Outlines for experimental psychology

Front matter

I

Southern Branch of the

Los Angeles

Preface

The only justification for the existence of an Outline for Experimental Psychology is to be found in its usefulness. In order to be useful, such a manual should serve several distinct piurposes. It should encourage rather than inhibit the enthusiasm of the student who is beginning the study of human nature imdei" controlled conditions; it shotdd assist in giving such a student a general and more or less systematic view of the wide field of psychological inquiry; it should constitute a guide rather than an authority; it shoiild be detailed enough to enable the instructor to give his attention to the student rather than to the implements; with all this, it should allow sufficient freedom to avoid becoming itself the main object of investigation. The outline here presented has seemed to serve these various purposes in my own teaching.

The system which it follows does not pretend to be a classification of psychological elements, processes or mechanisms. It is merely a convenient, and, in my experience, a suggestive classification of the topics or subject matter of the course. It affords a gradual transition from topics which may be studied by the purely objective methods of the physical sciences, through material related to the popular notion of psychology as the "interpretation" of conduct, to that more analytic and introspective type of investigation which is sometimes held to be the only respectable psychological pursuit.

The Outline is primarily intended to serve as the basis of an introductory laboratory or practise course, rtmning throughout one academic year, with two or three lectures and three to five laboratory hours each week. Its arrangement is sufficiently flexible to permit of its being used in various other ways as well. It pre-supposes the use of a modest reference library rather than the study of any single text book. It avoids, so far as practicable, the introduction of special apparatus and intricate machinery. Its choice of subject matter is determined by an interest in the

6 Preface

dynamics of thought and conduct, rather than in the analysis and description of the immediate contents of consciousness.

Perhaps the only evidences of originality to be discerned in the Outline and Manual are to be found in the arrangement of subject matter and in the formulation of a few of the experiments. I have not hesitated to appropriate useful experiments from books and teachers, regardless of the time or place of their original description. Wherever possible, my indebtedness to these sources is indicated by their inclusion among the references. In the formulation of instructions for several of the experiments on association and imagery I have profited by suggestions from unpublished laboratory outlines used by Prof. R. S. Woodworth in his courses on experimental psychology.

H. L. HOLLINGWORTH

Columbia University, New York City

Part I.

TOPICAL OUTLINE

AND

GENERAL OUTLINE FOR THIS COURSE (Laboratory, Lecttires, Collateral Reading, Demonstrations.)

A — General and Introductory.

I — The Problems and History of Experimental Psychology.

2 — Laboratory Methods — Technique of Measurement and

Record, Sources of Error. 3 — Uniformities and Differences in Human Nature, The Curve

of Distribution as Applied to Mental Traits, Statistical

Methods.

B — Externally Observable Behavior.

I — Psychology of Work — Learning, Practise, Skill, Fatigue, Rest, External and Internal Conditions of Efficiency, Work Habits, Attitudes, Influence of Drugs, Motion Studies, Management, Periodicity, Dynamogeny, Correlation of Abilities, Tests, etc.

2 — Efficiency of Simple Nervous Arcs — Psychometric Measurements, Reaction Time Methods and Resvilts, Application of Reaction Methods.

C — Semi-Observable Behavior.

I — ^Attention — ^its Nature, Laws, Basis, Results, Types and Forms.

2 — Suggestion — Character and Laws, Basis, Individual Differences, Pathology.

3 — Sleep — Nature and Causes, Experimental Studies, Drowsiness, Hygiene.

4 — Dissociation — Basis, Meaning and Applications of the Concept.

S — The Unconscious and Subconscious — Descriptive, Theoretical and Critical.

D — Expressive Behavior.

I — Expressive Movements — their Origin, Character and Function. 2 — Physiognomy, Phrenology and Character Estimation.

3 — Psychology of Speech and Language — Individual, Social, Pathological.

4 — Emotion, Mood and Temperament — Characteristics, Basis and Classification; the "Type" in Literature, History, Art, and Psychology.

5 — Symbolism and Expression of Inanimate Objects — Empathy, Feeling Tone of Design and Arrangement, Formal and Structural Preferences, Psychology and Experimental ^Esthetics.

