The Tai race, elder brother of the Chinese : results of experience, exploration and research of William Clifton Dodd 1923

Front matter

oy t Fd ‘ i a M i i i { sesame of ema ar he 9 ‘ fe bp icedhty ie ace ataneth aaageeataines amare int an beara aya am Saran sapionnd bi ak) eam Ye Sree mie wit Pee fae 2 pal abla ahah Poe WAS A putea Lee See dus RA aN NOL MALONE 9 ROOF Ae OM AON SP Pe by

| LLIAM CLIFTON DODD il

2 eemenmeeoteererin

Foreword

People think of Foreign Missions by countries. As there are Tai Missions there must be a country called ‘‘Tai.’’ When students and supporters of missions fail to find ‘‘Tai’’ on the political map of the world, like the child with the star they ‘wonder what you are.’’

‘*Tai’’ is not the name of any political division or country of the world. It is the name of a race. In their early history they were called Lao. This name is now properly used only for the people of the Laos State in French Indo-China, though until recently the North Siam Mission was called The Lao Mission and the people of North Siam were called Lao. It is pronounced as ‘‘low’’ in the word ‘‘allow.’’ To be strictly accurate it should have the broad pronunciation of certain sections of English speakers, who would then ‘‘allaow that naow yew know haow.’’ As shown in Chapter I, Lao or Ai-Lao (I ’low) is the race-name of a people older than the Hebrews. Before Abraham was they were. The name was changed to Tai at the time of the Burman Conquest. The race’s home is four countries, in parts of China, Tongking, Burma and all of Siam, none of them called ‘‘Lao’’ excepting the Laos State in Indo-China. The people is one race, now called the Tai.

Like the Tibetans, with the exception of the Siamese, the Tai are an inland people. Hence, although mission work has been in operation among them for over half a century their bibliography is very brief. ‘‘The Laos of North Siam,’’ by Mrs. L.W.Curtis, Presbyterian Board of Publication, gives a very interesting and accurate general view of only one branch of the Tai People, the Yuan of North Siam, their customs, their home, religion, superstitions, and mission work among them.

Vv a | FOREWORD

‘‘Laos Folk Lore’’ by the late Miss Katherine Neville Fleeson, same publishers, gives what its title promises, in a bright, fascinating style. An autobiography, of the late Rev. Daniel Me- Gilvary D.D., LL.D., (Revell & Co.), gives much valuable hitherto unpublished history of the North Siam or Lao Mission, especially in its early days. The latest book of general information concerning the Mission, its field and work, is entitled ‘““An Oriental Land of the Free,’’ by Rev. J. H. Freeman, (Pres. Board of Pub.). Its viewpoint is almost wholly that of the North Siam Mission’s present organized work in Siam, although it gives an occasional glance beyond. The books on Bangkok and the Siamese are more numerous, from ‘‘The Kingdom and People of Siam,’’ written by Sir John Bowring in 1855, to the more modern works of the present day.

This present treatise is, however, the pioneer in treatment of a large part of the Tai field and people, viz., those outside of Siam, and of the Tai Race as a whole. Chapter I blazes the way for later comers in looking up the Tai people historically. The closing chapter attempts to summarize our up-to-date knowledge of the whole race and territory. The other chapters are for the most part frankly and unambitiously narrative. No attempt has been made to heighten the literary effect by changes of names, or the introduction of any fictitious matter. The characters are all real, down to the pack animals and the dog. And while the merely diary style has been avoided, the story is that of actual journeys of missionary exploration.

Many friends have urged the writing of this book. They share with the writer the hope that, with the blessing of God, its publication will open up to the Home Church the Vision of the magnitude of the task, the urgency of the call and the greatness of the opportunity to enlighten and Christianize the Tai Race.

Introduction

The purpose of many introductions is to increase the sale of the book being published. The author gets some one who is more widely known than himself to perform this task. Not so with this book. The author’s reputation in certain religious circles is world wide. That of the one writing the introduction is very limited. His introduction is not designed to help the sale of the book, but to tell why the book was written and why it is now published.

