain
leave to settle at Macao . . 282 Father Nunez Barelto reaches Canton 283
His enterprise fails . . . 283 The Jesuits establish a Christian
colony at Macao . . . 283 Father Valignani orders Father Ruggieri to learn the Chinese
language 284
Ruggieri succeeds in reaching Canton 284
His popularity among the mandarins 284
Father Ricci 285
Ruggieri and Ricci settle at Tchao-
Khing 285
They compile a catechism in Chinese 286 Numerous conversions . . . 286
Father Ruggieri accompanies a mandarin on a journey to the interior of the empire . . . 287 Charity of the fathers during an inundation 287
Father Valignani sends Father Ruggieri on an embassy to Rome . 288 Father Ricci is obliged, through persecution, to abandon Tchao-
Khing 288
He settles at Tchao-tcheou . . 289
Conversions 289
Death of Ricci's companions . . 289 Father Cattanei takes their place . 290 A mandarin proposes to take Father
Ricci to Pekin .... 290 Ricci is abandoned at Nankin . 290
Contents.
xvii
PAGE
He settles at Nan-tchang . . 291 His reputation for learning . . 291 Builds a chapel and founds a residence . . ... . 291
Points out the errors in the Chinese
calendar 291
Starts for Pekin with a mandarin . 292 He fails to obtain an interview with
the emperor .... 292 Is forced to return to Nankin . 292 He composes a Chinese and Latin
dictionary 293
Opens a scientific academy . . 293 He starts again for Pekin . . 293 He is arrested and imprisoned by
the mandarin Matan . . . 293 The Emperor Van-Lie wishes to see
the strangers .... 294 Ricci appears at court . . . 294 Ricci declines the emperor's gifts . 295 He asks leave to preach . . 295 Fresh difficulties .... 295 The emperor's favourable dispositions 295
PAGE
Ricci firmly established in Pekin . 295 Opens a chapel .... 295 Numerous conversions . . . 295 Courage of the neophytes . . 295 Conversion of the mandarin Li . 296 Ricci appointed Superior-General
of the mission .... 296 Popularity and influence of the
fathers 296
A novitiate founded at Pekin . 297 Ricci's labours .... 298 His illness and death . . , 298 He is. the first stranger to obtain in
China the honours of a public
funeral ..... 298 Opinions of different writers on
Father Ricci .... 298 Brother Benedict Goes . . . 300 Spends several years at the court
of the Great Mogul . . . 300 He discovers the route from India
to China, through Tartary . . 300 Dies on reaching China . . . 300
Chapter XVI
Father Mutius Vitelleschi, Sixth General of the Society, 1615-1645.
Election of Father Vitelleschi . 301 Condemnation of the Monita Se-
creta 302
Canonization of St. Ignatius and
St. Francis Xavier . . . 302 The first centenary of the Society of Jesus is celebrated throughout
the Order 302
Imago Primi Sceculi . . . 303 Prosperity of the Society in Spain . 303 Speculations of a lay-brother at
Seville 303
The Jesuits in Italy . . . 304 Political changes in Portugal . 304 The Provincial enjoins strict neutrality on the Jesuits . . . 305 VOL. I.
John of Braganza ascends the throne 305 Employs the Jesuits as his ambas- •
sadors 305
Father Martins at Lisbon . . 305 The Jesuits at Malta . . . 306 They are exiled and subsequently
recalled ..... 306 The affair misrepresented by hostile
writers 306
The Thirty Years' War in Germany 307 Four distinct periods . . . 307 Events of the Palatine or first period 307 Ferdinand II. . . . . 307 Maximilian of Bavaria, like Ferdinand, a pupil of the Jesuits . 308 John Count of Tilly . . .308 A xviii
Contents.
PAGE
Defeat of the Palatine . . . 309 The Jesuits return to Bohemia with
Duke Maximilian . . . 309 Several fathers assassinated by the
Protestants 309
Death of Father Becan, confessor
of the Emperor Ferdinand . . 309 Ferdinand's stanch attachment to
the faith 309
Second period of the war . . 310 Foundation of new Jesuit colleges . 310 Ferdinand obliges his Lutheran
subjects to restore the Church
Third period 311
Victorious career of Gustavus Adol-
phus 311
Jesuit martyrs at Leipzig . .311 Death of Tilly . . . .311 He is falsely charged with having
destroyed Magdeburg by fire .312 Gustavus Adolphus slain at Liitzen 312 The Swedes defeated at Nordlingen 312
Charity and devotion of the Jesuits . 312 Fourth period of the war . .313 France helps the Protestants . . 313 Policy of Richelieu . . .313 Death of Ferdinand II. . .313 Increasing success of the Protestants and their alies . . .313 Treaty of Westphalia . . .313 The Jesuits at Prague . . . 314
The opening of the book is shown; the full text loads in the reader.
Loading the full text…
The end
You’ve reached the end of The Jesuits : their foundation and history.