The socialism of today

Front matter

SOCIALISM OF TO-DAY

EMILE DE TAVELEYE

WITH AN ACCOUNT OF |

Introduction

THE PROGRESS OF SOCIALISM.

Ubiquity of Socialism (xiii.)—What is Socialism? (xiv.)—-Causes of the origin and growth of Socialism (xv.)—Christianity and Socialism (xvi.) —Socialistic utterances of the Fathers of the Church (xviii, )—Darwinism the logical antithesis of both Christianity and Socialism (xix.)— How religious Socialism became political (xx.)—The French Revolution and social equality (xxi.)—Changes in the methods of production (xxii.) —Medizeval craftsmen and modern factory-hands (xxv.)—Medizeval society stationary but stable (xxvii.)—-Competition the cause at once of

_ progress and instability (xxviii.)—‘‘ The iron law of wages” (xxix. )— Internationalism (xxx.)—Summary of the situation created by economic progress (xxxi. )—Macaulay’s prophecy (xxxii.)—Effect of the decay of religious faith (xxxiii.)—Political Economy, the arsenal of Socialism (xxxiv.)—Socialism gaining ground with the upper classes (xxxv.)—and promoted by Militarism (xxxvi.)—The true and the false in Socialism (xxxvii.)—The demands of Socialism (xxxix.)—Effect of Socialism on Political Economy (xlii.)—Fundamental errors of Socialists (xliii.)

CHAPTER, I.

CONTEMPORARY SOCIALISM IN GERMANY.

Coercive measures against Socialists (1)—Two Socialistic Associations formed in Germany (2)—The Congress of Gotha, 1872, and its programme (3)—Wide diffusion of Socialism in Germany (4).

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Chapter II. The Forerunners: Fichte And Marlo

Recent origin of Socialism in Germany (6)—Socialistic views of Fichte (7) —The writings of Weitling (8)—Professor Winkelblech (Marlo): his conversion to Socialism (9)—His contrast of the Pagan and the Christian principle in Political Economy (11)—His theory of property (11) —His views on the population question (12)—Diffusion of comfort the best preventive of over-population (13). ef

CHAPTER: 111.

RODBERTUS-JAGETZOW.

General character of German Socialists (14)—Rodbertus, ‘‘ the Ricardo of Socialism” (15)—His theory of wages (16)—and of rent (17)—His project of a system of exchange (18).

Chapter IV. Karl Marx

Das Kapital: its faulty method (20)—Biographical facts concerning Marx (21)—His writings (22)—His aim, to prove capital the result of spoliation (23)—His theory of value (24)—The measure of value (26)—His account of the origin of capital (27)—The capitalist’s — methods of increasing profits (30)—‘‘ Surplus Value,” the materialization of unpaid labour (31)—Maurice Block’s attempted refutation (32) —Fundamental error of Marx (34)—Value really springs from Utility (35)—True theory of the value of labour (37)—Error of Marx as to machines (38)—German and French Socialists contrasted (39)— Superiority of Christianity as a factor of social reform (40).

Chapter V. Ferdinand Lassalle

Lassalle, the ‘* Messiah of Socialism”’ (42)—His early years (43)—Heine’s estimate of Lassalle (44)—The Countess of Hatzfeld’s law-suit (45)— The insurrection at Dusseldorf, 1848 (46)—Lassalle’s political views (47)—His juridical and political writings (48)—Lassalle and Schulze- Delitzsch (49)—Lassalle’s project of marriage (51)—His tragic death (53)—His theories: the ‘‘iron law of wages” (5§4)—How far true (57) _ —Economic laws differ from cosmic laws (59)—Is it want or plenty that tends to increase population? (60)-—Lassalle’s views regarding the antagonism between capitalists and labourers (62)—His remedy: Stateraided co-operation (64)—Bismarck’s connection with Lassalle

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(67)—Difficulties in the way of co-operative production (68)—Working men’s Congress in Paris, 1876, and co-operation (71) Conditions of successful co-operation (74)—Lassalle’s views as to the ulterior

- transformation of society (75)—Lassalle and Marx contrasted (78)— Essential weakness of Lassalle’s proposals (79).