Perhaps the undersigned is in a large degree responsible. Being intimately acquainted with Dr. Dodd for many years he knew he held the pen of a ready writer. He also knew of his extensive knowledge of a numerous and interesting people living in a land little known to the American public. Certainly, what he wrote would be worth while and would be greatly appreciated in certain quarters. He therefore urged Dr. Dodd again and again to perform this service. Especially did he urge him to write an extended account of the remarkable tour of investigation taken in the year 1913 —a journey of some two thousand miles. It was supposed to have been made by pony but was actually made in large part on foot. Dr. Howell S. Vincent writes of it: ‘“‘A task which for moral stamina and fortitude, as well as for physical courage and prowess and its pure altruistic aim, is comparable with the great task of any great man of any age.’’ It began at Chiengrai, North Siam, and extended to Canton, China, passing through the provinces of Yiinnan and Kwangsi, and thence down the West River to the sea.

Dr. Dodd hesitated to comply with the suggestion for several reasons. He disliked to thrust himself into the lime light as a hero. Then he was too much engrossed with his work as a Gospel herald to take the needed time. But a more potent reason can be found in the mold of the man. He wanted to do a bigger thing than to relate what was but an incident in his busy life. He wanted some day to write a book on The Tai Race, comparable with their greatness, numerically and racially. _ He wanted so to visualize them to the Christian Church that it might be induced to set itself to the glorious task of their

Vil vill INTRODUCTION evangelization. He had no thought of self glorification but a burning desire that the Tai might be saved.

Toward the close of his days he began to think of this bigger undertaking. He began to select the material and put it in writing. _But the night, that comes to all, overtook him before this work was done.

With the word of his passing I learned what had been in his mind. I urged Mrs. Dodd to put the material in MSS form and I promised that I would see it through the press, and would do what I could to secure funds for its publication. She responded with gladness and did her work in a most admirable way in circumstances most heroic. This would make a very interesting chapter if it could be told.

This is how The Tai Race — Lhe Elder Brother of the Chinese came to be. It would have been published much sooner save for the financial difficulties encountered.

My part in this undertaking has been one of great joy, because of the high esteem in which I have held Will Dodd since we met on the campus of Parsons College, Fairfield, lowa, in the autumn of 1879. No man during all the intervening years has so touched and molded my life, save the Man of Galilee.

Having thus told how the book came to be I beg the reader to consider my limitations for carrying out this project. To have been able to have done this perfectly one should have had knowledge equal to or greater than the author. What then could be expected of one who when he began knew not a word of Siamese, Chinese, or Tai?

While the imperfections in it may mar it somewhat for the knowing ones, I trust that it will not in any large degree lessen the worth of the book for all those who are interested in the speedy evangelization of The Tai Race. Dr. Dodd, notwithstanding the work of many others, will go down in the history of Missions as The Apostle to The Tai.

J. F. HINKHOUSE LENOX COLLEGE Hopkinton, Iowa, U. S. A.

Wik

VIL.

VIII.

Contents

OS FE aR Te eRe ae Sk GO Go ee ee ee ae ANe

(STRESS 62 ane, AN ge are ae en XXil

Chapter I. The Annals of an Ancient Race. 1 PART I THE ILLITERATE TAI

THE Back Door.

Chapter II. The Tai of Szechuan and Kwei- CHO WF nian Seco ae 23 Chapter ITI. The Yangtze Tai of Yiinnan.... 31

From BurRMA TO CANTON.

Chapter IV. The Vision, the Call and the Re- BDONGG so Wek ch ae ae rue 49 Chapter V. Itinerating Among the Buddhist BAO e oss cSt Mont a ant act oe ss annie 61 Chapter VI. The Illiterate Tai of Yiinnan... 80 Chapter VII. From Yunnan to the Sea...... 97 Chapter VIII. Across Yiinnan in 1918........ 117 In Inpo-CHINA AND KWANGSI.

