Front matter
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Preface To The First Edition
Ir would be surprising if the concerns of an interesting Colony like the Philippine Islands had not commanded the attention of literary genius.
I do not pretend, therefore, to improve upon the able productions of such eminent writers as Juan de le Concepcion, Martinez Zufiiga, Toinds de Comyn and others, nor do I aspire, through this brief composition, to detract from the merit of Jagor^s work, which, in it^ day, commended itself as a valuable book of reference. But since then, and within the last twenty years, this Colony has made great strides on the path of social and material progress; its political and commercial importance is rapidly increasing, and many who know the Philippines have persuaded me to believe that my notes would be an appreciated addition to what was published years ago on this Mibject.
The critical opinions herein expressed are based upon personal oWr\ations made during the several years I have travelled in and about all the principal islands of the Archipelago, and are upheld by reference to the most reliable historical records.
An author should be benevolent in his judgement of men and tnaruierN and guarded against mistaking isolated cases for rules. In matters of history he should neither hide the truth nor twist it to su{)port a private view, remembering how easy it is to criticize an act when its sequel is developed : such will be my aim in the fullest measure consistent.
By certain classes I may be thought to have taken a hypercritical view of things ; I may even offend their susceptibilities— if I adulated them I should fail to chronicle the truth, and my work would be a deliberate imposture.
I would desire it to be understood, with regard to the classes and vi Prefojce to ilie First Edition
races in their collectedness, that my remai'ks apply only to the large majority; exceptions undoubtedly there are — these form the small minority. Moreover, I need hardly point owt that the native population of the capital of the Philippines by no means represents the true native character, to comprehend which, so far as its complicacy can be fathomed, one must penetrate into and reside for years in the interior of the Colony, as I have done, in places where extraneous influences have, as yet, produced no effect.
There may appear to be some incongruity in the plan of a w(N-k which combines objects so dissimilar as those enumerated in the Contents pages, but this is not exclusively a History, or a Geography, or an Account of Travels — it is a concise review of fiJl that may interest the reader who seeks for a general idea of the condition of affairs in this Colony in the past and in the present.
J, R
Vll
Preface To The Third Edition
The success which has attended the pubUcation of the Second Edition of this work has induced me to revise it carefully throughout, adding the latest facts of public interest up to the present period.
Long years of personal acquaintance with many of the prime movers in the Revolutionary Party enabled me to estimate their aspirations. My associations with Spain and Spaniards since my boyhood helped me, as an eye-witness of the outbreak of the Rebellion, to judge of the opponents of that movement. My connection with the American Peace Commission in Paris afforded me an opportunity of appreciating the noble desire of a free people to aid the lawful aspirations of millions of their fellow-creatures.
My criticism of the regular clergy applies only to the four religious confi-atemities in their lay capacity of government agents in these Islands and not to the Jesuit or the Paul fathers, who have justly gained the respect of both Europeans and natives: neither is it intended, in any degree, as a reflection on the sacred institution of the Church.
I take this opportunity of acknowledging, with gratitude, my indebtedness to Governor-General Luke E. Wright, Major-General Leonard Wood, Colonel Philip Reade,; Major Hugh L. Scott, Captain E. N. Jones, Captain C. H. Martin, Captain Henry C. Cabell, Captain George Bennett, Captain John P. Finley, Dr. David P. Barrows, Mr. Tobias Eppstein, and many others too numerous to mention, who gave me such valuable and cordial assistance in my recent investigations throughout the Archipelago.
This book is not written to promote the interests of any person or party, and so far as is consistent with guiding the reader to a fair appreciation of the facts recorded, controversial comment has been avoided, for to pronounce a just dictum on the multifarious questions viii Prefajce to the Third Edition
involved would demand a catholicity of judgement never concentrated in the brain of a single human being.
I am persuaded to believe that the bare truth, unvarnished by flattery, will be acceptable to the majority, cunongst whom may be counted all those educated Americans whose impartiality is superior to their personal interest in the subject at issue.
