Readings in American government and politics

Front matter

This book is DUE on the last date stamped below "^ 1927.

m 'y OF RHiA

LIBRARY

Preface

This collection of illustrative materials is designed to accompany my American Government and Politics, now in preparation, and the choice and arrangement of the selections have been dominated by the plan of that volume. However, I hope that the pages which follow may be used with profit in connection with other manuals, and read with some interest by the student of government who wishes to go beyond the statements of text writers for his information.

While the materials come from a large variety of sources, I have chosen wherever possible from the writings of men who have had a practical experience in the conduct of government. I have also sought to illustrate the larger and more permanent features of our political system, rather than to furnish a " handy guide to the law and practice." To facilitate the work of the student and teacher, I have endeavored to make each extract clear, compact, and self-explanatory, and in several instances I have condensed considerably by omitting obscure allusions and passages not bearing directly on the principles which I have wished to bring out. To avoid marring the pages with unsightly " points," I have merely placed an asterisk at the head of each selection which has been subjected to this process of condensation. The side notes are intended primarily to help the teacher in conducting class discussions.

I am indebted to the editors of several magazines for the privilege of making extracts from valuable articles. Mr. Alexander Holtzoff has made many long and painstaking searches for me into the fugitive literature of party politics, and I am under special obligations to him. Mr. Frederic W. Erb, of

4^153 vi Preface

the Loan Division of the Columbia University Library, and

his assistants have lightened my labors by the courteous and

efficient manner in which they have placed thousands of volumes

at my disposal during the past twelve months.

CHARLES A. BEARD.

Park Lane, New Milford, Connecticut^ July, 1909.

CONTENTS AND LIST OF CITATIONS

Chapter I Page

1. The royal province 2

Bouton, N. (editor), Provincial Papers : New Hampshire (1749- 63), VI, 908 sqq.

2. The corporate colony ......... 6

Poore, Constitutions of the United States, II, 1 59 sqq.

3. The proprietary colony 9

4. A Boston town meeting . , . . . . . . .II

Boston Tozvn Records, 1758-69, i-g, passim.

5. Local government in Virginia 13

Hening, Statutes at Large, V, 489 sqq., and 175.

6. Political theory before the Revolution '4

Elliot, A., An Election Sermon (1765), i^-ig, passim.

CHAPTER II Independence, Union, and Self-government

7. The Boston committee of correspondence 16

Boston Town Records, 1770-77, 92 sq.

8. Massachusetts calls the first Continental Congress .... 18

Force, American Archives (4th series), I, 420.

9. Appointment of the South Carolina delegates I9

Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-89, I, 23 sq.

10. The Declaration of Independence ....... 20

11. The Articles of Confederation 25

12. Continental Congress recommends the establishment of state gov-

Journals of the Continental Congress (1906), V, 342, 357 sq. vii viii Contents and List of Citations

PAGE

13. The call for the Maryland state convention 36

Proceedings of the Conventions in the Province of Maryland (Annapolis, 1774-76), 1845^.

CHAPTER III The Establishment of the Federal Constitution

14. Madison's criticism of the Articles of Confederation ... 38

Letters and Other Writings of James Madison (Federal edition), I, 320 sqq.

15. The call for the Constitutional Convention of 1787 .... 43

Elliofs Debates, I, 120.

16. New^ York resolves to appoint delegates 44

17. Difficulties confronting the Convention 44

The Federalist, No. XXXVI.

18. Hamilton's plea for a strong and stable government ... 47

The Works of Alexander Hamilton (Federal edition), 1,401 sqq. \, 19. Philosophy of the American constitutional system .... 49 The Federalist, No. X.

20. Transmission of the Constitution to Congress • • • • • 53

Elliot's Debates, V, 541.

21. Ratification of the new Constitution 54

Tiffany, J., ^ Treatise on Gover7iment and Constitutional Law,'i\.

Chapter IV

22. The formal amending process 56

The federal Constitution, Art. V.

23. Initiation of an amendment . 57

Bulletin of the Bureau of Rolls and Library of the Department of State, No. 7 (1894), p. 520.

24. Ratification of an amendment by a state 5^

25. Official proclamation of an amendment 5^

Ibid., 636 sq.

26. Initiation of an amendment by a state 60

Senate Document, 60th Congress, ist Sess., No. 518, 51 sq.

Contents and List of Citations ix

PAGE

27. Judicial expansion of the Constitution 62

McCulloch V. Maryland, 4 Wheaton, 316 sqq.

