Student's history of the Greek Church

Front matter

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Introduction

Some Characteristics of the Greek Church.

THE five Patriarchates of Christendom—The Independent Greek Churches— The Orthodox, the oldest, Church—Greek, the original language of the Church—The First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Chalcedon— Zhe Holy Governing Synod—The higher clergy not allowed to marry-—Mount Athos—The Black and White Clergy—Greek and Greco- Russian Churches—The different parts of a Greek Church—The Gates— The Altar— The Iconostasis—The Soleas—The Antimensia—The Bema ; Prothesis ; SxevopvAdkiov—Only one chapel—No instrumental singing— Church Bells forbidden in Turkey— Vestments—Great Seasons—Service- Books—The Canonical Hours—The three Liturgies—The Lents—The Seven Mysteries—Re-baptizing converts—The Roman withdrawal of the Cup in the Eucharist—The word Merovolwo.s—Latinism in the Greek Church—Orthodox Confession of Peter Mogila—Lighicen Articles of the Synod of Bethlehem—Reformation of Peter the Great—The Metropolitans Plato and Philaret—The ‘‘ Orthodox Doctrine” of Plato— The Catechism of Philaret—The Prosphers—The Three Oblations—The Eucharist— The Antidoron—Degrees of affinity—The Coronation in marriage.

Evie hae

THE PATRIARCHATES OF CONSTANTINOPLE, ALEXANDRIA, ANTIOCH, AND JERUSALEM.

CHAPTER I. The Nicene Creed enacted

AriIus—Alexander, Archbishop of Alexandria—Hosius—First Council of Niceea—The Homo-ousion—The Nicene Creed—Arians banished— Time for observing Easter—The Meletian schism—Canons of Nicza —Marriage of the Clergy—Constantine’s Vicennalia—St. Helena’s visit to the Holy Land—St. Athanasius, Archbishop—The Eusebians—Post- Nicene controversy—Eustathian schism at Antioch—Commencement of attacks on Athanasius—Constantine’s Zyicennalia—Council of Tyre— Athanasius at Constantinople ; banished to Treves—Death of Arius— Of Constantine—Paul, bishop of Constantinople; banished for the first time ; for the second time—The hermit Antony at Alexandria—Athanasius returns from banishment-—Athanasius deprived, and Gregory of Cappadocia appointed—Athanasius goes to Rome— Pope Julius—Council at Rome—Council iz Euceniis—-The Dedication Creed—Acacius of Czesarea— Paul restored—Banished the third time—Council of Sardica ; of Philippopolis—7he Macrostich—Return of Athanasius—7he Goldew Period—St. Cyril of Jerusalem—Marcellus of Ancyra, and his pupil Photinus—Liberius, Pope of Rome—Council of Arles—Of Milan— Banishment of Hosius and Liberius, and other bishops . pp. 29—65 xii

CHAPTER Ii. Lhe Church’s Victory over Arianism

ATHANASIUS’ third exile—George of Cappadocia—Frumentius, first bishop of

Axum—Eudoxius, Archbishop of Antioch— Cyril of Jerusalem banished —Suppression of ‘the Nicene Creed—Arian divisions—Second Council of Sirmium—‘‘ The Blasphemy of Sirmium ”—Fall of Hosius—Synod of Ancyra—Third Council of Sirmium—Fall of Liberius—Councils of Rimini and Seleucia—Creed of Nike- Rimini—Cyril of Jerusalem restored —Council of Constantinople of 360—Cyril again banished—Eudoxius appointed to Constantinople—Macedonius banished—St. Sophia’s at Constantinople dedicated—Meletius, Archbishop of Antioch—Banished —Julian tries to re-introduce Paganism— Athanasius returns—Important Synod at Alexandria—Lucifer of Cagliari—Paulinus of Antioch—The Luciferians-- Athanasius banished for the fourth time—Returns under Jovian—Council of Lampsacus—Fifth banishment of Athanasius— Acacius of Czesarea and Cyril of Jerusalem—Return and death of Athanasius—Succeeded by Peter II.—Banished—St. Jerome at Bethlehem— *“ The Three Cappadocians ”—Account of St. Basil—Gregory Nazianzen —Gregory of Nyssa—The Ecclesiastical following the Civil arrangement of the Roman Empire—Anthimus of Tyana—Battle of Hadrianople— The death-blow given to Arianism. ¢ . pp. 66—89

CHAP isk ei, The Nicene Creed Re-affirmed.

