The story of Chicago

Preface

The best a historian can do is to approach accuracy before venturing upon publication; and, after publication, — to approach it more and more nearly; for to reach it is beyond his utmost scope.

The degree in which he can do this latter is dependent on the trouble his readers may take in pointing out to him his errors of omission and commission. "A word to the. wise is sufficient;" and these words are addressed to all who are interested enough to read, wise enough to criticise and friendly enough to correct, for the benefit

of posterity, this " Story of Chicago."

THE AUTHOR,

Chapter I. A Thousand Centuries

Lake Michigan flowed toward the Gulf of Mexico; t — How the waters came to change direction; 2 — Threatened destruction of Lake Erie; 3 — When Chicago was submerged; 4 — Aspect of the ancient shore line; 5 — The divide emerges from the waves; 6 — Vanished races; 7.

Chapter II. The Aborigines; God's Image Done In Copper

Meaning of the name Chicago; 8 — The Portage; 8 — Indian Traits; 10 — John Dean Caton; n — Scalp Hunting; 12 — Massacre at Starved Rock; 13 — Lost Records; 14.

Chapter III. The Recorded Story Begins

Coming of the French; 15 — Race of the Races; 17 — Joliet discovers the Portage; 18 — Marquette's winter at Hardscrabble; 18 — La Salle arrives; 19 — Travelers' tales; 20 — Knightly honor assailed; 21 —First lake vessel; 21 — La Salle's ceaseless struggles; 22 — Final catastrophe; 23.

Chapter IV. A Single Century

Last days of first explorers; 26 — Kaskaskia in the North; 27— Kaskaskia in the South; 28 — John Law's Mississippi scheme; 29 — New road to the sea; 30 — Indian atrocities; 32 — Chicagua for a Rendezvous; 32 — English succeed French; 33.

Chapter V. Illinois And Chicago During The Revolutionary War

Red Coat 1812; 34 — England's savage allies; 34 — Kinzie and Clybourne ancestors; 35 — Kentuckians in Illinois; 36 — Clark takes Kaskaskia; 37 — Chicago from 1778 to 1794; 39 — Hamilton takes Vincennes; 40 — Clark's Winter march; 41 — Clark defeats and takes Hamilton; 42 — Anecdote about Clark; 43 — Todd our first Governor; 44.

viii THE STORY OF CHICAGO.

Chapter VI. The Dawn Ok The Day We Live In

The Washingtons buy land; 46 — William Murray tries to buy Chicago; 47 — Chicago's first squatter; 47 — Pointe de Saible and Guarie; 48 — Antoine Ouillemette (Wilmette); 48 — Ordinance of 1787; 49— Captain John Whistler; 50 — Major Whistler; 50 — Julia Person Whistler; 51 — Old Rush Street Rope Ferry; 52 — Quiet years from 1804 to 1812; 53 — Double murder at Hardscrabble; 54.

Chapter VII. The Cloud, Cone-shaped And Copper-colored

Trouble far away; 56 — Trouble close at hand; 56 — Capt. Heald's dilemma; 57 — Bad blood in the Garrison; 58 — Indian Council; 59 — Heald's decision and action: 60 — Brave William Wells arrives; 61 — View from the roof of the Block-House; 62 — The same spot 80 years later; 63.

Chapter VIII. Battle And Murder And Sudden Death

Flag of distress; 64 — John Kinzie's course; 64 — Line of March; 65 — Chart of Chicago in 1812; 65— The Boat Party; 65 — Indians attack the train; 66 — How all might have been saved; 66 — Mrs. Helm's story and its difficulties; 67 — Private Jordan's story; 67— Capt. Heald's letter, 68— Killing of Wm. Wells; 68— What Nile's Weekly Register reported; 69 — Tortures of dying prisoners; 69 — Fate of survivors; 70 — The Massacre Tree; 71 — Last leaves on the old tree; 71.

Chapter IX. They Made A Solitude And Called It Peace

John Wentworth's discoveries; 72 — Capt. Heald's Son; 73 — The Heald side of the story; 73 — Hon. Darius Heald in 1881; 74 — Fables attributed to Mrs. Helm; 74 — Tradition handed down by A. H. Edwards; 76 — Sauganash to the rescue; 76 — The Kinzies after the battle; 77 — From 1812 to 1816, Desolation; 78.

Chapter X

Years following the Massacre; 79 — Early suggestion of Ship Canal; 80 — Rum and the Fur Trade; 81 — Slow growth for many years; 83— Gurdon Hubbard's early experiences; 84 — General Cass' Treaty for ix CONTENTS.