28. Congressional expansion of the Constitution . . , . .66

Congressional Record, XXXV, Part 7, 6752 sqq.

29. The Constitution and executive practice ...... 69

Curtis, The Republican Party, I, 406.

30. The third term doctrine 70

Works of Jefferso7t (1855), IV, 565 ; Congressional Record, IV, Part I, 228.

Chapter V

31. Early state constitutions 72

Poore, Constitutions of the United States, I, ofiZsqq.; 821 sqq.

32. American rotten boroughs ........ 75

Niles, Weekly Register (1^21), VIII (new series), 99 sq.

33. An appeal for the right to vote ....... 78

Proceedings and Debates of the Virginia State Convention of 1829-30, 25 sq.

34. An argument against popular suffrage 79

35. The doctrine of rotation in office ....... 81

Proceedings and Debates of the Convention of Pennsylvania (1837), II, 412 sqq.

36. Restrictions on special legislation 84

Debates of the Convention of Pennsylvania (1872), II, 590 sq.

37. Recent tendencies in constitutional development .... 87

The Constitution of Oklahoma, passim.

CHAPTER VI The Evolution of Political Issues in the United States

38. Federalists and Jeffersonians 92

The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (1855), III, 290 sqq.

39. The Whig Party 94

Stanwood, A History of the Presidency (1903), 180.

40. The Democratic party as the champion of slavery .... 95

Ibid., 249 sq.

41. The platform of the Republican party in i860 .... 96

X Contents and List of Citations

PAGE

42. The Republican party and war politics lOO

Stanwood, A History of the Presidency (1903), 369 sqq.

43. The character of Democratic opposition in 1884 .... 103

44. The social cleavage of 1896 .....,,. 105

Official Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention, 1896, 228 sqq.

45. Contemporary political issues ........ 107

Official Platform, published by the Republican National Committee, 1908.

CHAPTER VII The Development of Party Machinery

46. The legislative nominating caucus . . . . . . .112

Hammond, J. D., The History of Political Parties in the Stale of New York, I, 437 sq.

47. The congressional caucus for nominating presidential candidates . 114

Niles, Weekly Register, I (third series), 388 sqq.

48. The Tennessee legislature protests against the caucus . . .116

Ibid., I (third series), 137 sq.

49. Jackson's first national convention . . . . . . .119

Ibid., VI (fourth series), 234.

50. Benton's criticism of the convention system ..... 120

Benton, T. H., Thirty Years' View (1854), I, 49 sq.

51. Lincoln's defense of the convention as a state party institution . 123

Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln (Gettysburg edition), I, 252 sqq.

52. The municipal boss . 125

The New York Times, October 22, 1898.

53. A state political machine ........ 127

Ostrogorski, Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties, II, 398 sqq.

54. The political party included in the legal framework of govern-

Statutes of the State of Oregon relating to Elections (1907).

Contents and List of Citations xi

PART ir. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CHAPTER VIII

The General Principles of the Federal System of Government

PAGE

55. Original limitations on the power of the federal government . . 134

The federal Constitution.

56. Limitations imposed on the federal government by the Amendments 135

Ibid., Amendments I-XI.

57. The theory of the separation of powers in the federal Constitution . 138

Kilbourn v. Thompson, 103 United States Reports, 168.

58. The supremacy of federal law . . . . . . . . 140

59. The suffrage under the federal Constitution ..... 143

Revised Record of the Constitutional Convention of New York (1894), I, 618 sqq.

60. Reciprocal guarantee of privileges and immunities among the several

Story on the Constitution (1905), II, 582 sqq., note.

61. Interstate rendition 148

Report of the Attorney- General of Iowa (1904), 226 sqq.

62. The national character of citizenship . . . . . .150

United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 United States Reports, 649 sqq.

CHAPTER IX The Nomination and Election of the President

63. Constitutional provisions relating to the election of the President . 154

The federal Constitution.

64. The choice of presidential electors ....... 157

Richardson, Presidential Messages, IX, 208 sqq.

65. Counting the electoral vote in the states ...... 159

Statutes of the State of Oregon relating to Elections, 1907.

66. The call for the national convention ...... 160

Official Call, issued by the Republican Committee, 1908 ; Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention, 1904, I.

67. Convention oratory .......... 164

68. The Democratic unit rule . . . . . . . . 167

Ibid., 247 sq.

xii Contend and List of Citations

PAGE

69. The chairman of the national committee 169

The Atlantic Monthly, 1902, LXXXIX, 76 sqq.