Chapter IX. (Pomokinir: Pale soe oct Canin on 128 Chapter X. Chino-Tai Commision.......... 142 Chapter XI. The Gap. mcthe Map 6-855, 161 PART II |

THe Lirerate Tar UNDER Four Fags.

In China

Chapter XIT. Phas Rai Nia ee parca au mers 170 Chapter XIII. Tai Lii of Sipsawng Panna..... 181 rb x CONTENTS

In British Burma

Chapter’ XIV..° ‘The Kim -..,5 245. ee 200

Chapter XV. The Western Shan............ 218

| In French Indo-China

Chapter XV lise Fhe: (Lae 04). ices see 230 In Siam

Chapter XVII. The Yiin of North Siam........ 250

Chapter XVIII. The Siamese ........ 20a 275

IX. SOcIOLOGY AND RELIGION.

Chapter XIX. Customs and Characteristics... .302 Chapter XX. Religious Beliefs and Practices.315

X. CONCLUSION.

Chapter XXT: A Summary>... 3... ee ee 337

ILLUSTRATIONS

WitulAm Cuirton Dopp, D.D. ......... Se CN AIRE OR ss8 EAS Frontispiece J. F. Hinxuouse, D.D., W. G. McCuurs, D.D.,

feo ODD. Don facing 48 ME hh eed hes wh hah sab ciple w 884 oe facing 64 Dr. AND Mrs. CLaupE Mason EN Route TO

NG oo Fie hale ahead < 2m ge Sleiotess' Sivel wala facing 80 Pee AY INT IKENTUNG) 0) oc. fs be ee a oye ols facng 80 Hospital AT CHIENG RuNG STATION............... facing 112 A GROUP OF MOUNTAIN KAWS............00. 00008 facing 112 os ce cela gc, 20d hy REE VA Sw facing 144 EF i fd Staelin cu vise aiuto a facing 176 MissiONARIES CROSSING RIVER ON RAFT............ facing 192 DU OMAN Os pogo noe Ue belted Meee eed He Ges facing 192 ee atin et Pee) Kade was facing 224 1 AnD Mrs. Dopp AND DAUGHTER ........./....: facing 256 aoe CONFUCIAN TEMPLE.........0.00e000005 facing 272 THEOLOGICAL STUDENTS LEAVING FOR MISSIONARY

Xl ar oe

-, Be ea id

*

KEY TO THE ROMANIZATION OF LAO WORDS IN THIS WORK

First of all a disclaimer. This key is not intended to apply to English, Burmese, Chinese or other ‘‘foreign’’ words: only to Lao words.

And then a second disclaimer. This key would not be a complete one for the use of an English-speaking student of the Lao language. In general no attempt has been made to indicate Lao tones, fine vowel distinctions, and aspirations of consonants. But in the Romanization of Lao names in Burma the English system of Romanizing colonial names has been followed, and in Romanizing Lao names in China I have followed the eustom most generally in vogue among foreigners there, thus: hpaya (in Burma), and 7'’o (in China) indicate aspirate p and t respectively ; while Kuang is pronounced as if spelled quang. With these exceptions the aim is to use a separate character for each Lao sound, and to use it consistently.

The consonants retain their ordinary English sounds.

As a general rule the vowels have the continental rather than the English sounds:

Unmarked vowels are short, and when final are pronounced explosively. as in far. aasin about. ai as iin pine. same sound shortened in pronounciation. au as ow in low. aw as aw in lawn. as in they. é asin net. é as in there, but without the accompanying sound of r.

(sometimes ie when final) as in pique. i as in pit. as in mote. 6 as in world, but without the aeeRADY NE sound of r. 6 aso in coat. oi as in oil. ti as 00 in moon. u as 00 in foot. ti often heard in the exclamation ‘‘ugh’’ when pronounced with the teeth close-set. — Prof. C. B. Bradley.

