The practice of pharmacy : a treatise on the modes of making and dispensing official, unofficial, and extemporaneous preparations, with descriptions of medicinal substances, their properties, uses, and doses : intended as a hand-book for pharmacists and physicians and a textbook for students

Front matter

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Open Knowledge Commons and Harvard Medical School

THE

Preface To The Sixth Edition

THE publication of the Ninth Decennial Revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia and the Fourth Edition of the National Formulary, together with the introduction of many new remedies and processes, and the continued advance in pharmaceutical knowledge in recent years have rendered necessary a new edition of the Practice of Pharmacy.

Notwithstanding the efforts of the author to limit the number of pages by eliminating undesirable subjects, the pressing need of a comprehensive handbook which would serve as a daily companion for the busy pharmacist has necessitated an increase in the size of the book. As it is also a text-book, it is of paramount importance to present the subjects in proper sequence and introduce syllabi and tables which will enable the student to grasp quickly^the outlines of the general subjects. The first edition of this work was published in October, 1885, and thus thirty-two years have elapsed between the first and last editions. This period has been one of ceaseless activity in the pharmaceutical world, and the effort has been made by the author to keep pace with progressive pharmacy in at least a creditable measure.

This revision is marked by many changes and additions and the illustrations have been revised by the author's son, J. Percy Remington, B.S., P.D., most of the outline drawings having been made by him, and new cuts reproduced from these.

Since the advent of the first edition of the Practice of Pharmacy the book has had an ever-widening field, and, since the National Formulary has been recognized as one of the standards under the National Food and Drugs Act and in the laws of many states, it has been deemed desirable to introduce its formulas into this Edition, immediately following the U. S. P. preparations. The preparations of the British Pharmacopceia, when dissimilar from those official in the United States Pharmacopoeia, are also included, but in tabular form. Dismissed preparations of the previous Pharmacopoeia, which still have considerable vogue, have also found a place.

The metric system of weights and measures has been given the preference in the working formulas, not only for the reason that it is the official method of indicating quantities, but because it is the simplest and best system in use. Unfortunately, the old-form quantities coniv PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION

tinue to be most largely employed in buying and selling drugs and in prescription work; hence, alternative formulas are appended to official preparations, as in previous revisions.

The old-form quantities are not intended to be the equivalents of the metric quantities, and the two systems are not interchangeable; either "metric" or "old form" may be used, but in no case part of one and part of the other; different type distinguishes one from the other.

Part V, which is devoted to magistral or extemporaneous pharmacy, has been extensively enlarged by the addition of new articles on sterilization, ampul filling, tablet making, etc., with numerous new cuts of apparatus with descriptions. The condensed charts of inorganic chemical substances, vegetable official drugs, and animal substances have been thoroughly revised; these will be found very useful for students in preparing for examination, byenabling them to review the whole subject.

Part VI presents an alphabetical arrangement of many unofficial but largely used preparations and special formulas. These can now be quickly found by the busy pharmacist, black-letter titles being used.

The Sixth Edition will be published as heretofore in one volume, but for the convenience of students this Edition has also been issued in two volumes, the second volume beginning with inorganic chemicals.

Acknowledgments are tendered to E. Fullerton Cook, P.D., and B. A. Heims, who have given valued assistance in every part of the revision. These services are hereby gratefully recognized, particularly as they were rendered immediately after the arduous labors upon the revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia had been completed.

In closing, the author desires to express his great appreciation of the reception of this work by his friends in many countries, and to venture the hope that the present edition adequately reflects the progress made in pharmaceutical practice since the last revision.

J. P. R.

Philadelphia, May, 1917.

Preface To The First Edition

THE rapid and substantial progress made in Pharmacy within the last decade has created a necessity for a work treating of the improved apparatus, the revised processes, and the recently introduced preparations of the age.

The vast advances made in theoretical and applied chemistry and physics have had much to do with the development of pharmaceutical science, and these have been reflected in all the revised editions of the Pharmacopoeias which have been recently published. When the author was elected in 1874 to the chair of Theory and Practice of Pharmacy in the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, the outlines of study which had been so carefully prepared for the classes by his eminent predecessors, Professor William Procter, Jr., and Professor Edward Parrish, were found to be not strictly in accord, either in their arrangement of the subjects or in their method of treatment. Desiring to preserve the distinctive characteristics of each, an effort was at once made to frame a system which should embody their valuable features, embrace new subjects, and still retain that harmony of plan and proper sequence which are absolutely essential to the success of any system.

The strictly alphabetical classification of subjects which is now universally adopted by pharmacopoeias and dispensatories, although admirable in works of reference, presents an effectual stumblingblock to the acquisition of pharmaceutical knowledge through systematic study ; the vast accumulation of facts collected under each head being arranged lexically, they necessarily have no connection with one another, and thus the saving of labor effected by considering similar groups together, and the value of the association of kindred subjects, are lost to the student. In the method of grouping the subjects which is herein adopted, the constant aim has been to arrange the latter in such a manner that the reader shall be gradually led from the consideration of elementary subjects to those which involve more advanced knowledge, whilst the groups themselves are so placed as to follow one another in a natural sequence.