Michigan lands; 86 — Aspect of North Side from 1816 to 1830; 87 — Kinzies arid their home; 88 — Winnebago Scare and Danville Volunteers; 89 — The last of John Kinzie and the Old Homestead; 90.

Chapter XI. 1820-30, An Obscure Decade

The unpromising state of things sixty years ago; 92 — Wild game within city limits; 94 — The Kinzie race; 95 — Less known early names; 95 — Descendantsof the captive girls; 97 — The Clarksand Clybourns; 98— The Beaubiens; 99 — Original capitalists; 100.

Chapter XII. The Vanishing Race

Treaties with the Sauks and Foxes; 102 — The Black Hawk War; 104 — The last Chicago Indian Treaty; 105— How Chicago looked to a stranger; 106 — White men's interest in the Treaty; 107 — The last of old Shaubena ; 108 — The Farewell War dance in 1835; no — Present state of the same tribes ; 1 1 1.

Chapter XIII. Very Hard Work

Beginning of the Illinois and Michigan Canal ; 1 1 2 — Persistence under difficulties ; 1 1 3 — Original Town surveyed ; i i 4 — Sale of the School Section; 1 1 6-— Ferriage ; 118 — Clark Street Bridge built; 120.

Chapter XIV

Schools and Teachers; 122 — Protestant Churches; 124 — Volunteer Fire Company; 125 — Catholic Worship ; 127 — St. James Church; 128 — Postal Service; 129 — The first Newspaper; 130 — Medical Practitioners; 131 — Cholera of 1832; 131 — Refugees from the Fort ; 132 — The first lawyer ; 133.

Chapter XV. Not At All Hard Work

Pianos arrive; 135 — Music; 136 — Social Gaiety, 137 — Kinzie- Whistler wedding; 137 — Scanty of food in 1834; 138 — Dances and prayer meetings; 139 — Unfathomable mud; 140 — Experiments in street pavement; 140 — Changes in established grade; 141 — Earliest Public Exhibition; 141 — Field .sports; 142 — Primitive Postal service; 143 — William B. Ogden; 144 — Personal memories of the Ogden home; 145 — Arnold's ride to Danville; 146.

x THE STORY OF CHICAGO.

Chapter XVI. Fairly Launched

Estray Pen and Jail on Public Square; 149 — John Dean Caton's admission to the Bar; 150 — The first Town Census of Chicago; 152 — Launch of the Clarissa; 153 — Garrison finally withdrawn; 154 — Bogus Towns and Cities; 156 — Traditional city lot sales; 157 — Progress of the excitement; 158 — Balestier's lecture on these times; 160 — Foolish State legislation; 161.

Chapter XVII. The Hard Times Of 1837-40

Legislative scheme of Public Improvements; 163 — Wisdom of Gov. Duncan; 165 — Specie payments suspended; 165 — Public works stopped; 165 — Banks fail; 166 — State Treasurer too poor to pay postage; 166 — State debt and assets; 166 — Canal cholera; 167 — Personal reminiscences; 167—" Red dog," Wild-cat" and "Shin-plasters"; 168— Scrip of various kinds; 168 — Struggling to keep faith; 170 — Utter failure of Internal Improvement scheme; 171 — Ogden's firmness; 172 — Position of Chicago Branch State Bank; 172 — Stubborn business courage; 173 — Where men used to congregate, 1 73 — Real Estate values; 1 74 — Cost of living; 1 74 — Collection of small debts; 1 75 — Not all bankrupt, 1 76 — " Wigwam lost, Mokopo here!"; 176.

Chapter XVIII. Never Say Die

Delegation to Whig convention at Springfield; 178 — Reviving confidence; 179 — Alleged row between Long John and Captain Hunter; 180 — Stage-coach days; 181 — First regular Theatre; 181 — Cemetery at Clark Street and North Avenue; 182 — States emerging from their troubles; 182 — Boston Capital; 183 — Canal commissioners appointed; 184 — Shallow cut adopted; 184 — Wisconsin tries to gain Chicago; 184— The Canal's many benefactions; 185 — The story of a typical family migration, 187 — Achievements of "the forties"; 189 — The Lake Street hydraulic works; 189 — Primitive water-piping; 190.