It is therefore confidently hoped that the present Edition may merit that approval from readers of English which has been so graciously accorded to the previous ones.
J. F.
September, 1905.
IX
Chapter I
Geographical foBtaieB of the Islands. Limits. Monntaias . . . . Rivers. Lakes. Volcanoes. Eruptions of the Mayon and Taal Volcanoes Monsoons. Seasons. Temperature. Rains. Climate. Earthquakes .
FAOS
13 14 22
Chapter II Discovery Of The Archipelago
Hernando de Maghallanes. Treaty of Tordesillas
Discovery of Magellan Straits and the Ladrone Islands .... Death of MaghaUanes. Elcano's voyage round the world .... The Loaisa expedition. The Villalobos expedition. Andrds de Urdaneta . Miguel de Legaspi ; his expedition ; he reaches Cebu ; dethrones King Tupas
Manila is proclaimed the capital of the Archipelago
Martin de Goiti. Juan Salcedo. Native Local Government initiated .
CHAPTER m
PHILIPPINE DEPENDENCIES, UP TO 1898
The Ladrone, (Caroline, and Pelew Islands 39
First mission to the Ladrone Islands. Pelew Islanders. Caroline Islanders 40
Sptin's possession of the Caroline Islands disputed hy Germany ... 44
Poeadillo, Governor of the Caroline Islands, is murdered .... 45
The Ladrone, Caroline, and Pelew Islands (except Guam) sold to Germany 46
CHAPTER IV ATTEMPTED CONQUEST BY CHINESE li-ma-hong, a Chinese corsair, attacks Manila 47 He settles in Pangasinin ; evacuates the Islands 49
Rivalry of lay and Monastic authorities. Philip II. 's decree of Reforms . 61
Table of Contents
PAGE
Manila Cathedral founded. Mendicant friars. Archbishopric created . 55
Supreme Court suppressed and re-established. Church and State contentions 57 Murder of Gov. -General Bustamente Bustillo. The monks in open riot • 60
Chapter V Early Relations With Japan The Catholic Missions
The Emperor of Japan demands the surrender of the Islands ... 63
Fray Pedro Bautista's mission ; he and 25 others are crucified ... 65
Jesuit and Franciscan jealousy. The martyrs' mortal remains lost at sea . 67
Emperor Taycosama explains his policy. Further missions and executions 69
Missionary martyrs declared saints. Emperor ofJapan sends a shipment of lepers 70
Spaniards expelled from Formosa by the Dutch. Missions to Japan abandoned 71
Chapter VI Conflicts With The Dutch
'The Spanish expedition to the Moluccas fiiils 7^
^^Xllinese mutiny^ murder the Spanish leader^ and take the ship to Cochin China 73
f Expeditions of Bravo de Acufia and Pedro de Heredia. Battle of Playa Honda 74
sy Koxinga^ a Chinese adventurer, threatens to attack the Colony ... 76
, Vittorio Riccio, an Italian monk, visits Manila as Koxinga's ambassador . 77
Chinese goaded to rebellion ; great massacre 77
K Vicissitudes of Govs.-GeneraL Dedications. Impeachments . . . 7^
Gov. -General Fajardo de Tua kills his wife and her paramour ... 80
Separation of Portugal and Spain (1640). Spanish fiiilure to capture Macao 81
Nunneries. Mother Cecilia's love adventures. Santa Clara Convent . . 81
The High Host is stolen. Inquisition. Letter of Anathema ... 82
The Spanish Prime Minister Valenzuela is banished to Cavite ... 83
Monseigneur Maillard de Toumon, the Papal Legate 84
His arrogance and eccentricities; he dies in prison at Macao ... 85
Question of the Return exequatur. Philip V.'s edict of punishments . 8G
Chapter VII British Occupation Of Manila
■Coalition of Fi-ance and Spain against England by the '^ Family Compact " Simon de Anda y Salazar usurps the Archbishop-Governor's authority British bombard Manila. Archbishop-Governor Rojo capitulates, ^ritish in possession of the City. Sack and pillage. Agreed Indemnity Simon de Anda y Salazar defies Governor Rojo and declares war British carry war into the provinces. Bustos opposes them Bustos completely routed. Chinese take the British side . Massacre of Chinese. Villa Corta's fate. The PhiHpino treasure Simon jde Anda y Salazar offers rewards for British heads .