GRATIAN and Theodosius, Emperors —The former refuses title of Pontifex

Maximus—Death of St. Basil—Gregory Nazianzen goes to Constantinople—St. Jerome, his pupil—Maximus the Cynic—The heresy of Macedonius— Theodosius summons the second CEcumenical Council— Attended only by Eastern bishops—-The Macedonian bishops leave the Council—Death of Meletius—Flavian Archbishop of Antioch—Gregory Nazianzen resigns bishopric of Constantinople—Nectarius elected— The Nicene Creed re-affirmed—7Zzke Ancoratus of St. Epiphanius—The added clauses of the Creed—Four Canons enacted—The heresy of Apollinaris—Importance of Canon III.—Old and New Rome—Alexandria, the highest see—Timothy of Alexandria—Council of Aquileia— Second and third Councils of Constantinople—Discontent of the Arians —Intolerance of Gratian and Theodosius—Paganism ceases to be the established religion of the Roman Empire—Theophilus of Alexandria— Deaths of Gratian and Theodosius—* The Wandering of the Nations ”’— St. Chrysostom, Patriarch of Constantinople—State of the Church— Character of Chrysostom—The Empress Eudoxia—Origenist Controversy —Quarrel between Jerome and Rufinus—Athanasius’ opinion of Origen — The Tall Brothers—Uncanonical conduct of St. Epiphanius—Council of the Oak—Condemns Chrysostom—Annulled by larger Council at Constantinople — Chrysostom banished to Cucusus— Removes to. Arabissus—Returns to Cucusus—His death and burial at Comana pp. 9O—TI1Q

CONTENTS. X1ll

GHAPTEROIY:

The Dyophysite and Monophysite Controversies.

TuHEODosIUus II. and Pulcheria—Cyril of Alexandria—Death of St. Jerome— Why a Latin and not Greek Father—Philip of Side—Theodore of Mopsuestia—Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople—Theodoret’s opinion of him —The Theotokos—Celestine of Rome—John of Antioch—Céicumenical Council of Ephesus—Nestorius condemned and banished—The Conciliabulum—Rabulas—The creed of Charisius. The Cypriot Church—Pelagians condemned—Reconciliation of the Antiochene and Alexandrian Churches—Proclus—The end of Nestorius—The Pelagians—Translation of the remains of St. Chrysostom—<And of the Forty Martyrs —Chrysaphius —Dioscorus—Great eminence of Alexandria—Eutyches—Eusebius of Doryleum—Flavian—Leo the Great—His Zome—The Latrocinium— Theodoret condemned—Brutal treatment of Flavian—The Latrocinium, a General Council—Marcian and Pulcheria—Council of Chalcedon— Recitation of the two forms of the Creed—Dioscorus condemned and deprived—Definition of the Council—JerusaJem raised to a Patriarchate —Ibas pronounced orthodox—Privileges given to Constantinople by canons IX., XVII. and XXVIII.—Julian, bishop of Cos—Canon XXVIII. objected to at Rome—Anger of Pope Leo—The great monophysite controversy—Troubles at Jerusalem—At Alexandria—Murder of St. Proterius—Timothy Alurus—St. Simeon Stylites—Timothy Salophaciolus—Troubles at Antioch—Peter Fuller ‘ « pp. 120—157

CALA. PARTS. 4 Vi.

The Government of the Church by Imperial Edicts.

FALL of the Western Empire--Zeno sole Emperor—The Arian Kings of Italy—Zeno deposed—The Encyclical of the usurper Basiliscus—Zeno restored. The Stylite Daniel—Death of Salophaciolus—Thalaia appointed to Alexandria—Deposed, and goes to Rome—Changes in the sees of Alexandria and Antioch—Zeno’s -Henoticon—The Acephali— Felix of Rome and Acacius of Constantinople excommunicate each other —Thirty-five years’ schism between Constantinople and Rome—Danger of the Church from monophysitism— The Emperor Anastasius — The Patriarch Euphemius deposed — Macedonius appointed—Anastasius enforces the Henoticon—Severus—Riots at Constantinople—Anastasius in danger—Severus and Julian of Halicarnassus, the leaders of the monophysites —Xenaias—Severus appointed Patriarch of Antioch—The synod of Sidon—St. Euthymius—St. Sabas—Monophysite schism at Jerusalem ends——Elias, Patriarch of Jerusalem—Theodoric—Arian, King of Italy, forces Anastasius to treat the Orthodox with justice—Eutychianism triumphant throughout the East—Justin I., Emperor—Severus and other monophysite leaders deprived-—End of the schism—Followed by a schism in Roman Church—Election of the Pope decided by Theodoric —Synodus Palmaris—Justin yields to Pope Hormisdas—A dangerous precedent— Intolerant edict of Justin—Theodoric despatches Pope John I. to Rome—The Pope displeases Theodoric—Imprisoned at Ravenna— Dies