Chapter XIX. River And Harbor Convention

The Mexican War; 191 — Previous River and Harbor bills; 192 — Folk's veto; 192 — Chicago furious; 193 — Calling of the Convention 194 — Strangers in attendance; 195 — Lincoln a Delegate; 196 — Horace

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Greeley; 196 — Thurlow Weed's account; 197 — The Resolutions; 198— Weed's mistake; 199 — General Webster; 199.

Chapter XX

Opening business on the Canal; 201 — The first engine that ever turned a wheel in Chicago; 202 — The " Pioneer;" 203 — Running a railroad line through the water; 203 — Galena railroad begins to run; 204— $20,000 from George Smith; 205 — High water all over the West; 205 — The old Portage overflowed; 206 — The great flood of 1849 m Chicago; 206 — Accidents and incidents of the flood; 207 — Losses; 207 — A costly bridge; 209 — Rush Street Ferry; 209 — The great drawbridge question re-opened; 210 — First City Hall built in State Street; 211 — First Regular Theatre; 212 — Mr. McVicker in song and dance act; 213 —Beginning of the City's Musical Life; 214 — Ogden's lesson to Prindiville; 214 — Gov. Bross' description of those days; 215.

Chapter XXI

Chicago's struggles in starting the first railroad; 216— Bad faith in dealing with Galena; 2 1 7— Michigan Southern and Central come in; 2 1 7 -Terrible accident at Grand Crossing; 218 — The Illinois Central; 218 — State percentage of Illinois Central earnings; 219— Mr. Lincoln's little story; 219 — Threatened destruction of Michigan Avenue; 220— The line of Crib protection; 221— Foreign capital to the rescue; 221— The makers of the Illinois Central; 222— Streets generally begin to be numbered and paved; 222 — Burning of Rice's Theatre; 223 — First General Charity Hospital; 223— Douglas silenced by Anti-Fugitive Slave-Law mob; 224— Sale of a black man at auction; 225 — Rescue of fugitive slaves; 225 — Distinguished Abolitionists; 226.

Chapter XXII. •the City Comes To Herself

Nature's bounty to Chicago; 227— Her commercial position; 227 — Built of material taken from her own sub-soil; 228— Lake breezes temper both cold and heat; 228— Drawbacks of a level site; 229— Drainage, water, river, fire and streets; 229— Chowder in the bath-tub; 230 — Line of drainage established; 230— First effects of Drainage; 231— The city lifted above the sewers; 231 — Law of street grades fixed; 232 — Raising of old brick buildings; 232 — First work of George Pullman; 233— Beginning of Palace Cars; 233— The Sleeping Car System; 234— The Cholera;

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1852 to 1855; 234 — Incidents of the epidemic; 235 — Dr. Dyer's good story; 235 — The Lake Street Fire of 1857; 236 — The first Steam Fire Engine; 236 — Riotous Firemen; 237 — Fate of the river banks; 237 — River and Harbor History; 238.

Chapter XXIII The Stump-tail Chimera

Banking and Currency system a failure; 242 — Chaos of Bank notes; 243 — One day's collections on the C., B. & Q; 243 — The hard-money "Democrat;" 244 — Periodical Convulsions; 244 — Ohio Life & Trust fails for $7,000,000; 245 — Tribulation of the Illinois Central; 245 — Hard times come again; 246 — Gresham's Law; 246 — Illinois Banking and Currency act; 247 — Geo. Smith and the Georgia Banks; 247 — Chicago on the Slavery Question; 248 — Free Kansas meeting in 1856; 249 — Injustice to Justice Taney; 249 — Lincoln-Douglas Debates; 249 — Douglas' strong Unionism; 250 — Chicago under cloud and storm; 250 —Beginning of Street Railroads; 251 — Disappearance of Fort Dearborn; 251 — First iron drawbridge; 252 — Railroad miles and earnings in 1857; 253 — Union Stock Yards started; 254 — Progress in the fifties; 255 — Birth of the Republican party; 255 — Wreck of the "Charles Howard;" 256.

CHAPTER XXIV. To ARMS, YE BRAVE !