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
Table of Contents
XI
PAGE
Lusttn friars on battle-fields. Peace of Paris (Feb. 10, 1763) ... 96
LTchbishop-Govemor Rojo dies. La Torre appointed Gov. -General . 07 ^
b-itish evacuate Manila. La Torre allows Anda to receive back the City . 98
kuda goes to Spain ; is rewarded by the King ; returns as Gov.-General . 99
Lnda is in conflict with the out^ing Governor, the Jesuits, and the friars 99<
Lnda dies in hospital (1776). His burial-place and monmnent , . 100
Lebdlion succeeds the war. Ilocos Rebellion led by Diego de Silan . 100'
tevolt in Bojol Island led by Dagohoy 101
te^olts in Leyte Island, Surigao (Mindanao Is.), and Samar Island . 102
Rebellion of ''King" Malong and "Count" Gumapos .... 103
tebeUion of Andr^ Novales. Execution of A. Novales and Ruiz . . 104
Ipolinario de la Cruz declares himself '' King of the Tag^ogs " . . 105'
teneral Marcelo Azcarraga, Spanish War Minister, Philippine bom . . 106
lie Cavite Conspiracy of 1872. The Secret Society of Reformers . . 106>
%e Phi]ip{nne Mart3rr8, Dr. Burgos and Fathers Zamora and Gomez . 107
Unstrioos exiles — Dr. Antonio M. Regidor and Jos^ M. Basa . . 108
CHAPTER VIII THE CHINESE *he China-Manila trade in the days of Legaspi
lie Akayeeria. The Parian, Chinese banished. Restrictions . lie Chinese as immigrants; their comparative activity liinese mandarins come to seek the '^ Mount of Gold " in Cavite lie Chinese are goaded to revolt. Saint Francis' victory over them iaseaere of Foreigners. The Chinese Traders ; their Guilds lunese patron saint; population. The Sangley, The Macao testrictions on Chinese immigration. Their gradual exclusion .
l^
Chapter IX Wild Tribes And Pagans
lie Aetas or Negritos or Balygas 120-
lie CMdanes. The Itavis, The Igorrotes, The Ibanacs .... 122
Attempt to subdue the Igorrotes. Its failure 124
rbe GoBnyag. The Igorrote-Chinese, The Tinguianes 126
lie Baeanes. The Manguianee, The Hindoos, AUnnos 128
CHAPTER X MAHOMETANS AND SOUTHERN TRIBES ^ly history of the Mahometans, called Moros
fhe First Expedition against the Mindanao Moros
^.-General Corcuera effects a landing in Sulu Island
rbe seourge of Moro Piracy. Devastation of the coasts. Captives
^amboanga Fort ; cost of its maintenance. Fighting Friars
129| 130 131 xu
Tabk of Contents
Vicissitudes of Sultan Mahamad Alimudin
The Sultan appeals to his suzerain's delegate and is made prisoner
His letter to Sultan Muhamad Amirubdin
The charges against the Sultan. Extermination of Moros decreed Mindanao and Sulu Moros join forces. Extermination impossible The Treaty with Sultan Mahamad Alimudin The Claveria and Urbiztondo expeditions against Moros Gov. -General Malcampo finally annexes Jolo (1876) Spain appoints Harun Narrasid Sultan of Sulu (1885) . The ceremony of investiture. Opposition to the nominee Datto Utto defies the Spaniards. Terrero's expedition (Jan. Colonel Arolas' victory at Maybun (Sulu Is.) (April, 1887) The Marahui Campaign (1895). The Moro tribes The Juramentado. Moro dress ; character ; arts ; weapons Moro customs. The Pandita, The Datto Jold (Sulu) town. H.H. the Sultan of Sulu i^ A juramentado runs dmok. Across Sulu Island to Maybun The Sultan's official reception. Subuanos of Zamboanga Climate in the South. Palauan Island. Spanish settlers Across Palauan Island. The TagbanHas tribe Their dress, customs, and country ....