E — Semi-Introspective Experience.

I — Perception — Space, Time, Rhythm, Reading, Illusions.

2 — Kinsesthesis — Its Importance in Mental Life, Basis and Criteria.

3 — Association — Basis, Laws, Types, Forms, Classes, Individual Differences, Conditions and Applications. Psycho-analysis.

4 — Dreams — Character, Types, Origin and Significance.

5 — Memory — Recall and Recognition, Characteristics, Laws, Conditions, Methods, Types, Experimental Results.

F — ^Purely Introspective Experience.

I — Sensation — Character, Basis, Attributes, Measurements, Relations, Relative Esthetic Values. Intensive Study of one or two of the Special Senses.

2 — Centrally Excited Sensations (Imagery and Imagination) — Characteristics, Types, Laws and Fimction of Imaginal Experience.

3 — ^Affective Qualities (Feelings) — Affection and Sensation, Dimensions of Feeling, Basis of Affective Qualities, Classification, Criteria and Fimction. Methods of Impression and Expression.

4 — Meaning and Relation — Concepts, Judgment, Thinking, "Imageless Thought".

5 — Impulsion — Desires, Wishes, Conation, Motive, Purpose, their Basis, Forms, and Varieties. Conflict, Repression, Rationalization. Experimental Studies of Volition and Choice.

G — Review and Synthesis.

I — The Psychological "Schools", their Differences and Agreements. Systematic Psychology.

DETAILED TOPICAL OUTLINE AND REFERENCES

A — General and Introductory.

I— HISTORY OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY.

2 — The Middle Ages and the Scholastics.

3 — The Anatomy Movement, in Art and Science. Influence

Mueller. 5 — The Association Psychology — Hartley, Hobbes, Herbart,

Bell, Lombroso. 7 — Psychophysics — Weber, Fechner, Cattell, etc. 8 — Psychometry — Wundt, Helmholtz, Cattell, etc. 9 — Individual Differences — Galton, Binet, Stem, Cattell, Thorndike, etc. lo — Genetic, Animal and Comparative Psychology — Darwin, Morgan, Hall, Thomdike, Watson, Yerkes, Baldwin, Jennings, Washburn, etc. 11 — Systematic Psychology — Wtmdt, Kuelpe, James, Titchener,

Stout, etc. 12— Abnormal Psychology— Kraepelin, Janet, Freud, Jung and

many others. 13 — ^Applied Psychology — Gross, Stem, Muensterberg, Scott and

many others. 14 — Neurology and Physiological Psychology. 15 — ^Anthropology, Sociology, Ethnology and related fields.

Weber — History of Philosophy.

Dessoir — History of Psychology.

Ribot — German Psychology of Today.

Ribot — English Psychology of Today.

Klemm — History of Psychology.

Scripture — The New Psychology.

Villa — Contemporary Psychology.

Baldwin — History of Psychology.

Titchener — Experimental Psychology (Quantitative).

Stratton — Experimental Psychology and Ctdture

II— GRAPHIC AND STATISTICAL METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY

I — ^Various Types of Curves and Recording Devices. (Distribution, Practise, Fatigue, Memory, Pulse, Breathing, etc.) The Meaning and Usefulness of the Graphic Methods.

2 — The Use of Statistics — Average, Median, Mode, Measures of Variability, Probable Errors, Constant and Variable Errors. Methods of Correlation.

3 — Standard Apparatus used in Psychological Laboratories.

Myers — Experimental Psychology, Ch. X.

Scripture — The New Psychology.

Thomdike — Mental and Social Measurements. Davenport — Statistics .

Titchener — Experimental Psychology.

Judd — Laboratory Equipment for Psychological Experiments.

Ill— UNIFORMITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN NATURE.

I — Nature and Amount of Individual Differences in Mental Traits.

2 — Conditions of Individual Differences — Trait, Age, Race,

Training, Sex, etc. 3 — Correlation between Mental Traits. Nature and Conditions. 4 — Modifiability of Traits by Selection, Practise, Interest, etc. 5 — Tests of Intelligence — Tests for Defectives, Vocational Tests,

etc.