70. The national campaign . 171

Review of Reviews, XIV, 554 sqq.

CHAPTER X The Powers of the President The federal Constitution

72. The President as head of the national administration . . . 177

Opinions of the Attorneys-General, VII, 460 sqq.

73. The President as national spokesman in foreign affairs , . . 183

American State Papers (second edition), I, 198.

74. The war powers of the President . 184

Richardson, Presidential Messages, IV, 674 sqq.

75. The political implications of the veto power ..... 187

The Works of Daniel ^F^/«/^r (eleventh edition), I, 266 sqq.

76. The presidential message ........ 192

Benton, T. H., Thirty Years' View (1854), II, 32; Richardson, Presidential Messages, I, 325.

77. Executive influence on congressional legislation .... 193

Congressional Record, XL, Part 5, 4777 sqq.

78. How executive departments may draft bills I96

Ibid., XVII, Part i, 463.

CHAPTER XI The National Administration

79. The President's power of removal ....... 197

Shurtleff v. United States, 189 United States Reports, 311.

80. The executive departments and Congress ..... 200

Congressional Record, XL, Part i, 22 sqq. . 81. Power of administrative officials to decide cases affecting life, liberty,

United States v. Ju Toy, 198 United States Reports, 253 sqq.

82. Fraud orders of the post-office department ..... 204

Congressional Record, XLI, Part i, 707 sqq.

83. The spoils system in national administration 2o6

Senate Reports, 47th Congress, No. 567.

Contents and List of Citations xiii

PAGE

84. The civil service act 208

Report of the United States Civil Service Commission (1908),

85. President Cleveland and the place hunters . . . . .211

Richardson, Presidential Messages, IX, 399 sq.

86. Senatorial courtesy .......... 212

Boutwell, G. S., Reminiscences of Sixty Years in Public Affairs, II, 282.

87. Congressmen and federal officers . . . . . . .213

Lincoln, Works, II, 106 sq.

Chapter XII

88. Provisions of the federal Constitution relative to the organization

The federal Constitution.

89. The apportionment of representatives among the states . . . 218

Statutes at Large, XXXI, 733.

90. The art of gerrymandering ........ 219

Speeches and Addresses of William McKinley, 23 sq.

91. The law governing the election of Senators 221

Compiled Statutes of the United States, I, 7 sq.

92. The original purpose of the Senate ....... 222

The Federalist, Nos. LXII and LXIII.

93. Popular election of Senators in Oregon ...... 225

Same as above, No. 65.

94. The question of popular election of Senators 226

Senate Dociintent, 60th Congress, ist Sess., Nos. 512 and 518.

95. The instruction of representatives in Congress .... 233

Congressional Record, XVII, Part i, I2I ; The Works of Henry Clay (Federal ed.), VIII, 135.

CHAPTER XIII The Powers of Congress

96. Express powers conferred on Congress by the Constitution . . 236

The federal Constitution.

97. The doctrine of strict construction ....... 237

MacDonald, William, Select Documents (1776-1861), 77 sqq.

xiv Contents and List of Citations

PAGE

98. The doctrine of liberal construction 240

Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheaton, i sqq.

99. The principle of liberal construction applied 241

Knox V. Lee, 12 Wallace, 457 sqq.

100. The " necessary and proper " clause 245

Ibid.

CHAPTER XIV loi. Party organization in Congress 247

Congressional Record, XL, Part 3, 2207 sqq.

102. A criticism of the House of Representatives ..... 253

Ibid., XL, Part 9, 8831 sq.

103. Duties of the speaker of the House 256

House Mamial (1908).

104. Political significance of the speakership 257

Congressional Record, XL, Part 5, 4807 sq.

105. The sources of the speaker's power 260

The Arena, XXH, 657 sqq.

106. How the House disposes of business 262

The Independent, LXIV, 579 sqq.

107. Congress and presidential influence 265

Congressional Record, XLII, Part 4, 3370.

108. Departmental preparation of bills 267

Ibid., XLH, Part i, 299.

109. Log-rolling in Congress 269

Ibid., XLII, Part 5, 4614.

no. The Senate at work 270

The Fontm, XXXI, 425 sqq.

111. Communications between the Houses ..... o 272

Congressional Record, XXXV, Part 7, 6959.

CHAPTER XV The federal Constitution

113. Power of t'le courts to pass on the constitutionality of federal

statutes . . 274

Marbury v. Madison, i Cranch, 137.