XiV CONTENTS.

in prison—Earthquakes at Antioch—Count Ephraim—7eopolis-—Justinian and Theodora—Pope Agapetus dies at Constantinople—Mennas, the QCcumenical Patriarch—Vigilius, Pope—Theodore Ascidas-—St. Sabas at Constantinople—Dies—Origenist controversy—-7he Three Chapters—Edict against the Three Chapters—Vigilius summoned to Constantinople—His /udicatum—Second CEcumenical Council of Constantinople—The Cozstztutum of Vigilius—Council condemns the Three Chapters—Vigilius confirms its decrees—Allowed to return to Rome, but dies on the way—Schism in Roman Church—Justinian falls into the Aphthardocetic heresy—Re-building of St. Sophia’s—Tritheism—John ¢he Faster, and the title of Gicumenical Patriarch—Anger of Pope Gregory I. —Discovery of the seamless robe of Christ—The disgraceful reign of Phocas—The Persian war—Capture of Jerusalem—John ¢he Almoner— Birth of Mahomet—Character of Mahometanism—The Koran—The Saracens—Queen Mavia—The Hegira—The Caliphs—Sonnites and Shiites—Jerusalem taken by Saracens—Sophronius—The Copts—Fall of the Patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria—Monothelitism— Sergius—Cyrus—The One Theandric Operation—Honorius, Pope of Rome—His heresy—Stephen of Dor—Pyrrhus— 7he EHethesis—The Type —First Lateran council—Pope Martin I.— Pope Vitalian—St. Maximus— Third Qécumenical Council of Constantinople—Pope Agatho— Pope Leo II. —The Trullan Council— The Patriarch Callinicus— Pope Constantine . : : ; , ' : ‘ : pp. 158—207

GHAPDIGR 2 WE; The Non-Orthodox Greek GDA

THE schism in the Greek Church, as much political as ecclesiastical — Questionable how far the schismatical Churches were heretical—The Armenians not heretical—The Churches which separated after Ephesus and after Chalcedon—The Eastern Syrians claim St. Thaddeus as their Founder, and Mar Mari as their first Bishop—The school of Edessa— Ephrem Syrus—Rabulas—Ibas—His Letter to Maris—Barsumas—Nestorian Church separates from Patriarch of Antioch—Their Catholicos assumes title of Patriarch—Zeno suppresses School of Edessa—Great spread of Nestorianism in Persia—School of Nisibis—Nestorian missions —They remove their primatial see from Seleucia to Bagdad—Seemed likely to supersede the Orthodox Church—Their decay—Uniat Chaldzeans —Mar Shimun—The MVattran, or Mar Knanishu—Nestorians of Persia and Turkey—Kurdish massacre—The ‘‘ Assyrian Mission” from England—Rishop of Urmi at first Lambeth Conference—Russian mission— Christians of St. Thomas—St. Thomas, martyr at Meliapore—Bishop of India present at First Council of Niczea—Embraced Nestorianism— Mission of King Alfred—Kings of the Christians of St. Thomas— Vasco di Gama—Alexis di Menexes—The Synod of Diamper—Roman bigotry drove them into Jacobitism— Uniat Church of Travancore—The Jacobites —Jacob Baradai—Claim to be next to Jerusalem the oldest Church— Their Patriarch always called Ignatius—The Maphrian—xXenaias honoured as a Confessor-—Abulpharagius—The Copts—Driven into schism by intolerance—Hatred of Melchites—Their Patriarch at Cairo claims to