The work is divided into six parts. Part I. is devoted to detailed descriptions of apparatus and definitions and comments on general pharmaceutical processes.

The Officinal Preparations alone are considered in Part II. Due weight and prominence are thus given to the Pharmacopoeia, the 15'ational authority, which is now so thoroughly recognized.

In order to suit the convenience of pharmacists who prefer to weigh vi PEEFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

solids and measure liquids, tlie officinal formulas are expressed, in addition tx) parts by weight, in avoirdupois weight and apothecaries^ measure. These equivalents are printed in bold type, near the margin, and arranged so as to fit them for quick and accurate reference.

Part III treats of Inorganic Chemical Substances. Precedence is of course given to officinal preparations in these. The descriptions, solubilities, and tests for identity and impurities of each substance are systematically tabulated under its proper title. It is confidently believed that by this method of arrangement the valuable descriptive features of the Pharmacopoeia will be more prominently developed, ready reference facilitated, and close study of the details rendered easy. Each chemical operation is accompanied by equations, whilst the reaction is, in addition, explained in words.

The Carbon Compounds, or Organic Chemical Substances, are considered in Part TV. These are naturally grouped according to the physical and medical properties of their principal constituents, beginning with simple bodies like cellulin, gum, etc. , and progressing to the most highly organized alkaloids, etc.

Part V is devoted to Extemporaneous Pharmacy. Care has been taken to treat of the practice which would be best adapted for the needs of the many pharmacists who conduct operations upon a moderate scale, rather than for those of the few who manage very large establishments. In this, as well as in other parts of the work, operations are illustrated which are conducted by manufacturing pharmacists.

Part YI contains a formulary of Pharmaceutical Preparations which have not been recognized by the Pharmacopoeia. The recipes selected are chiefly those which have been heretofore rather difficult of access to most pharmacists, yet such as are likely to be in request. Many private formulas are embraced in the collection ; and such of the preparations of the old Pharmacopceias as have not been included in the new edition, but are still in use, have been inserted.

In conclusion, the author ventures to express the hope that the work will prove an efficient help to the pharmaceutical student as well as to the pharmacist and the physician. Although the labor has been mainly performed amidst the harassing cares of active professional duties, and perfection is known to be unattainable, no pains has been spared to discover and correct errors and omissions in the text. The author's warmest acknowledgments are tendered to Mr. A. B. Taylor, Mr. Joseph McCreery, and Mr. George M. Smith for their valuable assistance in revising the proof-sheets, and to the latter especially for his work on the index. The outline illustrations, by Mr. John Collins, were drawn either from the actual objects or from photographs taken by the author. J. P. R.

Philadelphia, October, 1885.

Contents

PAGE

Theoretical and Practical Pharmacy 25

Pharmacopoeias and Dispensatories 26

Nomenclature 29

National Formulary 37

Dispensatories 38

Questions on Introductory Chapter 39

CHAPTER I Weights, Measures, and Specific Gravity 41

Weight 41

Measures 44

Metric System _ 45

Table of Metric and Old Form Equivalent Weights and Measures .... 50

Orthography, Pronunciation, and Reading 59

Weighing and Measuring 60

MetalUc Weights used in Pharmacy 70

Measuring Liquids 73

Table exhibiting the Nimaber of Drops in a Fluidrachm of Different Liquids . 77

Specific Gravity 78

Specific Gravity of Liquids 81

Hydrometers 83

Methods of tal-cing the Specific Gravity of Small Quantities of Liquids ... 88 Table giving the Specific Gravities of Pharmacopoeial Substances, arranged

in the Order of their Densities 90

Specific Volume 92

Table of Weight and Volume Relations 94

Practical Problems and Exercises illustrating the Uses of Weights, Measures, Specific Gravity, and Specific Volume 95

Alhgation Applied to Pharmacy 101

Questions on Metrology 112

CHAPTER II Generation of Heat 116

Operations and Forms of Apparatus in which Solids are used in developing Heat 116 Operations and Forms of Apparatus in which Liquids are used in developing

Heat 119

Operations and Forms of Apparatus in which Gases are used in developing Heat 122 Operations and Forms of Apparatus in which Electricity is used in developing

Heat 125

Methods of measuring Heat 126

Table of Melting Points of Official Substances 132

Chapter III

Operations in which comparatively High Temperatures are required .... 136

Operations requiring Heat in which Lower Temperatures are used 139

Table of Boiling Points of Saturated Solutions of Various Salts 140

The Use of Steam in Pharmaceutical Operations 141

Table of the Temperatures of Superheated Steam 142

vii viii CONTENTS

Comminution jgg

Drug Mills ' 193

Trituration 202

Spatulas 204

Sifting ! ! ! ! 205

Fineness of Powder 206

Levigation 207

Elutriation 208

Trochiscation 208

Pulverization by Intervention 209

CHAPTER IX Solution of Solids 211

Simple Solution 211

Chemical Solution 211

Modes of effecting Solutions of Solids 212

Solvents used in Pharmacy 213

Solubility as a Test 214

Table of the Solubility of Official Substances in Water and in Alcohol. . . . 215

