THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES

Front matter

Pvt aes gr ean . ie

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES FRANK CHARLES LAUBACH, Px.D.

LOVELINESS IN SEA AND PALM AND SKY

Foreword

The Philippines afford Americans their most obvious opportunity as well as obligation to escape from provincialism. It should be esteemed a privilege to understand these islands, for there are some very noble pages in the record since 1900. It should be our duty to know them because Americans are responsible for making a truly important decision concerning the independence of this territory, and we cannot know too much about the attitudes and aspirations of the peoples involved. Historically and geographically the Philippines can serve as a window through which we can think out to India, the Far East, and the islands of the sea.

The author of this book is exceptionally well qualified to lead us in such a survey. He is a graduate of Princeton University, Union Theological Seminary (New York), and holds the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Columbia University. He is recognized as one of the ablest representatives of American churches in the Philippines. His service there since 1916, as a missionary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, has been of the finest quality, both spiritually and intellectually. He has shown himself to be a man of deep sympathy and vision. He was first stationed on the island of Mindanao, which brought him into direct touch with the Moros, the significant Moslem population in the south. Later his work has been in the capital, Manila. Travel, work, and temperament have brought him into vital touch with outstanding leaders among Americans and Filipinos.

This comprehensive study has been a labor of love. Back of all his researches into old manuscripts, contemporary documents, and vernaculars has been a keen appreciation of the Philippine genius and a prophetic belief in the vocation of this people. Nevertheless, Dr. Laubach has been able to give

Vv vi FOREWORD al balanced picture. Whether one’s interest is in history, politics, education, missions, or religion, this book will have to be consulted in regard to this area. Seldom does one find so comprehensive a treatment in a single volume.

DANIEL JOHNSON FLEMING.

Director of the Department of Foreign Service,

Union Theological Seminary, New York.

Preface

This book was undertaken because the writer had many questions of vital importance to which nobody could give him satisfactory answers. Neither one book nor all the books together answered the question, ‘““What is the trend of Philippine religion?” nor the equally important question, “What is the unmet want in the Filipino heart?”’, nor the greatest question of all, ““What may the Filipino people become if they give God a perfect chance?”

The study has revealed many facts which were wholly unexpected. The greatest of these facts becomes the theme of the book: The preparation of the Filipino people for the spiritual leadership of the Far East and perhaps of the whole world.

The aim is to discover the footprints of God across the history of the Philippines. These islands, America, and the entire world will be different if they see and believe the vision. The rising curve which we get by a historical survey points upward to a greater day ahead. The confirmation of this is seen in the present generation, which averages higher than any which have preceded it. There never were so many really noble souls in the Philippines as there are today. Not many of these fine Christian gentlemen and ladies are in the limelight, nor do they desire to be. For them, success lies, not in the plaudits of their fellows, but in the progress of their nation and their world toward the Kingdom of God. Just because they are utterly heedless of themselves one must frequently search for them in the far dark corners, where they have gone, not because these places are pleasant nor because they are fashionable, but because they are in need of help. The fruitage of their labors is beyond all computation. Out of those far dark corners are coming young men and

vil viii PREFACE women of ambition and strength who are increasingly making their impress upon the character of the whole country.

The Reformation which occurred in Europe four centuries ago began in the Philippines a quarter of a century ago and has been swifter and more thoroughgoing than in the days of Martin Luther. Perhaps it has not yet found its Luther. Perhaps there will be many Luthers. This reformation is of far greater importance for the destiny of the Philippines than the noisy political disputes which fill the newspapers. Though quiet and unostentatious, it is in reality the most important fact of the last twenty-five years. It is being brought to pass through two principal agencies, the public school system and the evangelical churches. The public schools are furnishing the intellectual reformation and the churches the spiritual. Several good books have dealt with the marvelous progress of education. None of recent years has told the story of Evangelical Christianity. It is with this tale that the greater part of the book is concerned.

