Russian sociology; a contribution to the history of sociological thought and theory

Front matter

WA A eee AKK .

SANS

AK

Preface

Tus study has been made in the hope that it would fill a gap which exists in the history of sociological thought and theory. A history which as yet has not appeared in English, Dr. Paul Barth’s “ Die Geschichte der Philosophie als Soziologie’’, is perhaps the best work on the subject in German. A more recent work on the subject is by Faustus Squillace, ‘ La classification des doctrines sociologiques ”’. Neither of these writers, however, does more than merely mention Russian sociology nor says anything of the place it holds in the social-political history of Russia.

To keep this study of Russian Sociology within certain fixed limitations it became necessary to exclude the Russian belletristic literature which contains a good deal of sociological thought, as for example, the novels of Turgeniev, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and others. It also seemed expedient not to present the work of authors who only re-interpret the theories of others and who have had no influence in directing the general trend of Russian Sociology. Such authors are, for example, Smolikovsky, who expounded Comte’s system to the Russians, and Stronin, who wrote on sociological analogies.

Of the three parts in this study the first may be regarded as introductory to the latter two. Part II is an analysis of the principal Russian sociological schools, and Part ITI contains the miscellaneous theories which have entered into the province of Russian sociology.

There is no uniform system of spelling Russian names in English. An attempt was made to transliterate all Russian

7] 7 g PREFACE 8 words based upon the English pronunciation of the alphabet. The Russianized name of the Russian capital “ Petrograd” has been used (instead of St. Petersburg) throughout with the exception of quotations.

In conclusion, it is a pleasure to state that I owe my interest in sociology to the inspiring teaching of Professor Franklin Henry Giddings, who also spent much of his valuable time in the correction of the manuscript.

J. F. H.

New York, May, Igi5.

GON FENTS

PAK Dil THE BEGINNINGS OF RUSSIAN SOCIOLOGY CHAPTER I PAGE THE SocrAL-PoLiTIcAL BACKGROUND OF RUSSIAN SOCIOLOGY How Russian sociology may be understood... . Lee Ne IO The conflict of the developing forces of Mea eticy and emaeaee 21 ime roe orlreter I ..: ..... . RARE EN. F 123 Catherine II, her social theories see Oastioal Boiitan aL 23 The Decembrist movement, its representative leaders and syeceiaces: 26 Speransky on the signs of the time... ........ oes ti ROE ef Nicholas I and his policies ... . Heavens bet 28 The nationalistic trend, Slavophils Tai Reuteontils 9 he ENice hat a. 29 The Westernizing trend and its principal theorizers ....... 34 The great reform period and its consequences .......... 36 The populist movement, its leaders and organizations -..... 37 mmeacivOrnio. the eighties = .\. i..6 wae 8) es eee ee ls . ees The rise of industrial classes and retd Gt Varsism dais ae hak eo 43 The revolution of 1905-6 and its consequences ..... selid AHP AG CHAPTER II THE SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF THE SLAVOPHILS AND THE RUSSOPHILS 1. The Slavophilism of Danilevsky : His theory of historical types of culture ..... a] SM oi he aateta (40 PERODOSILMOTE Lor Lar WittiStll ts is ed's) 2) 5.) he she ede a ye 47 His cosmological and biological analogy. Sec noha se ete hiviat FAC His idea of progress. .... Mint Ar hss pee 49 His five generalizations or ae af ealanoae LEE POL Ay te 50 His conclusion as to the Slavic type of culture. ....... 52 PRCMOL TiS. Lhexsrrese win weet ls he i ieee ane ee he SZ

9] 9

10 CONTENTS [10

PAGE 2. The Russophilism of Leontiev : His relation to Panslavism ... .- <a) ea 53 His Theocratic ideal and hatred of hermocraey ath 53 His synthetic theory of social evolution and its apolieaan Me the Russian state eve. ac es la aah Ge Ma en a «12 See ee Critique of 'Leontiev’s theories. . -: «+. + s+) <) seg 3. Neo-Slavophilism of Vladimir Soloviev : His relation to the older Slavophils . . . - . 2... ss 45 57 His ethical approach to sociological problems ........ 57 The individual versus society ... . 58 The three fundamental psychic character ate of re hereen SPECIES Ce ee ee Os arr His idea of progress 2 eb is bee ie, oi eee a nip a Conclustonmy us ie we ila eae My LOSS AN GUIER UNO CHAPTER III THE SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF THE WESTERNISTS 1. Chaddaev representative of western theocratic thought : His critique of Russian civilization) ).) 22/29. 29.) 700) eee His appreciation of the Roman hierarchy ..... oT) eee 2. Belinsky representative of the humanitarian trend: His transitionalrole. ..... PMR The problem of the individual versus Peat MMe s es His organic view of society. . . PUAN RTE Fis later departures. .00/. 0 0 Oy a ae 67 3. Herzen the precursor of Russian populism : His disappointment with Western Europe... . CAM ce His hope for a special social-economic evolution of Rusee 2 Wiel oes His practical program. «eee aha Ub ee he ehh ce aid an 71 His relation to the Slavophils: AVAL GAR RU kgs ae ABM 2 Conclusion.) sie pe ee i eC eso 4. Bakunin’s theory of anarchy: His organic view of society . + leg ecueth ht, eae a aaa Det yiir Life as the dynamics of progress ........ .\ ee nT Liberty the goal of evolution . .. . 75 rae state and other institutions of Cea in ante ‘eine to » Natural patriotism ’’’.) 2 2... ss nk His propaganda by deeds 6. 0.