Thomdike — Individuality.

Thomdike — Educational Psychology.

Boas — The Mind of Primitive Man.

Whipple — Manual of Mental and Physical Tests.

HoUingworth — Correlation of Abilities as Affected by Practise — Jour. Educ. Psych. Sept., 1913.

HoUingworth — Individual Differences Before, During and After Practise — Psych. Rev., Jan., 1914'

Wells — Relation of Practise to Individual Differences— Am. J. Psychol., 191 1.

B — Externally Observable Behavior.

IV— PSYCHOLOGY OF GENERAL EFFICIENCY.

I — Methods of Measuring Mental and Motor Work.

2 — Learning a New Performance — Practise and the Practise Curve. Characteristics of Learning Curves of Men and Animals, Plateaus and their Significance, Methods of Work, Conditions of Improvement, Individual Differences. Interference.

3 — Continued Work at a Perfected Performance — Bahnung, Spurts, Periodicity, Economical Distribution of Effort, Work Habits, Rhythm, Influence of Drugs, Inhibition, Fatigue, Dynamogeny, Suggestion, Rest.

Book— The Psychology of Skill.

Ruger — The Psychology of Efficiency.

Swift — Mind in the Making, Chap. VI.

Pt. II, Chap. VIII.

Myers — Experimental Psychology, Chap. XIV. Scott — Increasing Human Efficiency in Business. Thomdike — The Psychology of Learning.

Ladd and Woodworth, pp. 536-541.

Mosso — Fatigue.

Offner — Mental Fatigue.

Myers — Experimental Psychology, Chap. XIV.

Marsh — The Diurnal Course of Efficiency.

Jones — Influence of Posture.

Hollingworth — Influence of Caffein on Efficiency.

Hollingworth (L. S.) — Functional Periodicity.

James — The Energies of Men.

Thomdike — Educational Psychology, Vol. III.

V— EFFICIENCY OF SIMPLE NERVOUS ARCS.

I — Chronometric Methods and Measurements. Factors Involved in Reaction.

2 — Types of Reaction Situation and Reagents. Reaction-time in Daily Life.

3 — Internal and External Determinants of Reaction-time. Applications.

4 — The Use of Reaction-time Methods in Psychology — Individual Differences, Nervous Condition, Influence of Drugs, Diet, Disease, Practise, " Tatbestandsdiagnostik " and Association-reactions, Analysis of the "Higher Mental Processes. "

Ladd and Woodworth — Physiological Psychology, Chap. VI.

Myers — Experimental Psychology, Chap. XL

Jastrow — Time Relations of Mental Phenomena.

Titchener — Text-book of Psychology.

Titchener — Experimental Psychology (Qualitative).

Cattell — Psychological Researches, Chap. I.

C — Semi-Observable Behavior.

VI — ATTENTION — (As Mode of Behavior and State of Consciousness).

I — Preliminary Facts — Selection, Prepotency of Stimvili, Scope and Span, Individual Differences, Interest, Absent-mindedness, Distraction.

2 — ^Attention as Behavior — Characteristic Attitudes, Accommodation of Sense Organs, Re-enforcement, Variations in Ease, Speed, Uniformity and Amoimt of Work as Dependent on Stimulus and Situation, Facilitation.

3 — Introspective Characteristics — Distribution of "Clearness," Feelings of Effort, Rhythm and Periodicity in Clearness and Effort.

4 — Results of Attention — Changes in Clearness, Intensity, Duration, Steadiness, Scope and Speed of Process Attended to. Laws of Attention.

5 — Classifications of Attention — the Mechanical Devices, the Interest Incentives, Preperception. Characteristics, Laws, and Relative Values.

6 — Experimental Investigations of Attention. Methods of Measurement.

7 — Theoretical — Nervous Basis of Attention. Activity Theory, Motor Theory, Physiological Theories, Attention and Interest, Intensity and Clearness, Cortical Preparedness. Influence of Heredity and Training.

Myers — Experimental Psychology, Chap. XXV. Ladd and Woodworth — Physiological Psychology,

Special Sections.