The author is deeply grateful to Mr. Agapito Raagas for the many months of labor which he gave to the copying and recopying of the text, to Mr. Cirilo del Carmen for having prepared the index, to Rev. A. L. Ryan, Bishop Charles E. Locke, Mr. Isaac Barza, Rev. G. B. Cameron, Professors Austin Craig and Otley Boyer, Dr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Rev. Clyde Heflin, Mr. Clarence A. Neff and Miss Evelyn Fox for reading the text and offering valuable suggestions; to the Missionary Research Library of New York City, where a large part of the material was collected; to Professor Daniel Johnson Fleming of Union Theological Seminary to whose inspiration the inception of the book was due, and to Mrs. Florence A. Gilbert for reading the proof and Arthur Y. Meeker for arranging for publication.

Grateful acknowledgment is also made for permission to use material to Mr. Claude R. Moss, Dr. P. H. J. Lerrigo, Dr. David P. Barrows, Dr. Fay Cooper Cole, Bishop H. C. Stuntz, Mr. H. P. Willis, Dr. James R. Robertson, Dr. N. M. Saleeby, Mr. Austin Craig, Dr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Mr. Dean C. Worcester, Professor Otley Beyer, Rev. C. W. Briggs,

PREFACE ix

Mr. E. S. Brown, Dr. John B. Devins, Bishop Gregorio Aglipay, Senator Isabelo de los Reyes, Mr. E. K. Higdon, Dean Jorge Bocobo, Mr. E. S. Turner, Dr. Arthur J. Brown, Mrs. D. S. Hibbard, Dr. J. F. Cottingham, Rev. Matias Cuadra, Rev. Frederick Jansen, Dr. James A. Graham, Bishop G. F. Mosher, Rev. E. S. Lyons, Rev. Frank J. Woodward, Dr. James B. Rodgers, Dr. Jose Fabella, Governor-General Leonard Wood, Rev. Artley B. Parson, Mr. Arthur W. Prautch, Rev. J. L. McLaughlin, Dr. Marvin A. Rader, Mr. Charles A. Glunz, President Camilo Osias, President H. F. Stuart, Justice Ignacio Villamor, and to the many publishers of periodicals and books, which are specifically mentioned in footnotes.

FRANK C. LAUBACH.

Manila, P. I.

MINOORO AS ant f Oe oN C\ fe

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS SHOWING THE PROVINCES.

INTRODUCTORY

There is an unknown Philippines, unknown because writers have not dared to pull the veil aside—into that unknown country we venture now. From beginning to end we shall traverse areas of the existence of which not one American in five thousand has dreamed, although the Philippines are of greater interest to Americans than any other part of the Orient.

A gross misrepresentation of the Philippines was imposed upon the American public during the Philippine campaign of 1898-1900. The expeditionary forces, in their complete ignorance, were prepared to believe that a large part of the people of the Pacific Islands were cannibals. They did not know much about missionaries, but they did know that John G. Paton and others had been eaten somewhere in this part of the world. Soldiers were bantering each other, as they entered Manila bay, about which of them should make the first “steak” for the Filipinos—they have confessed it

Key to the Provinces of the Philippine Islands ! See Map on Page X —

1. Ilocos Norte 15. Pampanga 30. Cebu

2. Ilocos Sur 16. Bataan 31. Bohol

3. Abra 17. Rizal 32. Leyte

4. Mountain Province — 18. Cavite 33. Samar

5. Cagayan 19. La Laguna 34. Palawan 6. Isabela 20. Batangas 35. Surigao 7. Nueva Vizcaya 21. Ambos Camarines 36. Agusan 8. La Union 22. Albay 37. Misamis 9g. Pangasinan 23. Sorsogon 38. Davao 10. Zambales 24. Mindoro 39. Cotabato 11. Tarlac 25. Capiz 40. Zamboanga 12. Nueva Ecija 26. Antique 41. Sulu