Republican Convention of 1861; 257 — Sewardandthe New Yorkers; 257 — Lincoln on his own candidacy; 258 — Seward's chances and mischances; 258 — Scehes in the Wigwam; 259 — The balloting; 260 — Union mass-meeting at Bryan Hall; 260 — Only 150 militia men in 1860; 261 — First call for volunteers; 261 — i2th and igth Regiments; 262 — 23d, Irish- American; 262 — Hecker-Jaeger Regiment; 262 — 24th, German-American; 264 — 37th, Fremont Rifles; 264 — 39th,Yates Phalanx; 264 — 42d, Infantry; 264 — 5ist, Chicago Legion; 264 — 57th, National Guards; 264 — 58th McClellan Brigade; 265 — 65th, Scotch Regiment; 265 — 72d, Board of Trade; 265 — 82d, German-American; 265 — 88th, Second Board of Trade; 266 — 8gth, Railroad Regiment; 266; — goth, Irish Legion; 266 — U3th, Third Board of Trade; 266 — 12 7th, 3,000 miles, 100 engagements; 266— Cavalry; 266 — i6th and I7th Cavalry; 267 — Artillery; 267 — Stokes Board of Trade Battery; 267 — Death-Roll of Honor; 268 — Typical Memoir of one Chicago officer; 268 — Camp Douglas; 269 — Prisoners' Aid and Relief; 270 — Camp Douglas Conspiracy; 270 — Sanitary Commission; 271 — Love and Gratitude of those old days; 271.

CONTENTS. xiii

Chapter XXV

Loss of the Lady Elgin ; 272 — The bones of the ship now visible 273 — Other wrecks ; 273 — Population not checked by war; 274 — Lake Tunnel crib; 274 — Lake difficulties overcome, 275 — Beginning of Lincoln Park; 276 — Sectional jealousies; 276 — Removal of the cemetery; 277 — Enlargement of the River Forks; 277 — Inception of the Union Stockyards; 279 — Of the Clearing House, 279 — The river again foul; 280 — The remedy; 280 — The two tunnels; 281 — Federal affairs ; 281 — Greenbacks; 281 — Money that rustled but did not rattle; 283— The old banks died hard; 283 — Unfailing value of city securities; 284 — Farewell to George Smith ; 284 — Where did the old rags go ? 285— Greenback inflation; 285 — Laborers on top ; 285 — End of the stormy sixties; 287 — Delusive confidence; 287.

Chapter XXVI. The Great Fire

The great drought before the great fire ; 288 — Condition of the city in 1871; 288 — The feast spread; 289 — Condition of the fire department; 289 — The O'Leary house and stable; 290 — Testimony of the O'Learys; 291 — Delay in giving the alarm; 291 — The attack outflanks the defence; 291 — First loss of a steam fire engine; 292 — Flames jump over the south branch ; 292 — Battle on the court-house roof; 293 — Use of gunpowder; 293 — Cook county record office; 293 — Fierce speed of the flames; 293 — Fire crosses the main river; 294 — Failure to defend the waterworks; 294 — Whose fault? 295 — One woman's story; 296 — Mental phenomena; 297 — Pitiful struggles; 298 — Outpouring of the world's pity; 298 — First relief committees; 299 — The Chicago Relief and Aid Society; 299 — Special police sworn in; 30x3 — Militia and regular troops come; 301 — Sensitiveness regarding U. S, soldiers; 301 — First new supply of water; 301 — Summary of losses and compensations; 302— Rebound of hope; 302 — Even Gov. Bross underestimates the recovery; 302 — One man's recollections; 303 — How the streets looked to a newly arrived Chicagoan; 304 — Particular ruins; 304 — North Side desolation; 305.

Chapter XXVII. A New Story Of The Fire

Books about the fire; 306 — Fate of the county records; 307 — American Record System; 307 — Maps and plats of city property; 308 xiv THE STORY OF CHICAGO.

— The abstract makers and their work; 308 — The real estate dilemma; 309 — A clue to the labyrinth; 310 — John G. Shortall's story of a night; 310 — Fate of an old landmark; 311 — First apprehension of the coming catastrophe; 31 1 — The fugitive crowd; 312 — Lucky failure of a well-meant effort; 312 — Stocktons to the rescue; 313 — Books on the truck and rain of fire on the books; 3 1 3 — The great bell falls unheard; 314 — Help of the jail-birds; 314 — Back again to the fire; 314 — Exasperating fatality; 315 — Exhausted nature breaks down; 315 — The loss averted; 316 — The combined savings; 316 — Chance for extortion; 316 — Honorable conduct; 317 — Chicago worthies; 318 — Accumulations since the fire; 320 — Government weather-signal officers; 320 — Interview with ex-Mayor Cregier; 321 — Interview with Chief Fire Marshall Williams; 321.