Efforts to colonize Palauan Island. The Moro problem
Chapter XI Domesticated Natives— Origin— Character
Theory concerning the first inhabitants of these Islands Their advent before the Spanish Conquest .... Japanese and Chinese early immigrants .... '^Native character; idiosyncracies and characteristics
y Notion of sleep. "Castik!"
Tag^og and Visayo hospitality. The native's good qualities Native aversion to discipline ; bravery ; resignation ; geniality Mixed races. Native physiognomy ; marriages ; minors' rights
Family names. The CatapHsan
Dancing ; the BaUtao ; the Comitan, The Aeuan . Mixed marriages. The Half-caste (Mestizo) .... The Shrines and Saints. The Holy Child of Cebu. St Francis Our Lady of Cagsaysay. The Virgin of Antipole Miraculous Saints. Santones, Native Conception of Religion Musical talent. Slavery. Education in Spanish times The Intellectuals. The Illiterates. State aid for Schools . The Athennum. Girls' Colleges. St. Thomas* University . The Nautical School. The provincial student Talented natives ^^.^^Diseases. Leprosy. Insanity. Death-rate. Sanitation of Tears
PAOI
m
CHAPTER XII THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS Their early co-operation a necessity Their power and influence
Table of Contents xiii
PAOK-
Opiuions for and agamst that power 201
lie Spaniah parish priest Father Piemavieja 202
Tlie Hierarchy. The Orders. Church revenues and State aid . . . 206^
Rivalry of Religious Orders. Papal intervention to ensore peace 209
Chapter XIII Spanish Insular Government
The Encamiendas. The Trading-Governors 211
The Judge-Governors {Alcalde Mayor), The Reforms of 1886 . 2ia
Cost of Spanish insular Government. The Provincial Civil Governor's duties 214
The position of Provincial Civil Governor. Local Funds. Provincial poverty 216
Highways and Public Works. Cause of national decay .... 218
Fortunes made easily. Peculations. Town Local Government . 220
The QcbemadorciUo (petty-governor). The Cabeza de Barangay (Tax-collector) 222
The CuadriUero (guard). The Folios (tax). The C^dtOa personal . 224
The Tribunal (town hall). Reforms affecting travellers .... 225^
Chapter XIV Spanish-phiuppine Finances
Philippine budgets. Curious it^ms of revenue and expenditure
Spanish-Philippine army^ police^ and constabulary statistics
Tlie armed forces in the olden times ....
Spanish-Philippine navy and judicial statistics
iSison statistics. Brigandage. The brigands' superstition
A chase for brigands. The onting-anting. Pirates
The notorious Tancad. Dilatory justice. A cause cSlebre
Spanish-Philippine Criminal Law procedure .
Chapter XV Trade Of The Islands From Early Times
Its early history. Its State galleons ....
The Consulado merchants. Hie Mexican subsidy .
In the days of the Mexican galleons. The Obras Pias
Losses of the treasure-laden galleons. Trade difficulties
The period of restrictions on trade. Prohibitory decrees
The Manila merchants alarmed ; appeal to the King .
Penalties on free-traders. Trading friars. The budget for
Decline of trade. Spanish trading-company £eulures
The Real Compa^ia de FiUpinas ; its privileges and £ulure
The dawn of free trade. Foreign traders admitted
Manila port^ unrestrictedly open to foreigners (1834)^ becomes known to the wor)d 25^
J n
XIV
Table of Contents
Pioneers of foreign trade. Foreign and Philippine banks % . . .
The Spanish-Philippine currency. Mexican-dollar smuggling
Ports of Zamboanga^ Yloilo^ Cebu^ and Sual opened to foreign trade
Mail service. Carrying-trade. Middlemen. Native industries .