Titchener — Text-book of Psychology, Chap, on

Attention.

Titchener — Psychology of Feeling and Attention. Pillsbury — Attention.

Washburn— The Animal Mind, Chap. XIII.

Hollingworth — Advertising and Selling, Chap.

II-VI.

VII— SUGGESTION.

I— Illustrations and Definitions. Long and Short Circuit Action. Motor Character of Ideas. Dissociation and Action.

2 — The Laws of Suggestion (Rivalry, Spontaneity, Intensity, Indirectness, Polarity, Prestige, Resistance, Summation, Attention) .

3 — Individual Differences in Suggestibility — Conditions, Correlations, etc.

4 — Suggestion and Hypnotism. Hysteria and Allied Disorders.

Sidis — Suggestion.

Moll — Hypnotism .

Ross — Social Psychology.

James — Principles of Psychology, II., Chap.

XXVII.

Hollingworth — Advertising and Selling,Chap.XII. Scott — Theory of Advertising, Chap, on ''The

Direct Command."

VIII— SLEEP.

I — Characteristics and Theoretical Explanations of Sleep.

2 — Experimental Studies — Depth, Influence of Drugs, Sleep of

Animals, Loss of Sleep, Statistics. 3 — Drowsiness, the Hypnagogic State, Dissociation and Sleep. 4 — Individual Differences in Habits and Needs. Hygiene of

Sleep.

DeManaceine — Sleep.

Sidis — Experimental Studies of Sleep.

Howell— Physiology, Chap. XIII.

Hollingworth — The Psychology of Drowsiness. Hollingworth — Influence of Caffein on Sleep. Terman and Hocking — Sleep of School Children— J. of Ed. Psych., March, April, May, 191 3.

IX— DISSOCIATION.

I — Illustrations, Concept, Basis and Applications. 2 — Habit Formation, Adaptation, Suppression of Double Images. 3 — Simple Forgetting, Amnesias, Anaesthesias, Aboulias. 4 — ^Absent-mindedness, Abstraction, Somnambulisms. 5 — Miiltiple Personalities, Hysteric Disorders, Logic-tight Compartments.

6 — Dissociation and Hypnotism. Dissociation and Sleep. 7 — Meaning and Value of the Concept of Dissociation in Psychology.

Hart — Psychology of Insanity.

Coriat — ^Abnormal Psychology.

Ribot — Diseases of the Personality.

James — Principles of Psychology, Chap. XXVII.

Jastrow — The Subconscious.

Prince — The Dissociation of a Personality.

Binet — On Double Consciousness.

D — Expressive Behavior.

X— EXPRESSIVE MOVEMENTS.

I — Feeling and Emotion and Their Correlated Bodily Attitudes. The Origin and Function of Expressive Movements.

2 — Feeling and Emotion and Correlated Organic Changes (Tonus, Glandular, Respiratory and Electrical Reactions, Vasomotor Changes).

3 — The Simple Feelings, the Typical Emotions, and their Expressions.

4 — Mood and Temperament, The "Type", Physiognomy and Anthropometry.

5 — ^Judgments of Character and Type, Consistency, Correlations, Individual Differences.

Wundt — Outlines of Psychology.

Darwin — Expression of Emotions in Men and Animals.

Ladd and Woodworth — Physiological Psychology, Chap. VII.

Myers — Experimental Psychology, Chap. XXIV.

James — Principles of Psychology, Chap, on " Emotion".

Mantegazza — Physiognomy and Expression.

XI— EXPRESSION AND INANIMATE OBJECTS.

I — Feeling-tone of Design and Arrangement — Lines, Forms, Rhythm, Balance, Stability, Complexity and Unity.

2 — Formal and Structural Preferences. Experimental Aesthetics.

3 — ^Empathy and "Einfiihlung" — Nature and Basis, Criticism.

4 — Symbolism in Art, Language of Ornament, Synaesthesias.

Gordon — Aesthetics.

HoUingworth — ^Advertising and Selling, Chaps. IX

andX.

Witmer — Analytical Psychology.

Puffer — The Psychology of Beauty.