Contents and List of Citations xv

PAGE

114. Power of the federal courts over state statutes .... 278

Martin v. Hunter's Lessees, i Cranch, 304.

115. Jefferson's criticism of the Supreme Court . . . . .281

Writings of Thomas Jefferson (1855 ed.), 133 and I92. n6. Political questions in federal cases. ...... 283

Pollock V. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co., 157 United States Reports, 532 sqq.

117. The courts and social policy 286

Presidential Message, December 8, 1908.

118. The place of the Supreme Court in our system .... 288

Congressional Record, XLII, Part i, 589.

CHAPTER XVI Foreign Affairs

119. The organization of the Department of State .... 291

Statutes at Large, I, 28.

120. Duties and responsibilities of diplomatic representatives . . 292

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, HI, Part 2, II 7 sqq.

121. Expenses connected with the ambassadorial rank .... 295

Congressional Record, XLH, Part 6, 5575.

122. The negotiation of treaties ........ 297

Senate Documents, 57th Congress, ist Sess., XH, 6 sqq. ; Congressional Record, XL, Part 2, 1418 sqq.

123. The recognition of a new government ...... 302

J. B. Moore, A Digest of International I.aiv, I, 97 ; Congressional Record, XXXVHI, Part I, 323 sq.

124. An arbitration treaty ......... 305

Supplement to the American Journal of International Law (1908), II, 298 sq.

CHAPTER XVII National Defense

125. The national militia ......... 308

United States Statutes at Large, XXVII, Part I, 775 sqq.

126. The organization of the standing army ...... 309

Statutes of the United States, 1 900-0 1, 748.

127. The declaration of war ......... 310

Richardson, Presidential Messages, X, 20I.

128. The call for volunteers ......... 310

Ibid., X, 203 sq.

xvi Contents and List of Citations

PAGE

129. Establishment of a blockade 312

Richardson, Presidential Messages, X, 202 sq.

130. The direction of the war ........ 313

(a) The VVorld^s Work, III, 1841 sqq.; (b) Gorham, Life and Public Services of Edwin M. Stanton, II, 99 sq. ; (c) Correspondence relating to the War ivith Spain, 18 sq.

131. Use of troops in domestic disturbances 317

Grover Cleveland, Presidential Problems, 105 sq.

132. Use of troops in domestic disasters 318

Report of the War Departmettt (1906), 548.

133. The American theory of national defense . . . * . 320

Congressional Record, XXXIV, Part 2, 1024 sqq.

CHAPTER XVIII Taxation and Finance

134. The uniformity rule applied to indirect taxes . . . • 323

Knowlton v. Moore, 1 78 United States Reports, 43 sqq.

135. The apportionment of direct taxes ...... 327

United States Statutes at Large, 1859-63, 294.

Pollock V. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company, 158 United States Reports, 6x8 sqq.

137. The constitutionality of the protective tariff 330

Works of John C. Calhoun, VI, 2 sqq.

138. Social implications of the taxing power 331

Congressional Record, XLII, Part I, 71 sq.

139. Preparation of a revenue bill 333

Life and Times of Nelson Dingley, 414 sqq,

140. Extract from the Dingley Tariff Act ...... 337

United States Statutes at Large, XXX, 15 1 sqq.

141. Obtaining estimates for appropriations ...... 338

Library of Congress (Hearing on the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Appropriation Bill, 1907), 38 sqq. ; Statutes of the United States, 1900-01 (Concurrent Resolutions), 6.

142. Extract from an appropriation bill 341

Statutes of the United States, 1905-06, 389 sqq.

CHAPTER XIX The Regulation of Commerce The federal Constitution

Contents and List of Citations xvii

144. Judicial interpretation of the term " commerce " . . . . 343

Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheaton, i sqq.

145. State interference with interstate commerce . . . . . 348

Case of the State Freight Tax, 15 Wallace, 232 sqq,

146. Condition of transportation in 1885 ...... 352

Senate Report, No. 46 ; 49th Congress, 1st Sess,

147. The interstate commerce commission at work .... 356

Interstate Commerce Reports, XII, 325 sq.

148. The anti-trust act of 1890 358

Statutes at Large, XXVI, 209 sq.

Chapter XX

149. The governors' conference, 1908 361

The Outing Magazine, LII, 491 sqq.

150. Why forest reservations should be made ..... 364

House Reports, 59th Congress, 1st Sess., No. 4399.