The first Philippine Railway. Telegraph service. Seclusion of the Colony
PAOB
267 259 261 263 265
Chapter XVI Agriculture
Interest on loans to formers. Land values and tenure in Luzon Island
.'Sugar-cane lands and cultivation. Land-measures
Process of sugar-extraction. Labour conditions on sugar-estates .
49ugar statistics. World's production of cane and beet sugar
Rice. Rice-measure. Rice machinery; husking; pearling; statistics
Macan and Paga rice. Rice planting and trading
271 273 276
276 278
CHAPTER XVn
MANILA HEMP— COFFEE— TOBACCO
Musa textilis. Extraction and uses of the fibre. Machinery . . .281
Hemp experiments in British India. Cultivation. Qualities . 283
Labour difficulties. Statistics. Albay province (local) land-measure . 286
'<^offee. Coffee dealing and cultivation . • » 289
Tobacco. The Government Tobacco Monopoly 292
Tobacco-growing by compulsory labour. Condition of the growers 294
Tobacco Monopoly abolished. Free trade in tobacco 296
Tobacco-trading risks ; qualities ; districts. Cigar values .... 299
Chapter XVIII Sundry Forest And Farm Produce
Maize. Cacao-beans. Chocolate 300
Cacao cultivation. Castor oil. Gogo 302
Camote. Gabi. Potatoes. Mani (pea-nut). Areca-nut. Buyo . 303
Cocoanuts. Extraction of Tuba (beverage) 304
Cocoanut-oil extraction. Coprah. Coir 305
Nipa palm. Cogon-grass. Cotton-tree 307
Buri palm. Dita. Palma brava. Bamboo 306
Bojo. Bejuco (Rattan-cane). Palisan (Bush-rope) 310
'Oum mastic. Gutta-percha. Wax. Cinnamon. Edible Bird's-nest . .311
Balate (Trepang). Sapan-wood. Tree-saps 312
Hardwoods; varieties and qualities 313
Molave wood tensile and transverse experiments 315
Relative strengths of hardwoods. Timber trade 317
Fruits ; the Mango ; the Banana ; the Papaw^ etc 318
JSundry vegetable produce Flowers 321
Tabk of Contents xv
PAOB
Botanical specimens — carious and beautifuL Orchids 322
Botanical names given to islands^ towns etc. 324
Medicinal herbs^ roots^ leaves and barks. Perfumes 325
Chapter XIX Mineral Products
Coal import Coal-mining ventures 326
Comparative analyses of coal 328
Gold-mining ventures. The Paracale and Mambulao mines . 320
Iron-^nining ventures. Failures, poverty and suicide 332
■Copper. Marble. Stone. Gypsum. Sulphur. Mineral oil . . . 334
CHAFIER XX
DOMESTIC LIVE-STOCK— PONIES, BUFFALOES, ETC.
Ponies. Horses. BufUoes (carabaos) 336
Donkeys. Mules. Sheep. Fish. Insects. Reptiles. Snakes . . 338
Butterflies. White ants. Bats. Deer. Wild boars 340
Fowls. Birds. The Locust plague. Edible insects 341
Chapter XXI Manila Under Spanish Rule ^
The fortified city. The moats. The drawbridges 343
Public buildings in the city. The port in construction .... 344
Manila Bay. Corregidor Island and Mariveles 345
llie Pasig River. Public lighting. Tondo suburb 346
Bimmdo suburb. Chinese and native artificers 347
Easter week. The vehicle traffic 348
The Theatres. The CarrWo. The " Moro Moro " performance ... 349
The bull-ring. Annual feasts. Cock-fighting 350
European club. Hotels. The Press. Spanish journalism .... 351
Botanical gardens. Dwelling-houses . . -. 353
Manila society. Water-supply. Climate 354
Population of the Islands in 1845 ; of Manila in 1896 355
Typhoons and earthquakes affecting Manila 356
Dress of both sexes. A '^ first-ckss " funeral 357
ExcursionB from Manila. Los Bancs 359
The story of Los Baflos and Jalajabi. The legend of Guadalupe Church . 360 y
Chapter XXII The Tagal06 Rebellion Of 1896-98 First Period
The OMes de Cddiiz. Philippine deputies in the Peninsula.