13. Tayabas 27. Iloilo 42. Bukidnon 14. Bulacan 28. Negros Occidental 43. Lanao

. Negros Oriental x1 ah INTRODUCTORY since. In Manila they found five hundred Spanish friars who had fled from the provinces for their lives. Hysterically these representatives of the church told of their comrades having been roasted alive, torn limb from limb, beheaded, mutilated—extermination, they hissed, of the whole brown race was the only measure to adopt; for the Filipinos had sworn to exterminate every white man on the Islands! This lurid Spanish, punctuated with frantic gestures (Spanish is rich in vituperative expletives), when translated into English, sounded worse than anything Americans had ever read of Wild West Indians. Thus prejudiced, the soldiers saw something sinister in bare feet, bare heads, bare backs, bolos, nipa roofs—anything out of the ordinary. The Filipinos fought for home and country with desperate bravery; employing guerilla warfare, since to have faced the vastly superior military equipment of the Americans in any other way would have been sheer suicide—but to American soldiers, with their ideas of civilized warfare, this was the final proof that the Filipinos were bloodthirsty savages. The vast majority of the seventy thousand American soldiers in the Philippines returned to their homeland without ever having known the Filipinos save as enemies. From these soldiers, with their meager information and their fertile imagination, came the material for those distorted accounts which book-agents sold throughout the United States as “The History of the Conquest of the Philippines.”” Who has not seen a volume like this in many a library, the only “authority,” perhaps, on the Philippine Islands?

The truth is that the Filipinos hate war. They avoid trouble and will submit to tyranny long after an American would have rebelled. They are meek, quiet, gentle, kindly, hospitable, very polite—these men whom Americans have supposed to be merciless, warlike and savage! Indeed they excel the average American in every one of the above mentioned respects— they are more meek, more gentle, more kindly, more polite, more hospitable. As Leonard Wood says, “The Philippine people possess many fine and attractive qualities—dignity and self-respect, as shown by deportment . . . personal neatness

INTRODUCTORY xill and cleanliness, courtesy and consideration to strangers and guests, boundless hospitality, willingness to do favors for those with whom they come into plier which amounts almost to inability to say ‘No’ to a friend.”

It happens that in. the mountains of aa Luzon | in a few other mountains there dwell tribes among which it is customary for the men and boys to wear only “G strings.” It is safe to say that two-thirds of the Filipino photographs in scientific and popular magazines of the United States have represented these unclothed men holding spears and shields; these pictures pander to the popular lust for the salacious, the warlike, and the unusual—and that is why they are published. As illustrations of the Filipino people they are false. Ninety-nine costumes out of one hundred in the Philippines are at least as modest as the dresses at a fashionable New York function, and more modest than the costumes on any bathing beach. Since this will seem incredible to many people it must be proven. There are, according to the 1918 census,

224,904 people in the tribes among whom the men wear scanty clothing. (The women wear ample skirts and waists.) We must count only the males, and a large proportion of these are school boys wearing ordinary clothes. The total population of the Philippines in 1918 was 10,314,310—and it would be impossible to find 100,000 without trousers or skirts. In other words, less than one person in one hundred is immodestly clothed, according to American standards. Nine Filipinos out of ten have never visited the remote habitations of these unclothed people and have never seen them. They represent the true Filipinos exactly as a picture of an Iroquois Indian chief represents an American business man. Indeed the proportion and the importance of American Indians to the remainder of the American population, is almost that of the “G string” wearers to the remainder of the Filipino population.” The real Filipinos, men and women, are as modestly and as neatly dressed as the real Americans. If there is any criticism to be made it is that they spend too much money for clothing, instead of too little. Many an American man

1 Report of the Special Mission to the Philippines, 1921, p. 11.

xIV INTRODUCTORY declares that he has to dress better in Manila than he did in the States, to keep up with the Filipinos.

That Americans have benefited the Filipinos in many important respects is beyond cavil. Filipinos needed to learn, and are learning, to be more thrifty, to be more exact in business matters, to substitue painstaking investigation for the gambler’s chance, to prosecute their business with more energy, to use modern methods—in other words the Filipinos are acquiring those qualities from Americans which make more efficient business men.