151. The national forest reserves ........ 366

The Independent, LXIV, 1374 sqq.

152. The reservation of mineral lands ....... 368

Senate Document, 59th Congress, 2d Sess., No. 310.

153. The reclamation of arid lands ....... 371

Congressional Record, XXXV, Part 8, 253 sqq.

Chapter XXI

154. Constitutional limitations on Congress in governing territories . 375

Dorr V. United States, 195 United States Reports, 138 sqq.

155. Our relations with Cuba ........ 378

Statutes at Large, XXX, 738 ; Statutes of the United States, 1900-01, 897 sq.

156. Principles of American policy in the Philippines .... 380

Congressional Record, XXXIV, Part i, 8 sqq.

157. The Philippine assembly ........ 385

Report of the Philippine Commission, 1 907, I, 213 sqq.

158. The organization of government in Porto Rico .... 388

Statutes of the United States, 1899-90, 79 sqq.

XVlll

Contents and List of Citations

Chapter XXII Page

159. Federal limitations on state authorities 391

The federal Constitution.

160. The police power of the state ....... 394

Barbier v. Connolly, 113 United States Reports, 27 ; Lawton v. Steele, 152 United States Reports, 133.

161. How a territory is authorized to form a constitution . . . 397

Debates of the Co7istitutional Convention of Utah, 1898, 3 sqq.

162. Suffrage qualifications in New York state ..... 399

Extract from the New York constitution.

163. The exclusion of negroes from the suffrage ..... 401

Extract from the Constitution of Virginia, 1902 ; Journal of the Louisiana Convention, 1898, 374 sq.

164. Arguments on woman's suffrage ....... 405

Revised Record of the Constitutional Convention of New York, 1894, II, 444 sqq. ; Orations of George William Curtis,!, 182 sgq.

CHAPTER XXIII The New York amendment system

Extract from the New York constitution.

The initiative and referendum in Oklahoma . Extract from the Oklahoma constitution.

167. Educating the voters in Oregon

Statutes of Oregon relating to Elections, 1907.

168. A public opinion bill .....

Senate Document, No. 114, 60th Congress, 1st. Sess. Arguments for the initiative and referendum .

The Arena, May and June, 1906.

Arguments against the initiative and referendum

Same as above, No. 168.

411 413 415 418 419 424

Chapter XXIV

171. The legal position of the governor

Field V. The People, 3 Illinois Reports, 79.

Contents and List of Citations xix

PAGE

172. The question of centralization in administration .... 436

Inaugural Address of Governor I/ug/ies, 1909. Pamphlet.

173. The method of selecting state officers ...... 438

Debates in the Kentucky Constitutional Convention, 1S90, I, 1419 s,jq.

174. The growth of executive influence 442

T/ie Nation, LXXXVl, 208 sqq.

175. The veto power 444

Same as above, No. 173, I, 1482 sqq.; Papers of Frank S. Black, Governor of New York, 1898, I, 64.

176. The call of an extraordinary session 447

Public Papers of Cover 7! or Roosevelt, 1S99, I02 sqq.

177. An exercise of the pardoning power 448

178. Martial law 449

Senate Documents, 58th Congress, 3d Sess., Til, 207 sqq.

179. Legal advice to the governor 452

Report of the Attorney-General (Iowa), 1904, 58 sqq.

180. Government by commission 453

Same as above, No. 164, II, 843 sqq.

Chapter XXV

181. Special limitations on the legislature 457

Extracts from the New York constitution.

182. Legislative apportionment ........ 462

Same as above, No. 164, III, 1083, 1162; IV, 34 sqq,

183. Legislative procedure 466

Ibid., I, 479 sq.

184. Problems of legislative reform 467

Report of the Commission to Recommend Changes in Methods of Legislation, New York, 1S95, 7 ^11-

185. The legislative committee of inquiry ...... 471

Report of the foint Committee on Highways, New York, 1908, I sqq.

186. The legislative reference bureau . 473

Review of Reviews, XXXII, 722 sq,

187. The evils of over-legislation ........ 475

Report of the American Bar Association, 1906, Part i, 383 sqq.

XX Contents and List of Citations

PAGE

1 88. Legislatures and railways 478

Same as above, No. 164, IV, 483 sqq.

1 89. The organization of a lobby ........ 482

Testimony before the Legislative Insurance Investigating Committee of New York, II, 1925 sqq.

190. Legislation against corporations 484

Ibid., II, 1560 sq.