Ol g9c Oo

Or et aw as 4 in fall. ao aS Ow 1n now. ai as 1 in high.

xiii

XIV COMPARATIVE TAI VOCABULARY

Laos or Ytin Western Tai Niia of : , : English Siamese including Shan or NgioMuang Baw : oe of Es Lai

Kiinand Li of Burma Yunnan Na i amie Eye Ta Ta TA TA Ta Ta Ear Hu Hu Hu Hi Hi Ku Nose Ch’mik Dang Ku nang Dang Dang Hu lang Mouth Pak Pak, sop Sop Pak Sop Sip Beard Niat kang IN Tabet? a st ie . Niiatost yin eG eae Niat Teeth Fan Kio Kio Kio Kéo Kio Chin Kang Kang Kang Kang Kang Kang Tongue Lin Lin Lin Lin LV it Meare er in ees Throat Na kaw RaW “2M ORS ee ee Ko Kaw Kaw Shoulder Ba Baa Sere ia tioksk, HN EDN Ba Ba Wa Elbow Taye ise wiles yo PORWR abl ad a. tel eds Sawk lén Son sau Sawk Thigh Ton ka Ka Ka, Ka long Ka Ka long Knee Hoa kau TLODGRAU, ooh So wes Ho kau Ho kau Ho kau Back Lang Lang BraNe deslate Tene Lang Ss’ lang Sigsereneteleie Abdomen Tawng Tawng Twang Tawng Tawng Pim, tawng Face Na Ngee cL. pas ta gees Na Wa (208 GR cee Forehead Na pak DADA SS: Satie asec ce Napak Nadén Na pak Head Sisa, hoa Hoa Ho Ho Pawm hu Ho Hair Pom Pom Kon ho Pom Pom Pim Hand Mii Mi Mii Mii Mi Mi Foot Tau, bat Tin * Tin Tin kah Tin Tin Shoe Rawng tau Kip,kép Sawktin Kép Hai. ...{ d6geeaee. <. Hat _ Mouk MOU et vita. cle ivaal x Kip,mouk,. MoO |... gsehee.=: Turban Pa pokhéa Kianhoa ........ Pa ho Kan | * 4 Sea eons Coat Stia Sti - Stila Siia Sua Ve or ae Trousers Kang keng Tio Kon Tio Sting: “eee er Buffalo Kwai Kwai Kwai Kai Kwai Kai Horse Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma M14 Dog Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Cat Meo Meo Meo Meo Meo. eae Cow Woa, ko Woes neon ye eres We Ngoa Wo Geese Han HAN? oo ca ae Han (se ae ee eee Chicken Luk kai Kai Kai Kai Kai Kai Egg Hawngkar\ (Wakes Co iis vette. wan Kai Kai, 9 ss ceenies Cameras Bird Nok Nok Nok Nok NOE, «.. eae ee Fish Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa. Ci eee Tiger Sua lai Sina LPN ere eae Siia Sita 0 ee on Mule Sat 14 L’wa Law Lé o Sho [aa La Pig Mi VER SPE A yes tees ce tee) ea Mi Mi oi AS eee Duck Pét Pét Pét Pét Pét Pit Beans GhOG tan co . pMAK LOR ets sins we ae Mak to MO tt |. oy Gee ae Salt Klua Kua Kiia Kii Kia. oo 2 eae Sand Sai rats AARP RR ToS a tM t Sai Bak 5 eee Iron Lék Lék Lék Lé elke: Go VOR ae Stone Hin Hin Mak hin Mak hin Hin: it? 4. SSCS ae Knife Mit ETE DE ms a eae Mit, pa MAGN | se? rae ero Door Prati ether Voy aerial P’ti Pot Sa ee

COMPARATIVE TAI VOCABULARY

Tai Nam or Tai To of Tai Yoiof Kon Yaiof To-jenof Water Tai Tonoki Kwangnan Kwangnan Nanningfu of Yinnan ~°°8*'78 — Yiinnan Yiinnan Kwangsi Ta aE, Luk ta Ma ta Ta