Chapter XXVIII

Splendid conduct of Insurance Companies; 322 — Trepidation of the timid; 322 — The Burnt Record Act; 323 — Words hearty and timely; 323 — Buildings put up by the R. & A; 323 — Doubts all proved to be vain; 324 — Mayor Medill and the city problem; 324 — Fire limits extended; 325 — How serious is the loss of old buildings? 326 — Early reconstruction; 326 — Civic finances and their prospects; 327- -Schneider's saying about metropolitan securities; 327 — Timely liberality of the State Government; 328 — The Rookeries, old and new; 328 — Unparalleled achievement of the city; 329 — Kerfoot's Block; 329; — Gradual clearance of the obstructed streets; 330 — Rehabilitation of the newspapers; 330 — Failure of Congressional efforts at relit.f; 331 — All poor, busy, hopeful and economical; 331 — Relics of the Court House fire; 332 — East-bound trains; 332 — The blessed mother-in-law; 333.

Chapter XXIX

Thirty-nine churches burned; 335 — Scattering of Congregations by the Fire; 335 — North, South and West Side circles; 335 — Hospitality and Benovolence; 336 — None rich by inheritance; 336— Absenteeism not favored; 337 — One circle in the far future; 337 — No true Aristocracy in Chicago as yet; 338 — Development of Clubs; 338 — The Chicago, the Standard and the Fortnightly; 339 — The Literary; 340 — The Union; 340 — The Illinois; 340 — The Union League; 340 — The Iroquois; 341 — Relief and Aid Society; 341 — Its most devoted servants; 342 — Home for the Friendless; 342 — Nursery and Half-Orphan Asylum; 342 — Old Ladies' Home; 343 — Historical Society; 343 — The

CONTEXTS. xv

Athenaeum; 344 — Young Men's Christian Association; 345 — Humane Society; 345 — Secret Societies; 346 — Union war Veterans; 346 — The Art Institute; 346 — Chicago as an art centre and art market; 347 — A glance back at a primitive time and place; 348 — The Declaration of Independence read from a pocket-handkerchief; 349.

Chapter XXX

PANIC OF 1873. FIRE OF 1874. WHISKY RING:

One bank safe failed in its duty; 350 — Consternation first and deliberation next; 350— Banks begin again to pay out money; 351 — Stringency two years later; 351 — Clearing-house certificates not used; 352 — Collapse averted; 352 — Failures; 352 — Food products a better financial basis than stocks and bonds; 353 — The great savings-bank disaster; 353 —State, Bee-hive, Fidelity and German Savings-Banks; 354 — Building Societies and their mission; 354 — Relics of the past made foundations of the future; 355 — A new blow on the old sore spot; 355 — Last straw on the backs of the Insurance Companies; 356 — Citizens' Association to the rescue; 356 — The companies forgive but do not forget; 356 — The new army of fire-fighters; 357 — Bursting of the Whisky Ring; 357— Let no guilty man escape; 357 — Enormous seizures of property; 358 — Sensational trial, verdict and sentences; 358 — Strongmen broken down; 359 — Indemnity to "Squealers"; 359 — Seeming financial disaster, but real return of health; 359 — Uniform integrity of the Mayors of Chicago; 361.

Chapter XXXI. The Beauty Spots

The luxury of the poor and the rich; 362 — South Park Commission; 363 — Its Fire losses; 363 — Early purchases and improvements; Drexel Statue; 364 — Hardship of boulevarding some streets at the cost of others; 366 — Pay-as-you-go policy; 366 — Equipment needed by a park; 367 — Table of areas and distances; 367 — Beginning of West Side Park System; 367 — Douglas, Garfield and Humboldt; 368 — Great boulevards on the West Side; 368 — Future beauties; 369 — Acres and miles of West Side system; 369 — Lake Shore Drive, the glory of the North Side; 370 —Primeval sand-hills; 371 — Exclusion of shore railways; 371 — Blossoming as the rose; 372 — Miles and acres of the Lincoln Park System; 373— Original cost and present debt; 373 — Successive Commissioners; 374 Park system still beyond present needs; 374 — Increasing means and decreasing 'demands; 375 — Bought and paid for; a free gift to the future; 375.

xv i THE STORY OF CHICAGO.