Solution of Gases in Liquids 220

Colloidal Solutions 220

CHAPTER X Lotion, or Displacement Washing 222

Continuous Washing 222

Decantation 223

The Syphon 224

Colation, or Straining 226

CHAPTER XI Paper FHters 229

Methods of folding Filtering Paper 230

Funnels 233

Filters for Special Purposes 235

Continuous Filtration 237

CONTENTS ix

PAGE

Filtration of Volatile Liquids 237

Hot Filtration 238

Rapid Filtering Apparatus 239

Water Pumps acting by a Fall of Water 239

Water Pumps acting by Pressure 241

Spiral Twist Press 271

Screw Press , 271

CONTENTS

PAGE

Roller Press ,• 275

Wedge Press 275

Lever Press 275

Hydrostatic or Hydraulic Press 276

Centrifugal Machines or Centrifuges 278

CHAPTER XX Principle of Action 280

Shape of the Percolator 284

Moistening of the Powder 285

Packing the Powder 286

Adding the Menstruiun 287

Previous Maceration 287

Finishing the Process 288

Choice of Menstrua 288

Absorbed Menstruum 289

Controlling the Flow of the Percolate 289

Special Percolators 290

Methods of Supporting Percolators 296

Percolation Closet , 297

Receiving Bottles 297

Repercolation - 298

Fractional Percolation 298

PART 11

Official Pharmacy 301

Classification of Official Preparations 301

Chapter XXI

AqiUB. Waters 302

Simple Solution in Cold Water 302

Solution in Hot Water 303

Filtration through an Absorbent Powder 303

Filtration through Pulped or Shredded Filter Paper . 303

Percolation through Cotton impregnated with the Substance 303

Official Waters. 305

Liquores. Solutions , 311

Simple Solutions (Aqueous) 312

Chemical Solutions (Aqueous) 312

Table of UnoflBcial Solutions 315

CHAPTER XXII Aqueous Solutions containing Sweet or Viscid Substances 317

Syrupi. Syrups 317

Official Syrups 320

Classification of Unofficial Syrups 325

Mellita. Honeys. . _ 350

Classification of Official Honeys 350

Mucilagines. Mucilages 352

Classification of Official Mucilages 352

Emulsa. Emulsions 354

Classification of Official Emulsions 354

Misturce. Mixtures 360

Table of Official Mistures 360

Unofficial Mixtures 362

Magmce. Magmas = 370

CONTENTS 3d

PAGE

Table of Official Magmas 370

Lotiones. Lotions 371

Table of Official Lotions 371

Glycerita. Glycerites 373

Table of Official Glycerites 373

Unofficial Glycerites . . . 374

Chapter XXIII

Spiritus. Spirits 382

Spirits made by Simple Solution 382

Spirits made by Solution with Maceration 383

Spirits made by Gaseous Solution 384

Spirits made by Chemical Reaction 384

Spirits made by Distillation 384

Unofficial Spirits 385

Official Spirits 385

Elixiria. Elixirs 393

Official Elixirs 393

Unofficial Elixir 400

Cordialia. Cordials 424

Official Cordial 425

Chapter XXIV

Collodia. Collodions 427

Table of Official Coliodins 427

Official Coliodins 427

Chapter XXV

Linimenta. Liniments 430

Table of Official Liniments 430

Table of Unofficial Liniments 431

Official Liniments 432

Oleata. Oleates 436

Table of Official Oleates 437

Table of Unofficial Oleates 437

Official Oleates 437

Petroxolina. Petroxolins 439

Table of Official PetroxoHns 440

Official Petroxolins 441

Nebulce. Sprays 445

Table of Official Sprays 445

Official Sprays 446

CHAPTER XXVI Aqueous Liquids made by Percolation or Maceration 449

Infusa. Infusions _ , 449

Table of Official Infusions made by Maceration 451

Table of Official Infusions made by Percolation 452

Official Infusions 453

Table of Unofficial Infusions 456

Decocta. Decoctions 456

Official Decoctions 457

Table of Unofficial Decoctions 458

Species 458

Official Species 459

CHAPTER XXVII Alcoholic Liquids made by Percolation or Maceration 461

Tinctures. Tinctures 461

Table of Official Tinctures . . . -. 464

Xii CONTENTS

PAGE

Table of Unofficial Tinctures 468

Official Tinctures 469

Vina Medicata. Medicated Wines 512

Table of Official Wines 513

Official Wines 514

Table of Unofficial Wines 519

Fluidextracta. Fluidextracts 519

Table of Official Fluidextracts 529

Table of Unofficial Fluidextracts 534

Official Fluidextracts 535

Solid Preparations made by Percolation 606

Extracta. Extracts 606

Table of Official Extracts 612

Table of Unofficial Extracts 618

Official Extracts 618

Resince. U. S. Resins 642

Table of Official Resins 642

Official Resins 642