CONTENTS. XV be the true successor of St. Mark—Their history from first to last one of disaster—The French occupation of Egypt—Under Mahomet Ali— Mode of conferring Orders—Uniat Copts—7Zhe Association for the Surtherance of Christianity in Egypt—The El Tewfik Society—Nubia entirely unchristianized—Frumentius consecrated by St. Athanasius, first bishop of Abyssinia—Their Aduna—The Kumos—Their monks—Jesuits driven from the country—Prester John—Jewish customs—The Armenians next in importance to Orthodox Church—Converted by Gregory the Illuminator — Etchmiadzen— Their Church autocephalous — First National Church—SS. Isaac and Mesrob—Translation of the Bible— Persecution—See removed to Tovin—Opinion of Armenians of Council of Chalcedon— Synod of Vagarshabad rejected the Council; rejection renewed at Synod of Tovin—Never accepted Eutychianism—Not considered by the Orthodox Church monophysite—Their canonical Scriptures—The Armenians and Council of Florence—Protected by Peter the Great, and Catharine IJ.—Etchmiadzen, part of Russian Empire— Three Catholicoses—Titular Patriarchs—All subject to Catholicos of Etchmiadzen—Maronites sole remnant of Monothelitism—Changed to Romanism; but as Uniats , ° : , : . pp. 208—228

CHAPTER VII, The Second Council of Nicea.

GREEK Fathers on Images—Iconoclastic Controversy—Leq the Isaurian— His victory over the Saracens—Their opposition to image-cultus, of which they were not in a position to judge—Difference between Latin and Greek icons—The Council of Trullo, and icons— Reformation needed, but should have proceeded from the Church—The Patriarch Germanus—Leo’s two edicts—Riots, and a terrible massacre—Germanus and Pope Gregory II. make common cause—Leo confiscates provinces of the Pope—Germanus resigns, and Anastasius, an iconoclast, appointed —John Damascene, and the Vizier—Pope Gregory I1I.—Constantine V., and Artavasdes—Anastasius becomes orthodox—His cruel treatment— Council of 754—Cultus of images condemned—The Patriarch Constantine II.—Pepin and his two sons anointed Kings of the Franks—Opposition of the monks—Persecution—The Patriarch banished—Paul IV., Patriarch—Resigns—St. Tarasius appointed—The Empress Irene summons Second Council of Niczea—Held eight sessions, and passed twenty-two canons—Condemns the late Council—Pope Honorius condemned by the Council which the Roman Church holds as Gécumenical—The icons to receive domacuoyv and mpooktyynow, but not Aatpetav—The opponents of the icons anathematized—The canons of the Council—The Council the last of the CEcumenical Councils—Council of Frankfort—Repudiated degrees of the Council—Council of Paris—The Gallican Church—The Holy Roman Empire founded—Patriarch of Jerusalem sends to Charlemagne keys of the Holy Sepulchre— The Forged Decretals—Nicephorus, Patriarch—Deposed— His ‘‘ History ”—Theodore Studita—The Empress Theodora — Methodius, Patriarch of Constantinople—Victory of the Icons—Institution of the Kuorakh ths ’OoPodokias . . pp. 229—252

XVI CONTENTS.

CHART Kine Wold Photius and the Great Schism.

CHARACTER of Photius—Photius and Pope Nicolas I.—-Ignatius—Gregory of Syracuse—Bardas—Photius appointed Patriarch of Constantinople— Pope Nicolas adds the Filioque to the Creed—Uses the Forged Decretals—Bardas’ cruel treatment of Ignatius—The conversion of the Slavic ‘“nations—Cyril and Methodius—Martyrdom of St. Clement of Rome— The linguistic difficulty—Slavic translation of the Scriptures—Conversion of Moravia—Death of Cyril—Christianity in Bulgaria—The monk Cupharas—The Tsar Boris—Conversion of Bulgaria—Of Bohemia—Of Poland—Poland Latinized—Methodius accused before Pope John VIII. —Acquitted—Death of Methodius—The followers of Methodius, driven from Moravia, confirm the faith of Bulgaria—The Battle of Pressburg— Persecution of the dead Methodius by the Roman Church—Conversion of Russia—Synod at Constantinople in 862—The Encyclical of Photius— Photius deposed, and Ignatius restored—Synod at Constantinople in 869—Question of the Procession—Death of Ignatius—Photius restored— Pope John VIII.’s strong condemnation of the addition of the Filioque— Synod at Constantinople in 879—The Filioque condemned by Papal legates — Photius deposed by the Emperor—Dies in Exile—Fourth marriages declared unlawful—Eutychius, Patriarch of Alexandria—The Emperor Basil Bulgaroctonos—His victories over the Saracens—Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople—Leo IX. Pope—Cerularius’ letter to the Bishop of Trani—Cardinal Humbert— The crucial points— The final schism, after Leo’s death—Humbert accuses the Greeks with expunging the Filioque from the Creed—Account of the addition— Deposition of Cerularius : : . 4 ; . pp. 253—286

CHAPTER Ws.