Ki Sa tii Hi Hi Hu

Hu lang Dang Dang Ma dang Dang Sip Pak Pak Pak Pak EM aCe Se eae Po wee enees Sio Kio Yio Kio Fan Kang Kang Hang Kang Ha pa Behl a 2) Len. Lin Lin Lin

Ko Kaw Haw Ho Kaw

wa Ba Ba - Ba Ba

Sawk Wontawe (Ong kén’* s,s Son sau Ka long Pi ka Hok ka Kwa Pang ha HO kau Ho Tau kau ho Tua kau Kau hoa Degrees Lang Pai lang Lang S’lang NSE ea ee eee pea ae Tawng Tawng Tawng es ar . Na An na An na Na

Bisse y eas Na pak De Pe dine ours gists Na dén HO An hoa Ko TO Tau

Pom Piam Kon ho Kon t6 Hoa chim Mu Mii Mi Fung Mu

Tin Ka Tin Tin Tin

Bee eis wae Toi hai Hai Hai Hai Watters An mo La ti Mau, tu,st Mau BE a ar Pok to Kin ho Kan PENN, . Siia Sta Siia Su, stia il SO . Kwa Kaw Kwa Suang, wa Kai Wai Kwai Wai Wai

a awe - Ma Mla Mla Ma

Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma

Le eres Méo Méo Méo Méo

Wo Mo Ti m6 Mo Chia SUAS Kai Kai, chai Kai Kai

par tatttta v' Sai Kai Kai Klai

: OP Nok Nok Nok Lok See Pia pla Pia Pla, pa, cha Be sie pia Su Siia Stia reais eel sie gh oa is crete Ly Vas ne ble ees Nelle © wim) sine Be gaa a 2 Mu Ti mu Mu Mu

| 5 SEO Rites Co ~ Sai Sai Sai

eye tae 6 Lék Lék Lék Lék Re eee esse 5 os Mak hin Mak hin Hin eee: Mak yau Mit Mit Mit

le Re oo An tu Pita P’tu P’tt

Pu Tai of Yiinnan cee wes eee

Kon ko Mong Tin

Hai

Kai, chai Kai

7s ee ee eo oO oeceeer ev ee eoce es eee cee ee eee

So kawk Ka tawng Hoa kau Nang

Pim, tawng Na

Xvi COMPARATIVE TAI VOCABULARY

Laos or Yiin Western Tai Nia of wage ros English Siamese including Shan or NgioMuang Baw sta pi oF Sb

Kiinand Lii of Burma Yiinnan Seine House Rien ~ Hiien Hiin Hin Hin Hun Post Sau Nor SUE Se. 4 A RNS Sau Sau < fives sane. Plank Pén POR ck Ao eh Hard cow teaion Pen Pén.- °° eihttaieneceee Village Mu ban Ban Wan Wan Ban: PRReaae os Hill Pikaunoi Doi Loi Loi Dan Léo, loi Field Na SNA A> siete tne. yes Na Na. ~ “a eee Fiber Sén MOR Sion eats. ccatlaNe S6n 1 ine eae eee Sén Tree Ton mai Ton mai Ton mai Ton mai Ton mai on teas Leaf Bai mai Bai mai Bai mai Bai mai Bai: oo vie eee Flower Dawk Wiest sda ir oar. oes Mawk Dawk °"\ na eee Fruit Lik mai Mak, ntiimai........ Mak... 2 2495. . waht eee ee Grass Ya Nya Yu Nya Nya - jot ieee eae Boat Riia ba: aetna tie er Cea Fitia: 24 :)) Aes See ei Spear Hawk Hawk Hawk Hawk Hawk: ia-fte soem Sword Dap Dap Lap Lap Dap. =. oes Gun Piin SP AG S Mraei ts es aoa Nat Pin oo ge eae ee Fire Fai Fai Pai Fai Fai ic, shee Water Nam Nam Nam Nam Nam Nam Wind Lom Lom Lom Lom Lon. 2 aes Earth Din Din Lin Lin Din - © bree.