191. Keeping track of legislators . 486

Pamphlet pubhshed by the Citizens Union, 1907.

CHAPTER XXVI The Judicial System

192. The independence of the judiciary 488

Same as above, No. 187, for the year 1889, 272 sqq.

193. The judiciary as the guardian of private rights .... 491

Debates and Proceedings of the Maryland Constitutional Convention, 1 85 1, II, 473 sqq.

194. The methods of selecting judges 492

Debates of the A^ew York Constitutional Convention, 1846, 141 sqq.

195. The jury system 495

Same as above, No. 187, for the year 1898, 285 sqq.; same as above, No. 164^ I, 798 sq.

196. The law's delays 500

Same as above. No. 187, for the year 1885, 323 sqq.

197. Corruption in the police administration ..... 505

Report of the Senate Committee Appointed to Investigate the Police Department of the City of New York, V, 5340 sqq.

Chapter XXVII

Ig8. Home rule for cities . . . 5°9

Same as above, No. 164, II, 235 sqq.

199. Popular charter drafting 510

Extract from the constitution of California (amendment, 1905).

200. The New York check on the legislature ..... 512

Extract from the New York constitution.

Contents and List of Citations xxi

201. The leading difficulties in city government 514

Testimony taken before the Senate Committee on Cities, 1890, V, 10 sqq.

202. Decentralized municipal administration 517

Jllayors' Addresses, 1829-91 (Boston), 6 sq.

203. The mayor's power in New York City . . . . . -5^9

Extract from the charter of New York City.

204. The council and municipal administration 521

Boston Finance Commission, Final Repo7-ts (January, 1909), 24 sqq.

205. A plea for the rehabilitation of the city council .... 526

Same as above, No. 164, II, 233 sqq.

206. Municipal government by commission ...... 529

Supplement to the Code of loiva (1907), 208 sqq.

207. Municipal legislative reference 533

Digest of City Charters (Hatton, A. R., editor), Chicago, 1906,

SSI- CHAPTER XXVIII

208. Municipal waterworks 535

Statistics of Cities having a Population of over 30,000 (1907), Bureau of the Census, 1907, 63 sqq.

209. A mayor's fight for good electric light service .... 538

Atlantic City Conference for Good City Government (1906), 271 sqq.

210. Work of a tenement house department ...... 540

First Report of the Tenement House Department of the City of New York, 1902-03, \, ^ sq.

211. The health department of a city 543

Report of the Public Health Department (Cleveland, Ohio, 1906).

2X2. Municipal parks 545

Annual Report of the Board of Public Service : Division of Parks (Cleveland, Ohio, 1906).

213. The question of municipal ownership ...... 54^

Municipal and Private Operation of Public Utilities (Report to the National Civic Federation), I, 23 sqq.

214. The case for municipal ownership . 549

Parsons, The City for the People, 221 sqq.

xxii Contents and List of Citations

PAGE

215. Politics and public utilities ........ 552

Same as above, No. 213, I, 89 sqq.

216. The labor problem in a city department ..... 554

Waring, G. E., Street- Cleaning {i2>^']'), 25 sq.

Chapter XXIX

217. The New England town meeting ....... 556

From the official leaflets, 2iS. The Indiana township ......... 560

Horner, F. A., The /revised Statutes of Indiana, H, Sees. 6000 sqq.

219. The county council ......... 561

Ibid., Sees. 5730 sqq.

220. Centralization of administrative supervision ..... 563

Public Papers of Theodore Roosevelt, Governor, 1899, 193.

221. Central control of local finance ....... 565

Bates, C, The Annotated Revised Statutes of Ohio (1905), I, 114 sqq.

CHAPTER XXX Politics and Government

222. The operations of a municipal boss 567

Investigation of the Offices and Departments of the City of New York, 1899, I, 326 sq., 454 sq. ; IH, 2963 sqq.

223. Corporations in politics ......... 572

Senate Reports, 53d Congress, 2d Sess., X, 655 sqq.

224. Office holders in politics ........ 578

Parker, G. F., Writings of Grover Cleveland, 49 sq.

225. An assembly district leader at work ...... 579

New York Evening Post, December 14, 1907.

226. Charity in Tammany politics ........ 581

New York Times, September I, 1908; February 7, 1908.

227. Some primitive election devices ....... 584

National Conference on Practical Reform of Primary Elections (1898), 126 sqq.

228. State control of party organization ...... 586

Extract from the Election Lmv of Illinois, 1908.

Contents and List of Citations xxiii