The Crusades and the Fall of Constantinople.

THE Seljuks—The Battle of Manzikert—Capture of Jerusalem by Malek Shah—Persecution of the pilgrims to Jerusalem—Peter the Hermit— Pope Urban II. —Councils of Piacenza and Clermont—First Crusade— Jerusalem retaken—Kingdom of Jerusalem—The Knights Templars and Hospitallers—Second Crusade—Battle of ‘Tiberias—Jerusalem taken by Saladin—Third Crusade—Richard Coeur de Lion takes Cyprus— Acre recovered by Crusaders—Fourth Crusade—Pope Innocent III.— Crusaders take and pillage Constantinople—Latin Empire set up, and Latin Patriarch—Fourth Lateran Council—Fifth Crusade—Frederic II. of Germany, ‘‘the Wonder of the world,” thrice excommunicated— Sixth (an English) Crusade—Palestine recovered—Jerusalem taken by Corasmians—Seventh Crusade—Fall of Acre, the last possession of the Christians— The Crusades established the supremacy of the Popes—The Greek Kingdom of Niczea—John Camateros, the Greek Patriarch, declining, Michael Autorianus appointed Patriarch—The Patriarch Germanus III.—Unsuccessful attempts at re-union—The meeting at Nympheum—Arsenius, Patriarch— Marriage of the last Latin Emperor,

CONTENTS. XVII

Baldwin II., with daughter of Charles of Anjou—Disgraceful state of the Latin Patriarchate at Constantinople—End of Latin Empire— Michael Paleologus—The Orthodox Church restored at Constantinople —Its hatred of the Latins—Michael excommunicated by Arsenius, who is deposed-—Michael’s intrigues with (1) Pope Urban IV. ; (2) Clement IV. ; (3) Gregory X.—Sham Union—Michael deposes the Patriarch Joseph, and appoints Veccus—Great indignation at Constantinople— Veccus deposed—The Sicilian Vespers—Pope Martin IV. excommunicates Michael—Michael dies, repudiated by the Greeks, and by his son and successor, Andronicus the Elder—Fall of the Seven Churches of Asia—TZhe Babylonish Captivity—Knights MHospitallers conquer Rhodes—Cruel end of the Templars— Marriage of Andronicus the Younger with Anne of Savoy—His unsuccessful appeal to Pope John XXII.—Barlaam—The Hesychasts—Pope Clement VI. in favour of a Council—Servia under its Tsar, Stephen Dushan—John V. Emperor— Return of the Pope from Avignon—John does homage to the Pope— Despised by the Greeks; arrested at Venice for debt—Battle of Kossova —Of Nicopolis—Timour’s victory at Angora—The Great Schism in the Roman Church—Councils of Pisa—Constance—Communion in both Kinds forbidden—End of Roman Schism-——Pope Martin V. sends envoys to Constantinople—Council of Basle—Pope Eugenius IV.’s Council of Ferrara ; transferred to Florence—-Council of Basle excommunicates the Pope— Mark of Ephesus — Union of Florence —Repudiated by all nations of the Greek Church—Three Patriarchs threaten to excommunicate the Emperor—Battle of Varna—Constantine II.’s union with Rome—The Greeks leave St. Sophia’s as polluted—The fall of Constantinople—The Janissaries—George Scholarius elected Patriarch . - pp. 287—329

CEAE UE aX.

The Greek Church after the Fall of Constantinople.