Sky Fa Fa Pa Fa Fa . (Roe Rain Fon Fon Pon Fon . Fon Fin Sun Dét Ta wan Kang wan Ta wan TA WAND... he sien taas Moon Diian Dian Liian Liian Bin. - “Va Star Dau Dau Lau Lau Dan. * eee Gold Tawng kin Kam Kam Kam Kam Kam Silver Ngitian Ngiian Ngiin Ngiin Ngiin Yin Rice Kau Kau Kau Kau Kaa ol aoe Tea, IN de ha NG ea 0 re cs Nam 1a Nam eh. iecehston Sugar Nam tan Nam tan, oi Nan tan Oi Oi K6, oi Meat Nia Nia, Chin eke eyes Niia Nytia:. 2 ees Banana Klai PRL ee | Oar eae wage Kui Kul. Sa eee Vegetables Pak Bes ton a edie, leat aie Pak Pak 5 pats es Night Kam kiin Kiin Kin Kang kin. ..Kaim > scqecueee Day Wan Wan Wan Kang wan Wén, mu Mu Today Wan ni Wan ni Mii nai Wan nai Wan ni Mii nai Yesterday Wan ni Wan wa Mii wa Mu ya Ngwa Mu wa Tomorrow Pring ni Wan pok Mii pik Wan hii Mii pi Lai mi I Ka, chan Ka, ha, koi Ta ka Kau Kil, koi. scat os You Tan Tan, sti St, si chau Mau, su Si, teng Bai 2u ee We Rau Rau Hau Hau Hat 3” Sale vo He Tan Tan, nam Man Man Man," sAgen@nemes They Kauyman Kaa Kau Kau Rath oS See eee This Ni Ni Nai Nai Ni Nai That Nan Nan Nan Nan Nan Nan Who Keres MPO UaT ak, PU Odd oa gs ss Pu lai Pats) iigeeas tee What A rai A sang Sang Sang Au sang sang........