CHAPTER XXXII. RlOTS AND THEIR SUPPRESSION

A city of homes safe from certain dangers ; 376 — Trade Unions necessary and proper; 376 — The Pittsburgh Riots ; 376 — First troubles in Chicago ; 377 — Assembling of forces for defence; 377 — Outbreak and bloodshed ; 378 — Points to be defended ; 378 — Gen. Torrence's disposition of forces ; 379 — Military supports police ; 379 — United States Regulars ; 380 — Unanimity in the defenders , 380 — The threatened avalanche scattered at the start : 381 — Fear of the mob succeeded by jibes at the military; 381 — Thankless task of the militia; 382 — The Anarchists' movement ; 382 — The prime movers ; 383 — Their folly ; 383 — Difference between labor-unionists and anarchists ; 384 — Trouble at McCormick's Reaper works ; 384 — The "Revenge" circular; 385 — Parson's speech at the Haymarket ; 385 — Explosion, wounds and death; 386 — Arrests; 386 — Trial, conviction and punishment; 386 — Judge Gary and Prosecutor Grinnell ; 386.

Chapter XXXIII. Pullman

The grand plan and its originator ; 388 — An unpromising spot ; 389— Magical transformation ; 389 — The workers and the work 390 ; — Corliss Engine ; 390 — Architecture ; 390 — Sewerage and disposition of sewage ; 390 — Water supply ; 391 — Pullman sewage farm ; 391 — Lesson regarding Chicago sewage ; 393 — Growth of a car; 392 — A train a day produced; 392 — Health of the town 1393 — Temperance ; 393 — Personal liberty; 393~-Free public opinion ; 394 — Religion; 394 — Aspect of the town ; 394 — Flats and other homes ; 395 — Statistics of population ; 395— Savings in bank ; 396 — Spontaneous good order ; 396 — The labor troubles of 1886 — Arrival of the walking delegate ; 397 — Mr. Pullman's reception of the committee ; 397— His answer; 397 — Finality of the interview ; 398 — The strike is on ; 398— Attempted socialist intervention ; 399 — Foundrymen come forward ; 399 — End of strike ; 399 — Piece-work at Pullman; 400 — Perhaps a key-bearer; 400 — The cap-stone is peace ; 400.

Chapter XXXIV. The Thrifty Eighties

Vastness of the million; 401 — Then and now; 401 — Chicago in 1891; 401 — Her relative position; 402 — Other World's Fairs; 403 — Growth of Chicago since the fire; 403 — Present growth and what it means; 404 — Demand again overtakes supply; 404 — Good-bye to Gurdon Hubbard; 404 — The Newberry fortune; 405 — Walter L. New-

CONTENTS. xvii

berry's Chicago history; 405 — His public acts; 406 — Personal characteristics; 407 — Mr. Newberry's will; 408 — Judge Skinner; 408 — Litigation; 409 — Location of permanent library; 410 — Dr. Poole's remarks; 411 — The building itself; 411 — John Crerar; 412 — A few of his business connections; 412 — Mr. Crerar's will; 413 — The Crerar Library; 413 — A message from beyond the grave; 414 — The Armour Mission and its founders; 414 — Its ways and means; 415 — Manual Training School; 415 — William B. Ogden's will; 416 — Fate of his well-meant charitable effort; 416 — Difference between New York and Chicago charitable bequests; 417.

Chapter XXXV

Undertaking of the World's Columbian; 418 — Act of Congress; 418 — Conditional on certain funds; 419 — Funds provided; 419 — Inn. keepers, etc., pledged against extortion; 420 — Naval reviews; 420 — The true anniversary; 420 — President's proclamation; 421 — Four organizations; 421 — Fifteen great departments; 421 — General officers; 422 — Board members; 422 — Statistics of previous fairs; 423 — How Chicago compares; 423 — Action of States and Territories; 423 — Action of the general government; 424 — Government exhibits; 424 — Outlays hitherto and in the future; 425 — Action of foreign nations; 425 — A mile square of land and more if needed; 425— The lake and the water courses; 425— Statue of Liberty; 426 — General architectural scheme; 426 — Machinery Hall; 426 — Fisheries island; 427— General Miles in charge of military features; 427 — Troops and Indians; 427 — Possible sham battle; 427 — Pride in showing how few soldiers we need; 428 — Lady managers; 428 — Lady delegates; 428 — Their powers and duties; 429 — First meeting; 429 — Speeches by Mrs. Felton and Mrs. Palmer; 429 — Mrs. Palmer's report of her foreign trip; 430 — How royalty and aristocracy look at the movement; 430 — Princess Christian; 431 — Mrs. Palmer's address to the Commissioners; 431 — The Auxiliary; 432 — A Congress of Congresses; 433 — Building plans and costs; 434— Other necessary outlays; 434 — $17,000,000 to be laid out; 434 — Fire department; 434 — Building materials; 435 — Sewerage; 435 — Aspect of the ground in December 189-1; 435.