CoNnQuUEST of Servia; Trebizond; Bosnia; Albania; Herzegovina—Otranto conquered, but re-captured—The Abbasside Caliph deposed ; Selim assumes the office and title—The Holy Sepulchre comes under the Turks —Solomon takes Buda and Rhodes—Knights Hospitallers settle at Malta—The Battle of Lepanto—Turks take Crete—History of the Greek Church, a series of murders, depositions, and persecutions of Patriarchs— Correspondence between Lutherans and Patriarchs of Constantinople—Patriarch Jeremias II. deposed, and Metrophanes appointed —Jeremias restored—7he Amswers of the Patriarch Jeremias—7he Eighteen Articles of the Synod of Bcthlehem—Synod of Jassy—Of Bethlehem—Cyril Lucar—Ecclesiastical policy of Mahomet II.—Cyril deposed five times— His birth and education—Meletius Pega, Patriarch of Alexandria—Peter Skarga and Possevin—Cyril’s opposition to the Unia —Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria—Intercourse between the Greek and Anglican Churches—Metrophanes Critopoulos—Cyril presents Laud with an Arabic Pentateuch ; and Charles I. with the Codex Alexandrinus— Cyril translated to Constantinople—Cyril and the Printing Press— 7he Confession af Faith—Accusations and banishments—Falsely accused by the Jesuits, and strangled-— The same punishment inflicted on his b

XViil CONTENTS.

successor, Cyril II. (of Bercea)—Parthenius, the next Patriarch, murdered—Peter Mogila—His Orthodox Confession—Between A.D. 1650— 1693 two Patriarchs murdered by the Turks; one banished and re-elected twice; two, five times—The Synod of Bethlehem under Dositheus— Eighteen Articles of—Further intercourse between the Greek and Anglican Churches—Greek College at Oxford—Schismatical correspondence of the Non-jurors with the Greek Patriarchs—True character of revealed by Archbishop Wake . : : : : . - pp. 330—354

Pe Reel.

THE GRECO-RUSSIAN CHURCH.

CHAP TER A: ; The Building up of the Russian Church.

THE conversion of Russia—Russia practically the head of the Orthodox Greek Church—Traditional visit of St. Andrew to Russia—Ruric assumes the government of Novgorod—Two of his companions conquer Kief— Expedition against Constantinople, which is only saved by a miracle— Christian church built at Kief, and a bishop sent from Constantinople — Russia twice again attacks Constantinople—Olga—Baptized at Constantinople by the Patriarch Polyeuctes—Takes to Russia a Greek priest —Hler son, Sviatislaf, Grand Prince—Her grandson, Vladimir, Grand Prince—The dissipation of his early life—Feodor and Ivan, Martyrs and Saints—Christian impression left on Vladimir by Olga—His preference for the Greek Church—Takes Cherson (Sebastopol) —Marries the Greek Princess Anua—Is baptized under Greek name Basil—Builds a church at Cherson—‘‘ The Lady of Vladimir’’—Takes Greek priests and deacons to Russia—His twelve sons baptized—- Vladimir, the Ethelbert of Russia —The Russian nation baptized—Christianity takes deep root—Vladimir’s life completely altered—Builds churches, monasteries, and schools—The “Old Slavic” language of Cyril and Methodius, the Church language— Kief, of which Vladimir built the Cathedral, the Metropolitan see— Michael, the first bishop; a Syrian—Nicolas, a Greek, the second bishop, consecrates the Cathedral—There Anna, Vladimir, and Olga, buried—Vladimir’s sons, Boris and Gleb, murdered; Saints of the Russian Church—His son and successor, Yaroslaf I., a theologian and legislator—Yaroslaf’s son, Vladimir, builds Cathedral of Novgorod, and monastery of St! George—The Bible an important element in Russian schools . ‘ : ; : 4 4 : : » Pp. 355—363

CONTENTS. x1X

CHAPDIOR Vil:

The Russian Church under Metropolitans.