The Assembly of Reformists. Effect of the Cavite Rising of 1872
362 363 xvi Table oj Contents
PAGE
Official acts conducive to rebellion. The Katipunan Leagae . 864
Arrest of prominent Filipinos. The first overt act of rebellion . . 366
War commences. The Battle of San Juan del Monte .... d6B
Execution of Sancho Valenzuela and others 369
Andr^ Bonifacio heads the movement. He is superseded by Emilio Aguinaldo 370
Imus (Cavite) is captured by the rebels. The history of Imus . . . 372
Atrocities of the rebels. Rebel victory at Binacayan 373
Execution of 13 rebels in Cavite. The rebel chief Uaneras in Bulacan . 374
Volunteers are enrolled. Tragedy at Fort Santiago ; cartloads of corpses . 37^
A court-martial cabal. Gov. -General Blanco is recalled .... 376
The rebels destroy a part of the railway. They threaten an assault on Manila 377
General Camilo Polavieja succeeds Blanco as €iov. -General .... 378
General Lachambre^ the Liberator of Cavite. Polavieja returns to Spain . 379
Dr. Jos^ Rizal^ the Philippine ideal patriot ; his career and hopes . 381
His return to Manila ; banishment^ liberation^ re-arrest^ and execution 388
The love-romance of Dr. Jose Rizal's life 387
General Primo de Rivera succeeds Polavieja as Gov. -General 389
The Gov. -General decrees concentration ; its bad e£fect .... 391
The rebels define their demands in an exhortation to the people . 302
Emilio Aguinaldo now claims independence 394
Don Pedro A. Patemo acts as peace negotiator 395
The Protocol of Peace between the Rebels and the Gov. -General . 396
The alleged Treaty of Biac-na-bat6 (Dec. 14^ 1897) 397
The Primo de Rivera-Patemo agreement as to indemnity payment . 398
Emilio Aguinaldo in exile. Peace rejoicings. Spain de&ults . 399
The rebel chiefis being in exile, the people are goaded to fresh revolt 400
The tragedy of the Calle de Camba. Cebu Island rises in revolt . . 401
The Cebuanos' raid on Cebu City ; Lutao in flames ; piles of corpses . . 402
Exciting adventures of American citizens. Heartrending scenes in Cebu City 404
Rajahmudah Datto Mandi visits Cebu. Rebels in Boliuao (Zambales) . 406
Relief of Bolinao. Father Santos of Malolos is murdered .... 408
The peacemaker states his views on the reward he expects from Spain 409 Don Maximo Patemo^ the Philippine ^^ Grand Old Man" . . .411 Biographical sketch of his son, Don Pedro A. Patemo .411 Genend Basilio Augusti succeeds Primo de Rivera as Gov. -General . .413
The existence of a Peace Treaty with the rebels is denied in the Spanish Cdrtes 414
CHAPTER XXni THE TAGALOG REBELLION OF 1896-98
SECOND PEBIOD
AMERICAN Il^ERVENTION
Events leading to the Spanish- American War (April- Aug., 1898) 417
Events preliminary to the naval Battle of Cavite (May I, 1898) 419
Aspirations of the Revolutionary Party 420
Revolutionary exhortation denouncing Spain 421
Allocution of the Archbishop of Madrid to the Spanish army . 423
Gov. -General Basilio Augusti issues a call to arms 424
Tabic of Contents xvii
PAGE
His proclamation declaring a state of w»r with America .... 425
War in the Islands approaching. Flight of non-comhatants 426 The naval Battle of Cavite. Destruction of the Spanish Fleet . .427
The Stars and Stripes hoisted at Cavita 420
The first news of the naval defeat raises panic in Madrid .... 431
EmUio Aguinaldo returns from exile to Cavite (May 19, 18d8) . 482
Revolutionary exhortation to the people to aid America .... 433
In the beleaguered city of Manila. German attitude 434
The merchants' harvest Run on the Banco Espaml-Filipino 435
General Aguinaldo becomes Dictator. Filipinos congratulate America 430
Conditions in and around Manila. Sefkor Patemo's pro-Spanish Manifesto .438
The revolutionists' refutation of Sefior P^temo's manifesto .... 440
General Monet's terrihk southward march with refugees .... 445