On the other hand, Filipinos possess certain great innate qualities which they must not lose; qualities which they possess in greater degree than either the Japanese or the Chinese and which they share with the people of India, without the blighting atmosphere of pessimism and the throttling hand of custom which hold India down. If the Filipinos are to make their own contribution to humanity, the contribution for which they have been divinely equipped, they will need to conserve and nurture their peculiar gifts. For one thing, they are artists to their finger tips. If France, instead of America, were in control of the Philippine Islands, she might discover past and present artists of high order, in the realm of painting, of sculpture, of oratory, of drama, of poetry, of music, of religion. These are not the things which the average American most appreciates, unless they happen to be perfect in finesse. Now finesse is what the Filipinos lack. They knew nothing of the English language prior to the American occupation. Their attempts at composing prose and poetry in English have been so full of grammatical errors and misuse of words that Americans have not been in any mood to look for the dreams to which they have been struggling to give utterance. On the other hand, Americans have been such poor students of Philippine dialects that only a few suspect what a wealth of poetry (particularly of the erotic variety) has been composed by Filipinos. The same causes, our ignorance of their dialects and their imperfect mastery of English, prevent us from appreciating their fine talents in oratory and dramatics. Speaking fluently in public is an art which Ameri-

INTRODUCTORY XV cans acquire only after years of persistent practice; Filipinos seem to speak in public with perfect ease almost at the first attempt. And if, on the stage, they forget their lines, there is no cause for alarm, for they improvise perfectly on the instant.

Their genius is also revealed in painting and sculpture. In almost any section of the Islands one may run across some man or woman who, with little or no training, has picked up painting, and who has furnished homes for miles around with specimens of his art. Public squares, cemeteries, and churches in all the municipalities of the Philippines contain statues which bear witness to the native talent in ceramics.

All these branches of art deserve notice by the American public. They reveal the fact that the genius of the Filipino lies in art rather than in business. It is not with these that we are concerned, however, at the present time; our interest shall center in his religious capacity. i

A body of evidence has been accumulating during the past twenty years which reveals the Filipino people as capable of a far more profound religious insight than the Spaniards ever suspected. It is this gift for appreciating higher spiritual values which points out to the Filipino the direction in which he may make his unique contribution. He has the talent, and is on the point of receiving the opportunity which may easily make him the spiritual leader of the Far East in this new era into which Asia is being ushered. The Filipino will not be a replica of America—he will be something better than an imitation—he will express his own fine genius.

One may see in the history of the Philippines a vast meaning, pregnant with wonderful possibilities for the future. In part it is unlike any other history in the world. If America senses the significance of her part in the making of the Philippine nation, she will have ever increasing reason to be proud of having had a share in it. But it is primarily Filipinos who need to catch the vision. There exists a very real danger that, lured by the glamour of American material success, they will overvalue the qualities which make for business efficiency ; and disparage and neglect their own genius. If they make

Xvi INTRODUCTORY this mistake, they will be like the dog in A®sop’s fable, who lost the bone in his mouth while diving after its reflection in a pond; or like Israel when she gave up her God in order to follow the poorer gods of her neighbors.

What then has the hand of Providence been doing in these Islands, and what is He doing still, to prepare the Filipinos to be, as President Schurman put it, ‘a Beacon of Hope for all the benighted millions of the Asiatic continent?’ Whence came the Filipinos and whither are they tending? It is to these questions that we now seek to find an answer.

EVANGELICAL SCHOOL CF THEOLOGY

CONTENTS ForEworpD By DANIEL JOHNSON FLEMING, PH.D. PREFACE INTRODUCTORY

CHAPTER

Book One PART I: PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD

YE Reticion BEeForE 1000 A. D. .

II VII

XII

Tue INFLUENCE OF INDIA AND CHINA

PARP 11: “ISLAM

THe MOSLEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES Tue Moros CLASH WITH SPAIN .

Tue Moros Meet AMERICA

PARTON SPANISH RULE

THe SpANISH REGIME—THE First THREE CENTURIES—1I521-1868 .