THEOPEMPTUS first Metropolitan; sent into Russia by the Patriarch

Alexius—The Metropolitans, Greeks sent by Patriarchs of Constantinople Hilarion, the next Metropolitan, an exception —The Father of Russian monasticism—The Pechersky built by the monk Antony, and presided over by St. Theodosius — Russian Church made common cause with others of Greek Church in the great schism—The Appanages—Influence of the Metropolitans— Dealings of the Grand Duke Isiaslaf with Pope Gregory VII.—Latter offers to confer the Russian throne ‘‘ dono sancti Petri ”— Schism in Roman Church—The Metropolitan Ivan IJ. adduces six errorsin Roman Church—Several Metropolitans warn the Grand Princes against errors of. Rome—Nicephorus, the Metropolitan, cast off Rome as a gangrened member—Importance of Kief—The city with its churches destroyed—-Vladimir built—Decline of Kief—St. Niphont—Schism in Russian Church—Yury Dolgorouki builds Moscow —Kief reduced —Vladimir made the capital—The Metropolitans consecrated at Nicaaa—Attempt of Pope Innocent III. on Russian Church—Uniat Church at Galich— The ‘‘ Knights of the Sword’’—Prince Daniel tells Innocent IV. a union could only be effected by General Council—Pope Alexander IV. threatens Daniel with divine judgment—The Mongols under Genghis Khan attack Russia —Retire—Arrive again under Batou—Highly flourishing state of Russian Church—Attachment of Russians to their Church— Zeal for building ,monasteries—Union in Russian Church — Vladimir burnt, and the Grand Prince Yury II., killed—Immense slaughter— Moscow burnt—Tver sacked—The Cathedral of Kief burnt—The Golden Horde —Alexander Nevski—Defeats the Swedes and the Knights of the Sword—Cyril II., Patriarch—Nevski’s answer to’Pope Innocent IV.—His death—Reduced number of Russian sees—Council at Vladimir -—Cyril founds see of Sarai—Vladimir the Metropolitan see—The metropolitans henceforward Russians, elected by clergy, and confirmed by ‘Tsar—Moscow made the Metropolitan see, by the Metropolitan, St.

Peter —St. Sergius founds the Troitza monastery—St. Alexis, Metropolitan— Builds the Choudof monastery —Pimen—Cyprian, Metropolitan— Photius, Metropolitan— Kief made a second Metropolitan see —Isidore, Metropolitan—Joins the Union of Florence—Deposed as a traitor—Ivan III.’s marriage with Sophia, daughter of Thomas Palzeologus— Mongol supremacy comes to an end—Ivan conquers Novgorod and incorporates it— Zosimus and the Strigolniks—-Ivan’s daughter, Helena, married to the King of Poland—The intolerance of Popes Alexander VI. and Julius II. causes a war between Russia and Poland—Basil V. divorces his wife Salome and marries Helena Glinsky—Birth of Ivan the Terrible—His character—The Metropolitan Macarius—Ivan assumes title of Tsar—His wife, the virtuous Anastasia Romanof—‘‘ The Hundred Chapters Synod ”’ ——Kazan conquered and made a Metropolitan see—Astrachan conquered and its Church placed under Kazan—Mission sent to the Caucasus— Deaths of Anastasia and Macarius—Reign of Terrer—St. Philip, Metropolitan —The Opreechniks-—Martyrdom of St. Philip—Terrible massacre at Novgorod—Pscof threatened, but saved—-Moscow burnt—Pope Gregory XIII. praises the piety and amiable qualities of Ivan the Terrible—Ivan and the Jesuit Possevin—Murder of his eldest son— Ivan receives the tonsure and dies. : : : : : ; - pp. 364—400

XX CONTENTS.

GHIAPT ER: elit The Russian Church under Patriarchs.

Feopor I., Tsar—Death of his young brother, Dmitri—-Joachim, Patriarch of Antioch, in Moscow—Boris Godunof suggests to the Tsar that his presence might be availed of for raising the Metropolitan see into a Patriarchate—Job appointed Metropolitan—Jeremias II. three times deposed—Sultan Murad plundered the property of the Church, converted the Patriarchal church into a mosque, and ordered Jeremias. to build another—Jeremias goes to Moscow to raise money—Takes with him emblems of the Saviour’s Passion—The Tsar proposes that he should be Patriarch, residing at Vladimir—The Patriarch, finding this impossible, consecrates Job Patriarch of Moscow, after a synod at Moscow—The Russian Church now had a Patriarch, and four Metropolitan sees—Two years afterwards, Dionysius, Metropolitan of Bulgaria, took to Moscow a synodal Letter from the Eastern Patriarchs approving the appointment of Job—But only in the fifth place, not, as was wished, in the second place—Success of the Reformation in Poland—Eminent position of Poland under Sigismond I. and II.—It adopts the Protestant Reformation—The Jesuits introduced, and recover Poland to Roman Church—The Kingdom of Poland becomes elective— Henry of Valois elected; and on his becoming King of France, Stephen Batory, a Protestant, elected—Induced by the Jesuits to join the Church of Rome, to gain the hand of Anna Jagiello—Endeavour of Possevin and Peter Skarga to subject the Russian Chutch to Rome-—Sigismond III., a bigoted Romanist, elected King—Becomes King of Sweden in succession to his father, but deposed—-Treaty of Lublin— Persecution of the Orthodox---Michael Ragoza, Metropolitan of Kief—Cyril Terlecky and Ignatius Potsi the authors of the Unia—Joined by Ragoza—Two: Synods at Brest-—Constantine Prince of Ostrog—A complete Slavic Bible—Nicephorus and Cyril Lucar, Exarchs to Brest—The Uniats persecuted— Decadence of Polish literature—Boris Godunof, Tsar— False Dmitris—‘‘ The Period of Troubles”—Job deposed—HLis death — Hermogenes, Patriarch —Ignatius intruded Patriarch—Hermogenes dies a Martyr—Ladislaus, Sigismond’s son, Tsar—End of the Troubles— Michael, Tsar—His father Philaret, Patriarch—Alexis, Tsar—His piety —Nicon translates the remains of St. Philip to Moscow—Nicon, Patriarch —His Reforms—Revision of the Service-books—The ‘‘ Old Books” and ‘* New Books”—Opposition—Through Nicon the Ukraine recovered—Nicon degraded and deposed—The Staroviertsi—Nicon a common Kaloir under his three successors—Feodor II., Tsar - Orders the liberation of Nicon—Nicon dies on his homeward journey—His character : ; ; : : : , . pp. 401I—430