COMPARATIVE TAI VOCABULARY Xvii Tai Nam or Fae Tai Yoiof Kon Yaiof To-jenof ; Chin Tai Water Tai Sa se of Kwangnan Kwangnan Nanningfu oe ee of on the of Yimnan ~°'8*8 — Yiinnan Yunnan Kwangsi arn o Yangtze Huan Ruan Lin Riian Hiian Lin Hin ee sce Sau Sau Sau Sau Sau Sau a ie a Pén Pén Pén Pén Pén Pian Periz oters Ban Ban Ban Ban Ban Wan 4 eee Doi Diii Doi Do i Po Loi Ca Na Na Na s 0 aiee Ss Na Na TD eat tL ie ec oT vias v'e'ae hate RR Ees, NIRS s clawee ois Sén 2 I Ra ee Sa Ton mai Ton mai bahay Site Ton mai Ton mai ae Bii Bati mai = Baii mai Bai Bati mai Wai mai De ei erie Bua Dawk Wa mai Dak mai Dawk Wawk Bett ee Ss Mak bai Mak Mak Mak Mak Mak, s6m Pmntaeeie, oA s Rie «9 « s Nya Nyé Nya Nya Nya er eco ueeis ops Liia Lia Lo Liia Hii eis tain ye Chawk Mai tau Tawk Hawk Mai tau Kau tsii Me ha. 5 Rigas Pia Pia Dap Pia Pa hi De i ews dea Ching Pan, Piin Ching Shing Bee. ig Fai Fi Fi Fi Fai Fai Nam Nam Nam Ram Lam Nam Nam LS na Lom Rom Lim Lom Lom «OIE 9 OUST en Din Din Pong Din Lin «CURSOS Ee OR ahve a Pu fa Di fa Fa Pu fa Fa Ly SSS ae eS a a Fon Hon Pak AR Be Fon Fon Mato See cia Gls » « Ta wan Ta wan Ta ngawn Ta wan Wiin ee Bin An hai An hai Diian An hai Liin Restate te fm aicia k gidia’s Dau di Dau di Dau di Dau di Lau NS Kam Chin Kim Kam Chin Kim eG eae Ngiian Ngan Ngiin Ngiin Ngan Nyin RO are Kau Kau Hau Hau Kau Kau Besa « . OE Se Se ee a tg CHa sie ee ae aa Nam cha Ee Oi Wacohen a's Steaiet as Oi Nar oe Nam oi tee ak 8 Nii i aciutete 5% plage atehalots Niia Serta Nia Ba ye Ngé kii os Nees ents Make Eine Prk Pa tséo + Sa Plak etetas she > Shey lopt Plak SERAER tales Pa, og ASS ae een eee Chang kim Chang kin Kang kiin Changkiin Kang kiin [NE 2 re Chang wan Chang ngawnKang ngawnChang Wan King Wan, mii Dee els K Nd Sse 9 0 Ngon ni Ngawn ni Ngon ni Wan nai Wiin nai Be i 9 Kivi 4:0 Wan wa Wan, wa Ngon pon Wan wa Mii wa (OSES OO ae Wan pu Ngon sok Ngon liang Wan pik Wan pok Be dw ves Kau Ku, koi Ka, koi Ku, koi Kt, koi Kau Sa eee Su Su. St St, miing Si Sia ee - Rau Rau Rau Hau Rau Hau Oe ee Min Man vi Man Man Man RES a aa Kau Kau Sau Kau Kau tang lai Nai Nai An ni An ni Ni An nai Nai Nan Nan An nan An nan Nan Nan Nan A SS ee NN ig Ree Ay STB 9 Pati RARE ae cs Pai,pii lai A eee Lai Lait Au sang Se ore Ai sang

Xvi COMPARATIVE TAI VOCABULARY Laos or Yiin Western Tai Nua of : He ee English Siamese including Shan or NgioMuang Baw mis a - ae Kiinand Li of Burma Yunnan ong eee

How Tam mai Chia dai Ka lau Nyiing lati Chia lai ........ Person Kon} _ Kon Kon Kon Kon. RS eee Man Pi chai $-PuChai K6n chai “Kon chai’ Pi chat)" esac, Woman Pu ying Pai nying Kén ying ‘Kon ying’ Pu ying >=... Child Lik, dek Lik Lik Li Aun Lik, <2 VGRce ears. Father Pida, paw Paw, pida Paw Po Paw GPR eee Mother Mada, mé Mé, mada Me Mé M6 | sp rear tale Son Bat chai Lik pichai Lik chai lLikchai Lik chai ........ Daughter Lik sau Lik pi nyingLik ying: Lik ying... 2.2.0) G93 eee Read An ning si An ning si An lik An lai Lau na su 2uase Eat Kin Kin Kin Chin Kin (85 iia eee Go Pai Pai Kwa Kwa,pai,mtaPai «S50 ares Come Ma Ma Ma Ma MG eo. « PRE es Be Pén Pén Pén Pén Pen: 2 A eels Have Mi ESAS os PERU nn te ota Mi Mi oe ye Be able Tam dai. Dai Lai Dai Dai. 64st Vie er Speak Pat, klau Fucha,wa Lat, tp Oat kam Ph, WS, WOR ee ey iin Know Riu, ru ehak Ru Hi Hu Hi *.: -. Stee oe See Hén, da Han Han Han Hen | oeeWeieaes Hear ay, fang Nyin Yin Im Yin .. joes Die Tai Tai Tai Tai Tai -> o¢ Asa Fly Bin Bin Win Bin Bin . -o sp eee Fall Tam ték Tok Lom Tok Lim, tok s0% ees Swim Wai nam Wai, loindm........ Loi nam Wal.) Ree eres Laugh Hoa rau Kai hoa Kai ko Kai ko Kai boar: eae Weep Rawng hai Hai Hai Hai Bla... SV ae a eewe' Sleep Nawn Iap Lap Nawn lap Lap Lap le eter Bis Black Diam Dam Lam, Lam Da... Gitta eee White Kau Kau Kau Kau Kawt? iat kee Red Déng Déng Léng Deng Déng (aa wee Yellow Liang Liang Liing Ling Liang | 5 aes Good Di Di Li Li a. ee Bad Chéa, mai di Baw di, rai Am li SVM | Ser a Light Bau Bau tie Oe, Reais Batt < 2)0008 ‘Sy. 95 ae eee ee Heavy Nak Nak) ah Seas a N&k! YtS es 2s Se Thin Bang Bang Mang Bang: © 2" 025s See enone ete Thick Na Na Na N& 2 MS ae Many Lai Lai Lai Lai Lai Lai