Allen — Physiological Aesthetics.

Marshall — Pain, Pleasure and Aesthetics. Parsons — Principles of Arrangement.

Ross — Theory of Pure Design.

Him — Origins of Art.

XII— SPEECH AND LANGUAGE.

I — The Origin of Language, Primitive Languages and their

Psychology. 2 — Psychological Laws in Language Formation and Change. 3 — Origin and History of Writing, The Alphabet. 4 — Language and Thought. 5 — Psycho-linguistic Problems.

6 — Speech Defects, their Varieties, Causes and Treatment. 7 — ^Aphasia, Agraphia, Alexia.

Wundt — ^Volkerpsychologie.

Mueller — Lectures on the Science of Thought.

Mueller — Lectures on the Science of Language.

Scripture — Stammering and Lisping.

Elder — Aphasia.

E — Semi-Introspective Experience.

XIII— PERCEPTION.

I — Nature and Laws of Perception — Perception as Behavior and as a Mode of Consciousness — Illustrated by Reading, Space and Time Perception.

2 — Reading as Perceptual Process — Eye Movements and the Reading Reaction, Reading Pauses and Fixations, Letter Perception and Word-Form, Determinants and Indifferents, Psychological Process in Reading, Heirarchy of Reading Habits, Inner Speech, Meaning and Language.

3 — Space Perception —

a — The Space Quale, Nativist and Empiricist Views; Voluminousness as Elementary Space Experience in Various Modalities of Sensation; Basis and Conditions of Extensity.

b — Local Signature — Tactual, Visual and Auditory- Local Signs ; the Perception of Direction ; Criteria and Laws ; Fusion and Synthesis; Two-point Discrimination; Perception of Change.

c — Perception of Distance (Visual Space) — Monooilar Criteria — ^Accommodation, Size, Interference,

Clearness, Elevation, Parallax, Light and Shade.

Binocular Vision — Disparity of Images, Convergence and Divergence, Corresponding Points, Homonymous and Heteronymous Images, the Horopter, the Cyclopean Eye.

d — Perception of Depth and Solidity (Stereoscopic Vision) —

Images Indistinguishable — Fuse, Single Flat Object, Distinguishable but Consistent — Fuse, Composite Surface. Distinguishable but Inconsistent — Binocular Rivalry. Consistent on Supposition — Fuse, Solid Object, 3rd Dimension.

e — The Stereoscope, Telestereoscope, Pseudoscope, Kinetoscope, etc.

f — Space Perception (Tactual, Auditory, Kinaesthetic) — Tactual and Visual Space Correlations. Illusions. Criteria of Auditory Localization. Illusions. Perception of Extent, Duration and Speed of MovemenL.

g — The Space System — Inter-modality Relations, Co-ordination, the Separate Space Worlds — their Fusion and Synthesis.

4 — Perception of Time —

a — Attribute of Duration, and Temporal Character of Experience.

b — Duration of Sensations. The Specious Present.

c — The Criteria of Temporal Perception.

d — Anomalies and Illusions in Perception of Duration and Interval.

e — Rhythm, its Laws and Phenomena.

Chapters on Perception in the general texts. Chapters on Space and Time in the general texts. Chapters on Vision and Hearing in texts on Physiological Psychology.

Dearborn — The Psychology of Reading.

Huey — Physiology and Psychology of Reading. Binet — The Psychology of Reasoning.

XIV— KIN^STHESIS.

I — Importance of Kineesthesis in Mental Experience — Space,

Time, Rhythm, Optical and Other Illusions, General

Perception. 2 — Origin and Topography of Kinaesthetic Impressions. 3 — Criteria of Judgments of Extent, Force, Speed and Duration

of Movement. 4 — Methods of Studying Movement and its Psychology. 5 — Motor Accuracy and Inaccuracy. Kinaesthetic Illusions.

Myers — Experimental Psychology, pp. 293-301.

Ladd and Woodworth — Physiological Psychology, Chap. V.

Hollingworth — The Inaccuracy of Movement.

Woodworth — Le Mouvement.

Woodworth — Accuracy of Voluntary Movement.