Chapter VI. Conservative Socialists, '

Einseitigkett (81)—The Conservative Socialist, the Economist, and the Democratic Socialist (82)—Germany the typical ground of the war between classes (83)—Rodbertus contrasted with Lassalle (84)—President von Gerlach and the Zuzftreaction (85)—Professor Huber and Councillor Wagener (87)—Prince Bismarck a type of the Conservative Socialist (89)—His relations with the Katheder-Socialisten (91)—Views of Rudolf Meyer, the most learned of Conservative Socialists (93)— Aristotle and Montesquieu on the evils of inequality (94)—For whom does machinery create leisure? (95)—Impracticable proposals of Conservative Socialists (96).

Chapter VII. Evangelical Socialists

Herr Stocker and the two associations founded by him (97)—Programme of the party (99)—A Socialist Monarchy (101)—Prussia, a soil suited to State Socialism (103)—Proposed revival of trade-corporations (104) —Herr Stocker’s views as to the duty of the Protestant Church (106) —Johann Most’s attacks on the clergy (107)—Massenaustritt aus der’ Landskirche (108)—The Evangelical Socialists and the Anti-Socialist Bill (109)—Herr Todt’s book: ‘* Radical German Socialism and Christian Society” (110)—M. Laurent and school-saving (113)— Christianity, a living force (115).

CHAPTER Vill, CATHOLIC SOCIALISTS.

The Red and the Black International (116)—Militant Catholics in France (117)—Is the Gospel an authority for Socialism? (118)—Scientific Materialism and Christianity (120)—Bishop~Ketteler’s Book: ‘‘ The Labour Question and Christianity ” (121)—His sympathy with Lassalle (122)—The theory of the “‘ Labour-Commodity ” (123)—Why dema-

-gogues preach Atheistic Materialism (125)—Bishop Ketteler’s remedy (126)—Canon Moufang’s electoral address, 1871; programme of Catholico-Socialist reforms (129)—Dze Christlich-sociale Blaetter (132)—In-

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fluence of the Ultramontane Socialists (133)—The Catholic working men’s clubs (134)—Kolping’s Vereine (137)—Assembly of German Catholics at Mayence, 1871 (139)—Relations of the Catholic Socialists with the Social Democrats (140)—Associations due to Catholic Socialism (141)—Double object of the movement (143)—The scarlet-coloured beast of the Apocalypse (144).

Chapter IX., The Rise And Fall Of The International

Facts which gave rise to the International (146)—Communist Manifesto of 1847 (148)—Visit of French working men to the London Exhibition of 1862 (149)—Foundation of the International, 1864 (150)—Its Manifesto (151)—First Congress at Geneva, 1866 (153)—Constitution of the International (154)—The International begins to make its power felt (155)—Congress at Lausanne, 1867 (156)—-Congress at Brussels, 1868 (158)—Collectivism (161)—What is the Collectivity ? (164)—The Slavic zadruga (165)—How the International gained adherents (166) —Congress at Bale, 1869 (168)—Autonomous Co-operative Associations (170)—Abolition of hereditary succession (171)—Bakunin appears on the scene (172)—Spread of the International in 1870 (1'773)—Protests against the Franco-Prussian war (174)—The International and the Paris Commune (176)—Conference in London, 1871 (179)—The schism in the International and the Congress at the Hague, 1872 (180)—Two Internationals face to face, 1873 (182)—General Assembly of the Autonomists at Brussels, 1874 (184)—Congress at Berne, 1876 (185)— ~ Congress at Ghent, 1877 (187)—Causes of the decline of the International (189).