Few Noi IN OL Rees Cae Ke Nol. ° fae Near Klai Kai, chin Cham Kati =. Pn Far Klai Kai Kai Kai a A eee One Ning, dio Ning Ning Niing Ning rae eres 2s Two Sawng Sawng Sawng Sawng Sawing vy Poon See Three Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam), TOM a cs Four Si Si Si Si BD: ORS cone Five Ha Ha Ha Ha ST es Six Hok Ho6k Hok Hok LOK 35) VA We tera

Tai Nam or Water Tai of Yiinnan eevee eee e@creeveee oee ere eee eer eeeee eee ee eee cote eeee eoeoeerec eee aoe eereooe oor ceo eee eee ee eee cow eeoee eee eeeee eee rs eeee coe ee eee coeeoeereee eee e eee ove ee eee oe eee eee oee ee eee eco e ee oe oee ee eee oeoeeeeoeve oereer eevee eee er eeee eaeeere eee evreeeeae one eer eoee ese ee eee eee ee eee oeceeeeee eeeceeeee eee eeeee see ee eee eee ec eevee eee ee eee eee eeeee ecco eeeee eee ee eee ere ee eee es ece eevee eee ee eee eee ee eee ese ee eee eee ee ee

COMPARATIVE TAI VOCABULARY

Tai Dam of

Tongking ees eee oO ® eos eee eee eceeese @ oer ee eee oc ec ee ee essere eed os eee2e oe oececeeesne essere ees oe ee eevee ees ere eoe eee ee eee ores ee eee eeerecese ee eeeeeoe eceee eee coer ee eee ose ee eee

Tai Yoi of Kwangnan Yunnan

Nyung lai Kon

Kon chai Kon ying Luk né Po

Mé

Luk chai Lik ying Ngau tat st Kin kau essere eee osoe ee eee

Kon Yai of Kwangnan Yunnan Nyung law icon

Kon chai Kon ying Lik eng PO

Me

Luk chai Luk ying Tok su Kin kau Pai, mua Ma eosoeseeoer e

To-jen of Nanningfu Kwangsi

Chua lau

Lik bau Luk sau

Dai P’wau, wa Hi

Hén

Yin

Tai

Bin

Tok

Wai

Kai hoa Hai

Noi Klai

Hlog, Hok

Pu Tai of Yunnan

Kon chai Kon ying Lik né Po

Me

Luk chai Luk nying Ngau tat Chin, kin Pai, mua Ma

Ha Chék, Lok

X1X

Chin Tai on the Yangtze

Dytiang lai Kon

Pu chai Pu nying Luk

PO

Mé

Luk chai Luk nying Nyeén lai sii Chin

Ka, pai Ma

Pin Mi, ying Lai He, wa HO Han,

U nyin Tai Win Tok Loi nam Kai ko Hai Lap Lam Kau Liang Liang Li

Cha Wau Wau Nak Wang Na, Lai Noi Kang Kai Niing Sawng, yé Sam Si

Ha Hok xx COMPARATIVE TAI VOCABULARY