CONCLUSION Ue a a fe eo ok ys a ene rr

5. Granovsky’s historism:

His theory of the disintegration of masses by thought... .. 78 The statistical method in social sciences. .......... 78

Ir | CONTENTS ue

PAGE 6. Chernishevsky’s populist theories : His philosophical presuppositions . 6.6. . 6 fee eee ee IQ His mechanistic conception of society. ....... 5... 80 Beeemle or institutions SOCIELY: pie) i a la iireb dei fhsl ieee cs 82 His view of the peasant land-commune............ 83 De esti pki Aime iD Ae We RE id ah lathdi te, tis | Bd PART II THE SUBJECTIVIST SCHOOL CHAPTER I THE SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF LAVROV His philosophical and sine hia race lege His subjective method .. . a aati enh Ad oe eet What is sociology and what are its Ap 4 Pee Wiehe a ae Me EY OY His theory of social solidarity or social control : How solidarity arises... Peet hirer eeti ition 4 cee OS Transition of animal eateries into He es eacieted, OVE ma tee BN Way) erm TaCtOrs: OF SOUCATITY (oe ls bb) as lo del adie . 100 RTA tsi cy AROS ae NA Seite ers ital Make g aby nO’ « His theory of individuation : rere sis OT The ini vidhialy ey a ee a ets a mite BA kL) le he TOF mnie inedividial a product of the groupi, «053666 el eee = 106 The historical functionings of the individual. ......... 107 Rarerintiivicual and social forms is"). he ae al oy pet ee TOC emer A EN NY PMN Ree Gay take con Ale hare yh LLO His theory of social progress : BRITA NCEP IES 80 Wyse er ans MUN Nixie is chins My MS Dg Nem Wiv hija hk LE Be Ore NLOCTESS CONSISt: Us ste sel ielie Lim mk pet nea) bake In what did progress consist ..-... A ed victde solar bine 2 kd In what does social progress possible rst our time Sorat Laue RETO Pree enti OL SOCIAL DIGOTESSig es Mela kira inl wie ie a ene SL Pamciision anciestimate of Lavrov.) es sie kis ei, ee ls TIS CHAPTER II THE SOCIOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF MIKHALOVSKY Hits philosophical and Lion Mean Be eae as His idealistic positivism. .. . Haba tsa ln Wek TOO His subjective method. ..... brie ier 8 8 at Yb 22

The province of sociology and its behabion to ae sciences. .. + 123

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PAGE Hits theory of the struggle for individuality : 1. The relation of the Spencerian and Darwinian theories of evolution to the theory of the struggle for individuality... . 125 2. The biological aspect of the theory of the struggle for individ-

HALILY PeUaa kee Late Ae ele Se ate a vaek

3. The psychological verere of the Piece of ihe struggle for INdIVIdiAality. UF se ee se Shae me ee A cr 135

a. The individuating process and the functions of the hero and of ‘the mob.” . 0.0). eA ae ee 136 b. The individuating process and the function of love .. . 140 c. The individuating process and the function of religion. . 142 d. The individuating process and the functions of libertinism and (asceticism wars ~\)= . 144

4. The economic aspect of the theory Ai He cerieele aoe inde WISELY seve |e ieee As

a. The individuating process one the fancHionine: at division GiADOrep oie ye hee - 146

b. The individuating process pana the fanttioHiae: of Rasen economic institutions . . 342.) «ee ore 148

5. The historical aspect of the theory of the struggle for indi- Widuality ol 0. oe el. tee he ee be SESO Conclusion and estimate of Mikhaloverst Ae Hae ee aged ce - Pg ON 9c}

CHAPTER@Ig

THE SOCIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF YOUZHAKOV

His criticism of the subjectivist method. ...... Pee) His outline of a suppositious sociological system. ........ 157 His contribution analyzed :

1. The sources of his philosophical and sociological views . .. 158

2. What is sociology and what are its principal problems... . 160

3. What is society and what are the ultimate and proximate causes orsocialization i 1.04) '))4 sine ayke ie well tetna ae 161

4. The organic and physical aspects of sociology. ....... 163

5. The ethical aspect of sociology. . .. 5 2%...) nn

6. Theieconomicaspect of sociology, . 9...) 06 V2 169

7. Résumé and conclusion. ..... ein MeN a oe vega ee

CHAPTER LY.