Terror-stricken refugees' flight for life. The Maoahebes .... 446
The Revolutionary Government procUumed. Statutes of Constitution . . 448
Message of the Revolutionary President accompanying tin proclamation 454
The Revolutionists' appeal to the Powers for recognition .... 457
Spain makes peace overtures to America. The Protocol of Peace 458
llie Americans prepare for the attack on Manila 460
The Americans again demand the surrender of Manila .... 461
The Americans' attack on Manila (Aug. 13, 1896) 462
Spain's blood-sacrifice for " the honour of the country "... 464
Capitulation of Manila to the Americans (Aug. 14, 1896) .... 465
The Americans' first measures of administration in Manila .... 467
Trade resumed. liberty of the Press. Malolos (Bulacan) the rebel capital 468
General Aguinaldo's triumphal entry into Malolos 470
The Paris Peace Conuniswon (Oct -Dec., 1806) 471
Peace concluded in Paris between America and Spain (Dec. 10, 1898) 472
Innovations in Manila customs. Spanish government in Visajras 473
Strained relations between the rebels and the Americans .... 475
Rebels attack the Spaniards in Visayas. The Spaniards evacuate the Visayas 476
The end of Spanish rule. The rebels' disagreement 478
Text of the Treaty of Peace between America and Spain .... 479
Chapter XXIV An Outune Of The War Of Independence
Insurgents prepare for the coming conflict 484
Anti-American manifesto. The Philippine Republic 486
TTie war begins ; the opening shot Battle of Paco 487
Fighting around Manila ; Gagalanging. Manila in flames .... 489
Battle of Marilao. Capture of Malolos, the insurgent capital . 490
Proclamation of American intentions. Santa Cruz (La Laguna) captured . 493
Effect of the war on public opinion in America 495
Insurgent defeat Calumpit captured. Insurgents ask for an armistice . 496
Insurgent tactics. Goieral Lawton in Cavite 499
Violent death of General Antonio Luna 501
General Aguinaldo's manifesto ; his pathetic allusion to the past . 502
b xviii Table oj Contents
PAGE
Insurgents destroy the 8.8. Satumus, Death of General Lawtou 503
War on the wane.. Many chiefe surrender 505
Partial disbandment of the insurgent army urged by hunger 500'
Capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo (March 23^ 1901) .... 507
He swears allegiance to America. His home at Cauit (Cavite Viejo) 509"
Chapter XXV The Phiuppine Republic In The Central And Southern
ISLANDS
The Spaniards evacuate Yloilo (Dec., 1898). Native Government there . 511
General Miller demands the surrender of Yloilo. The Panay army . 512'
Riotous insurgent soldiery. Flight of civilians 513
The Yloilo native Government discusses the crisis in open assembly . .514 Mob riot Yloilo in flames. Looting, anarchy, and terrorism .515
Bombardment of Yloilo. The American forces enter and the insurgents vanish 510-
Surrender of insurgent leaders. Peace overtures. '^ Water-cure " . 517
Formal surrender of the Panay army remnant at Jaro (Feb. 2, 1901) . 5ia
Yloilo town. Native Government in Negroe Island. Peaceful settlement . 519-
An armed rabble overruns Negroe Island 521
Native Government in Cebu Island. American occupation of Cebu City . 522
Cebuano insurgents on the warpath. Peace signed with Cebudnos . . 524
Reformed government in Cebu Island. Cebu City 526
American occupation of Bojol Island. Insurgent rising quelled . 528
Native Government in Cottobato. Slaughter of the Christians . 529 -
The Spaniards' critical position in Zamboanga (Mindanao Is.) . . 531
Rival fiEiCtions and anarchy in Zamboanga. Opportune American advent 532
The Rajahmudah Datto Mandi. Zamboanga town 534
Samar and Marinduque Islands under native leaders 535
Slaughter of American officers and troops at Balangiga (Samar Is.) . . 536 •
Chapter XXVI The Spanish Prisoners