Chapter X. Bakunin The Apostle Of Nihilism

Amorphism (192)—Cosmical and social Palingenesis (193)—Biographical sketch of Bakunin (196)—Foundation of ‘‘ the Alliance of the Socialist Democracy ” (198)—Bakunin and the Commune (199)—Constitution of the Alliance (200)—Its programme (201)—‘‘ Holy and wholesome ignorance” (203)—‘‘ Pan-destruction”” (204) —The Revolutionary Catechism (205)—Netchaieff (206)—The assassination of Ivanoff (207) —Romanoff, Pugatcheff, or Pestel ? (208)—Influence of the International in England (209)—in America (212)—in the Scandinavian countries (213)—in Switzerland (216)—in Belgium (218)—in Holland (220)—in - Austria (220)—in Hungary (221)—in Italy (221)—‘*‘ The Social Revolution ” at San Lupo (222)—Lady Internationalists (224)—Mazzini and

CONTENTS. Vil the International (225)—Garibaldi and the Commune: Bakunin and Italy (226)—The Socialistic press in Italy (228)—Socialistic manifestoes (229)—Authoritarian Collectivists and Revolutionary Anarchists (230) —The International in Spain (231)—Influence of Bakunin in Spain (233)—The Insurrection of Carthagena, 1873 (235)—La Mano Nera (236)—The International in Portugal (239)—Force no remedy (240) —The sources of Nihilistic Socialism: the Hegelians (241)—Herzen (242)—Russian Nihilism distinguished from Western Anarchism (243).

Chapter XI. Collectivism And Land Nationalization

Different forms. of Collectivism (244)—Colins, the Belgian Collectivist : sketch of his life (245)—-His philosophical (246)—economical (247) and historical views (249)—His idea of the definitive organization of society (250)—Francois Huet (253)—His views of social organization: ‘‘the right to patrimony”’ (254)—Henry George: his ‘‘ Pro-

- gress and Poverty ” (226)—Universal Collectivism: Scheeffle’s ‘‘Quintessence of Socialism ” (260)—Three Socialist groups in France (263) —The programme of the Possibilists (264).

Chapter XII. The Socialists Of The Chair

Are the Katheder-Socialisten really Socialists? (265)—Their statement of the orthodox Economy (266)—and criticism thereof (267)—Their view of the functions of the State (269)—The social question a question of distribution (270)-—Ethical side of Political Economy (271)—The Old Economists contrasted with the New (272)—The Congress of Economists in Germany (273)—Forerunners of the new school (275) —First Congress of the new school at Eisenach, 1872: Professor Schmoller’s address (276)—‘‘ The Association for Social Politics ” (277)—Recent writings by the New Economists (278)—Professor Wagner’s theory of economic development (279)—Property not an immutable right (280)—The opinions of the New Economists not uniform (281) —Professor Nasse’s summary of the work of the new school (282)— Its future (283).

SOCIALISM IN ENGLAND.

i Three Socialistic movements in England (287)—LAND NATIONALIZATION : ‘J. S. Mill’s proposal (288)—Henry George: biographical sketch (289) ; His statement of the social problem (291)—His answer (292)—His

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Contents

critics (293)—Mr. Wallace’s proposals (294)—His views as to com- — pensation (298)—‘‘ The right to choose a home” (296)—The Land Nationalization Society (297) —The Land Restoration Leagues of © England, Scotland, and Ireland (298)—Prospects of the movement (299)—CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM: Maurice and Kingsley (300) —How they differed from the Socialists of to-day (301)—Their connection with the co-operative movement (302)—The Guild of St. Matthew (303)—The Church and Socialism (304)—The Bible and Socialism (305)—Political Economy and Christian Socialism (306)—‘‘ Socialism by Taxation” (307)—The dwellings of the poor (308)—Government workshops (309)—THE SoctaL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION (311)— Mr. Hyndman’s book: ‘‘ The Historical Basis of Socialism in England” (312)—The theory of value (313)—Surplus value (314) — Machines (315)—The Manifesto of the Social Democrats (317)—No compensation (318)—The Collectivist State (321)—Revolution a con-. dition precedent (323)—Social Reformers (325)—The co-operative movement (327)—Profit-sharing (329)—Socialism by evolution (331). ~

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MRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.