Tue SpanisH REGIME—THE Last Turney YEARS— 1868-1898

Book Two PART IV: THE REFORMATION AMERICA ARRIVES é Tue IGLESIA FILIPINA puss ed ame é

PART V: FOREIGN MISSIONARIES

UNLOCKING THE ForBIDDEN Book Tue CoMING oF AMERICAN MISSIONARIES

ADVENTURES IN COOPERATION AND UNITY . xvii

PAGE

119 137

159 177 202

XVili CONTENTS

PART VI: THE GROWING CHURCH

CHAPTER

VAIII EvaANnGelistic MISSIONS . . +. + « « « ai XIV... SELF-SUPPORT.. @ a.) Bw A) oh co Were one \XV_ Fivipino MISSIONARIES. 2. ep ne ae XVI Fitipino LAYMEN WHO Ngee THE Teer as de em

XVII Curistian WOMEN . . 290

VXVIIL THe INDEPENDENT PROTESTANT Caurcars 1360 Book Three PART VII: EDUCATION

XXIX ReELicious EDUCATION—SPANISH PERIOD . . 315 “XX Reticious EpucATION—AMERICAN PERIOD. .. 328 XXI PrepARING CHRISTIAN LEADERS . . . . «. 336

Oe = Giris’ Bisee; SCHOOLS... 9 Me ss ee XLT Boys-AND MixEp' SCHOOLS? (851) 2c: +. eee ALY) “TWEE. SUNDAY: SCHOOL)... 0%. (alia Lien Comma

Book Four PART Vilh: THE SPERUT OF SERVICE ARV. DORMITORIES (<9) Fda ete ee ee YN Lr SOCRAL SERVICE: 4 insted hy Gee we oe eae MX VIET; ~Morsn: REFORMS 2485-104 > se ee ae SAA VET: ‘Meprcall Masstonsips: ois certues -a~ » the lo dee bXXTX RELIGIOUS’ LITERATURESs) Hien oss) ene eae

PART 2X2) OBSTACLES

“{XX Tue Prostem or RAces AND CLASSES) A aga “XXXII Tue Catuoric CounTER-REFORMATION. . . 450

PART X: CONCLUSION XXXII Tue PuiILippines THE Beacon Licut oF ASIA 455

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PE a ee

ILLUSTRATIONS

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TRANSLATING THE BIBLE . < 5 ° 0 5 5 3 5 7. 240 xix

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DOMINGO PONCE AND DATU MARAHUNE

MAKING BUNTAL HATS .

-

-

THE LAND WHERE NATURE SMILES .

WHO IS THE TRUE FILIPINO?

Book One PART I: PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD

CHAPTER [| RELIGION BEFORE tooo A. D.

ABORIGINES

Philippine history might begin like a child’s story book— “once upon a time” there roamed over the Philippines tiny people only three to five feet in height. They are today insignificant both in numbers and in influence, but are interesting from a scientific point of view. These pygmies were of three classes :1 gmt are these classes of pygmies found today? According to the 1918 ensus:

In the Apayao swamp region are found 1, 2, and 3 (about 4,500).

In the Ilocos mountains: chiefly 1 mixed with later peoples (Apayaos)— (only about 450). 5 ; :

In the Zambales mountains: chiefly 1, but somewhat mixed with 2 and 3

In the East Luzon mountains: 1 and 2 mixed with Papuans (who immigrated in later ages).

In the South Luzon mountains: 1 and 2 (about 4,800).

In Negros, Panay, Guimaras and Palawan: 1. (Negros—r9,258; Panay—

In Mindoro, Tablas, Sibuyan, Southern Negros: 2 (1,608).

In Mindanao: The “Mamanuas’” of Surigao are 1. The Atas west of Mountain Apo are 1 (7,500). The “Mangguangans” of North Central Mindanao are chiefly 2 (2,500).

For a fuller study of these pygmies see The 1918 Census Report Vol. Bis Pp. 909 ff.

1. Negritos, belonging to the negroid race, with kinky haw and black skins. They never could reach the mainland, for the interesting reason that they were afraid of water. They will not go near it to this day. When they wish to shoot a fish they attach a long string to the arrows so they may pull the fish out without themselves coming in contact with the stream. They wore no clothes, excepting a tapa made of bark. They built no houses, save temporary shelters of branches and leaves. They did no farming, but lived on wild forest animals, fruits and roots.

2. The second class of pygmies had straight hair. They should not be called Negritos, for they had Mongolotd affinities. They did practice agriculture, and they traded and intermarried with other people freely.

3. The third class of pygmies had hairy bodies. They are extinct, but traces of them may still be seen in the pygmies of Apayao and Zambales. They remind one of the hairy Ainu of Japan.