The approximate number of Spanish prisoners and their treatment The Spanish Government's dilemma in the matter of the prisoners . AVliy the prisoners were detained. Baron Du Marais* ill-fated mission Further efforts to obtain their release. The captors state their terms Discussions between Generals E. S. Otis and NicoMs Jaramillo . The Spanish commissioners' ruse to obtain the prisoners* release fails ITie end of the Spaniards* captivity
Chapter XXVII End Of The War Of Independence And After
The last of the recognized insurgent leaders. Notorious outlaws . 545 • Apolinario Mabini. Brigands of the old and of the new type . 546 Ferocity of the new caste of brigands 548-
Tabk of Contents xix
PACK
The Montalou and Felizardo outlaw bands 549*
The ^'Guards of Honour." The Puiajdn in gloomy Samar 550
Army and Constabulary Statistics. Insurgent navy 55;^
Sedition. Seditious plays 554
Landownership is conducive to social tranquillity 665^
Chapter XXVIII Modern Manila
Innovations under American rule 556*
Clubs, Theatres. Hotels. "Saloons." The Walled City . ... 56a
The Insular Government. Feast<lays. Municipality 560-
Emoluments of high officials. The Schurman Commission .... 561
The Taft Commission. The ^'Philippines for the Filipinos" doctrine 563-
Hie Philippine Civil Service. Civil government established . 565
Constabulary. Secret Police. Tlie Vagrant Act 567
Army strength. Military Division. Scout Corps 6Q^
CHAPITER XXIX
THE LAND OF THE MOROS
The Bates Agreement with the Sultan of Sulu 571
The warlike Dattas and their clansmen 573-
Captain Pershing's brilliant exploits around Lake Lanao .... 574
Storming the Cottag. American pluck 575-
American policy in Moroland. Maj. -General Leonard Wood 57&
Constitution of the Moro Province 577
Municipalities. Tribal Wards. Moro Province finances .... 578-
Moro Province armed forces. Gen. Wood's victory at Kudarangau . . 580
Datto Pedro Cuevas of Basilan Island. His career 582
General Wood in Sulu Island. Panglima Hassan. Major H. L. Scott 584
Major Hugh L. Scott vanquishes Panglima Hassan. A bichdra . 585-
Jold town. H.H. The Sultan of Sulu 587
American policy towards the Moro chiefs 58&
The Mangniguin's eventful visit to Zamboanga 58{>
Education and progrees in the Moro Province 591
^Vhat the Moro Province needs. The prospect therein .... 592
CHAPTER XXX THE SPANISH FRIARS, AFTER 1898 Free cult Causes of the anti-friar feeling
Attitude of the Philippine clergy. Monsignor Chapelle
The question of the friars* lands. American view
The American Government negotiates with the Holy See
The Pope's contrary view of the friars' case
. 594
. 596
. 597
. 599
. GOO
The friars'-lands purchase. The approximate acreage. Monsignor Guidi . 601
XX
Table oj Contents
PAOB
The auti-friar feeling dimiuishee. The Philippine Independent Church 602
The head of the Philippine Independent Church throws off allegiance to the Pope 004
Conflict between Catholics and Schismatics 60G
Aglipayan doctrine. Native clergy. Monsignor Agius .... 007 American education. The Normal School. The Nautical School . 008
The School for Chinese. The Spanish Schools 610
The English language for Orientals. Native politics 611
The Philippine Assembly. The cry for '^ independence " .612
The native interpretation of the term "Protection" 613
Capacity for self-government. Population. Benguet road . .614
Census Statistics. Regulations affecting foreign travellers .... 61G Administration of justice. Provincial Courts. Justices of the peace . 618
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You’ve reached the end of The Philippine Islands; a political, geographical, ethnographical, social and commercial history of the Philippine Archipelago, embracing the whole period of Spanish rule, with an account of the succeeding American insular government.