CHAP ie

The Russian Church under the Holy Governing Synod.

ANECDOTE of Peter the Great and St. Metrophanes, the last of Russian Saints —The Patriarch Adrian—Foundation of Petersbu:y laid—Monastery of St. Alexander Nevski—An Exarch appointed— the Academy of Kief —Theophanes Procopovich—Barlaam—Stephen Javorski, Exarch—The

CONTENTS. XX1

Holy Governing Synod—Javorski, Procurator—Luthero-Calvinism in Russia— The Spiritual Regulation—An Appendix—Members of the ., Synod—Approved by Eastern Patriarchs—The Procurator a layman— Election of bishops—Other Orthodox States adopt a Synod—The Consistorial Courts—The Cantoirs—The abolition of the Patriarchate, not — . Erastian—Coronation of the Tsar—The Church a check on the Tsar, not the Tsar on the Church—Peter’s Reforms—Unpopular—The English Non-jurors and Peter and Holy Synod—Correspondence stopped by death of Peter—Peter and the Fathers of the Sorbonne—Russia the natural Protector of the Greek Church—Existence of Turks in Europe alue to jealousy of Christian Nations—Treaty of Carlowitz—Of the Pruth—Venice loses the Morea—Treaty of Passarowitz—Peace of Belgrade—Turks driven out of Moldavia and Wallachia—Constantinople saved by the plague—Treaty of Kainardji dictated by Catherine II.— Treaty of Sistova—Of Campo Formio—Gradual decadence of Poland— Its three partitions—Return of Uniats—Uniat College instituted by Nicholas I.—Josaphat Bulgak—Joseph Siemasko, second head—College placed under Holy Synod —Second return of Uniats—Anger of Pope Gregory XVI.—Continuous dismemberment of Turkey in last century— Foundation of the Georgian Church—St. Nina—Georgia annexed to Russia—The seamless robe; the Cross of St. Nina—Servia gains its independence—-Convention of Akerman—War of Greek Independence—- Murder of the Patriarch Gregory, and many bishops—Attitude of the Tsar Alexander I.—Lord Byron—Capo d’Istrias, President—George Canning—Treaty of London—Of Adrianople—Otho, King—The Holy Synod of Kingdom of Greece — Revolution— King George marries a Russian Princess—Ionian Islands restored to Greece by England— Visit of Archbishop Lycurgos to England—Friendly correspondence of Greek and Anglican Churches—Treaty of Paris—Bulgarian massacres —Letter of Archbishop of Belgrade to Archbishop of Canterbury— Turkey cedes Cyprus to England—The Anglican Church in Cyprus ; to uphold the Church of the country—Treaty of Berlin—Bosnia and Herzegovina placed under Austria-— Montenegro enlarged — Bulgaria divided, but Eastern Roumelia afterwards annexed to Bulgaria— Enlargement of Greece—Recovery of Crete to Greek Church—Montenegro always free, and, under its Vladikas, Orthodox—Vladika Peter II., the Patron-Saint of Montenegro. : : ; » pp. 431—463