THE SOCIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF KAREYEV

1. His philosophical and methodological presuppositions : FLIGUGEALISLIC DOSIUIVISIN A Ms) a: elec, lela eek tne os holes) ra The classification of the sciences... 4.15.0. 47/.eellh (a

PAGE mmremeribjective. Methods pay Aai ets. ham yen jetret hy ite cs IFO 2. What is society in its various aspects: The organic, mechanistic, psychical, and anthropological

BE CECE SOCICLY Pio hin did ole) toc. nthe: STS tal tao Ihe asec . 180 3. The nature of the historic process and the role of the individual in history : The pragmatic and cultural aspects of history ....... . 185 une nero and the mob <«. .).%-. . Wier er etigtrs ta Renee ao ee TRB Individual differences. . . Ais Geile ti ete enat tet eesti ia) 187 Individual activity and cattural ave in erat: a TF te la ss. 188 aL SRE yea oss viel Pee RS Pane Lc) Me ene e, Ne te Pe 190 4. The sociological problem of progress : Elements of a sociological theory of progress. ....... - IQI What is progress and a progressive process.....+.--+.-s 193 PemeeErerabiiw. OF DIORTCSS.: «(<a ie seta ke & Siok 6 ce hs , 198

5. Conclusion : Kareyev and the subjectivist school of Russian sociology. . . 201

PART: TT

MISCELLANEOUS SCHOOLS AND TRENDS OF RussIAN SOCIOLOGY

Chapter I

THE OBJECTIVIST SCHOOL OF SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICISM (The Orthodox Marxists: Plekhanov and Lvov)

I. Plekhanov’s Marxist sociology: 1. His critique of the non-Marxian subjectivist sociologists and Russian Populists : The ‘‘special’’ non-capitalistic evolu-

2. His own philosophical and ee eso cnial presuppositions : Pere Titer IaliSiie ve at iret dutitek leet ows ade) Bi nee hie 210 Be CIAl@CtiCA THEETICK a Lalaies ri sek ah ths to dag sscekionhecstiien b Ma 2T1 3. His theory of history or of social evolution: Economic

BFE TIITIIS ITE AMER E A abit is ainda Sh des filers as kashraeents Shia 202 Environment changes the individual Sich sud Wulais RAL ae 213 The tool-making animal ...... Ng Pin Wet EIN, SE ae 214

The function of the productive forces. ....... hy i Piae ie

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The class struggle . aie Conclusion, and estimate of Btekhanod ee II. Lvov’s Marxist sociology: BOUGWS lek NANOV tilts e velth ie ae Lie daa ed dele ee Considers collective labor the basis of social Solan Oh

CHAPTER II THE NeEo-MarxIsts: STRUVE AND TUGAN-BARONOVSKY

1. The Neo-Marxist theories of Struve:

His orthodox Marxian period . ‘

Critique of the subjectivist school - .

The socializing function of capitalism .. .

His revisionist period .

Marxism criticised.

The experience of ie revatiions ban his new libecaliaeay 2. The Neo-Marxist theories of Tugan-Baronovsky :

His psychological presuppositions) <) 4) |)... 92/3 2)

Man’s needs as the dynamic force in social Salata ae Economics and the social life . . “

The social classes and the class struggle .

Conclusion .

CHAPTER III RussIAN ANARCHIST AND REVOLUTIONIST SOCIOLOGY

(Lhe Theories of Kropotkin and Chernov)

1. Peter Kropotkin’s anarchial sociology : His philosophical presuppositions .

Anarchism the goal of social evolution. What is society.

How does it originate.

The role of mutual aid.

The development of the! communistic seeds The réle of the exceptional individual . Conclusion and critique . Me 2. Victor Chernov’s revolutionary Faesoropy His philosophical and methodological presuppositions His theory of the social process. .

Conclusion .

a 76 Be" facis

219 219

220 221 222 222 223 224

225 226 230 232 234

249 252 256

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Chapter IV The Juristic And The Historical-genetic Schools Of

(The contributions of Korkunov and Kovalevsky) 1. The juristic school of Russian sociology :

The precursors, Sergeyevitch and Muromtzev.......

Korkunov’s theories .-.....

The nature of society. ... . t The character of law SMe ig as the ae Giga feuewcorception Of the states 2). es le is, Conclusion -

aod he Weeirat conetic eaa ey of peer y The methodological aspect of Kovalevsky’s sociology. The historical-genetic aspect of Roe Ma s sociology. MTETISTOTY 650 ate las wiih eae ee

CHAPTER V THE FRANCO-RUSSIAN SOCIOLOGISTS (Novicov and De Roberty)

1. The sociological theories of De Roberty: His Comtism . Geet ht aN From positivism to paeay rete al : Summary of his most recent ideas.

Conclusion... - TOL PELL e TE RMR E Nh Ne

2. The sociological eae. af Nowe: His philosophical presuppositions ....... His analyses and classification of struggle . His biological analogy of society

MTB HT Atty CEICICUIG!: fs) oe MES dP iah Gas te el er she

Chapter VI Retrospect And Future Of Russian Sociology

The social and scientific achievements of Russian sociology.

Analytical table of Russian sociology. . . The future of Russian sociology. .

APPENDIX I

THE TEACHING OF SOCIOLOGY IN RussIA .

IS

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278 278 279 279 282 283

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