The prehistoric religions of the second and third classes have long since vanished, leaving no traces behind them. We therefore bid them farewell without further consideration. The first class, the true Negritos, never mixed freely with the later immigrants, but fled into the deep forests. Some of their ancient customs have therefore survived to the present day. For example a little group (about 500) in Northern Palawan practice polyandry and use blow-guns. Mr. William Allen Reed? has made a study of the pygmies of Zambales which are chiefly of class I. They are polygamous if they can afford the luxury, but only the wealthier men can support more than one wife. ‘All evidence goes to show that the Negritos are virtuous.” Death is the penalty for adultery, though offenders usually buy off the aggrieved parties. Among the pygmies in the mountains of Bataan “sexual relations outside of marriage are exceedingly rare. A young girl suspected of it must forever renounce hope of finding a husband.” 3

27 Philippine Ethnological Survey Publications, 1905. 3 Montano, ‘Voyage aux Philippines,” p. 71.

The Negrito rarely lies. Everybody accepts without question the word of his neighbors. Alcoholism is unknown, excepting where it has been introduced by other races. Murder almost never occurs, the Negrito being exceptionally peaceable in disposition. Theft may be punished by death, but the usual punishment is enslavement of the guilty party until the debt is paid.

We may conjecture that the Negritos always had these customs. When we turn to their religion, we find that most of it seems to have been borrowed from their more advanced neighbors, and that it does not today give us any hint of their religion prior to the arrival of the immigrant peoples. Were they originally animists? Probably. The following customs may have existed from time immemorial.

“On the Tarlac trail between O’Donnell and Botolan there is a huge black bowlder which the Negritos believe to be the home of one powerful spirit. So far as I could learn, the belief is that the spirits of all who die enter this one spirit or anito, who has its abiding place in this rock.” No Negrito ever passes this rock without leaving some article of food.

When a deer has been captured and brought home, the head man of the party, or the most important man present, takes a small part of the entrails or heart, cuts it into fine bits and scatters the pieces in all directions, at the same time chanting in a monotone a few words which mean, “Spirits, we thank you for this successful hunt. Here is your share.”

That the Negritos (class 1 pygmies) will become extinct as civilization creeps upon them seems certain. Their mentality is so low that they apparently have no contribution to make to the modern world. The class 2 pygmies, on the other hand, have many fine qualities and have contributed a valuable strain to the Filipino nation, as we shall soon see.

IMMIGRATION WAVES

Ages pass—then four new types, all taller than the pygmies, begin to land on the shores of this archipelago. These are:

1. Papuans.

During a period of unknown length a few tall black Papuans kept wandering across from New Guinea and other islands. They wore septum sticks in their noses, and often wore no clothing save a few ornaments.

The few Papuans who may still be found on the eastern and southern coasts of the archipelago, are entirely negligible.

2. Indonesians. Class A.

This and the next class present marked affinities to the tall races of Southern Asia. They are the tallest people that ever came to the Islands before the whites, running from five feet four inches to six feet two inches in height. They have rather light skins, slender bodies, sharp thin faces, high aquiline noses, thin lips, high broad foreheads, and deep-set eyes. The Caucasian strain in this type is unmistakable.

3. Indonesians. Class B.

The Class B Indonesians are later arrivals, and have a higher form of civilization. They have relatively darker skins, thick-set bodies, large rectangular faces, thick large noses with round nostrils, large mouths with somewhat thick lips, and large round eyes.

Perhaps the Indonesians brought no women with them. At any rate they took their wives largely from the more promising of the pygmies. The dog was their only domestic animal. They made fire by rubbing together two pieces of bamboo; their food they had to cook in pieces of bark or bamboo, as they knew nothing of pottery. They could not make baskets or weave. Their bodies they tattooed, and ornamented with sweet-smelling flowers, grasses and shells. Being very sensitive to pleasant odors, they gathered many natural perfumes.

The Indonesians intermingled with the later comers who are yet to be mentioned, and are not found today in a pure state.*

*It will be interesting to note where their blood predominates. Northern Luzon: Type “A” Indonesians are in Apayao, Abra, Western Kalinga, Bontok, Eastern Ifugao and among the Western Llongots.