Titchener — Text-book of Psychology, pp. 330-338.

Titchener — Experimental Psychology (Qualitative), pp. 1 51-170.

XV— ASSOCIATION.

I — Characteristics, Conditions and Neurological Basis of Association.

2 — Levels of Association and Associative Processes.

3 — Classifications and Laws — Principles of Connection and Revival.

4 — Measurements of Association Strength.

5 — The Association Methods and their Applications —

6 — ^Association Reaction-types, their Determinants and Significance.

7 — Pathology of Association.

8 — Association in Daily Life.

James — Principles of Psychology, Chap. XIV. Titchener, Text-book of Psychology — Section on

"Association".

Myers — Experimental Psychology, Chaps. XII

and XIII.

Kent and Rosanoff — Study of Association in

Insanity.

Jung — Miscellaneous Articles on Association

Method.

Calkins — Association (Psych. Rev. Mon. Suppl.) . Wells — Miscellaneous Articles on Association. Woodworth and Wells — Association Tests, Hollingworth — ^Advertising and Selling, Chap. XI.

XVI— DREAMS.

I — Characteristics, Varieties and History of Dreams. 2 — Causes, Conditions and Mechanisms of Dreaming. 3 — Drowsiness and Allied States. Hypnagogic Hallucinations. 4 — Interpretation and Meaning of Dreams. Freudian Psychology and Analysis. 5 — ^Analysis and Examination of Typical Dreams.

Ellis— The World of Dreams.

DeManaceine — Sleep .

Freud — Die Traumdeutung.

Hollingworth — The Psychology of Drowsiness. Special Articles in Journals of Psychology and Psychiatry.

XVII— MEMORY.

I — Definitions, Distinctions and Illustrations.

2 — ^Analysis of Memory Process and Memory Consciousness. Retention, Recall and Recognition.

3 — The Forms and Classification of Memory.

4 — Memorability of Different Kinds of Material.

5 — Mnemonic Types and Devices for Aiding Memory.

6 — Experimental Investigations of Memory — Methods, Technique and Problems; Rate of Learning and Memorizing; The Curve of Forgetting, for Recall and Recognition ; Conditions of Efficient Memorizing; Individual Differences.

7 — Practical Applications of Experimental Results.

8 — Pathology of Memory. Diseases and Anomalies.

Watt — The Economy and Training of Memory.

Colegrove — Memory.

Ebbinghaus — On Memory.

James — Principles of Psychology, Chap. XVI.

Chap. VIII.

Myers — Experimental Psychology, Chaps. XII

and XIII.

Pillsbury — Attention, Chap. IX.

Hollingworth — Obliviscence of the Disagreeable. Hollingworth — Characteristic Differences between

Recall and Recognition — Am. J. Psychol.,

F — Purely Introspective Experience.

XVIII— SENSATION.

I — Elementary Characteristics, Basis and Classifications,

2 — The Problem of Attributes (Modality, Quality, Intensity, Extensity, Duration, Clearness, Locality, Feeling-tone).

3 — Modal and Qualitative Differences. Specific Energies. Genetic Problems.

4 — Qualitative Relations — Mixtures, Fusions, Complements, Contrasts, Range and Distribution of Qualities in the Various Modalities.

5 — Sensitivity and Discrimination — Minimal and Maximal Stimuli, Differential Thresholds, Psycho-physics, Individual Differences in Sensitivity.

6 — Temporal Relations — Inertia, Duration, Perseveration, Adaptation, Fatigue, After-sensations.

7 — Spatial Attributes — Extensity, Locality, Local Signature, etc.

8 — Clearness and Intensity as Attributes, Differences, Bases.

9 — Feeling-tone of Sensory Experiences — Affective Qualities, Value Aspect of Sensory Experiences, Relative Aesthetic Values of the Modalities, lo — Disorders of Sensation — Anaesthesia, Hypersesthesia, Paraesthesia.

Titchener — Experimental Psychology (Qualitative) (Quantitative).

Titchener — Text-book of Psychology.

Ladd and Woodworth — Physiological Psychology.

Myers — Experimental Psychology.

McKendrick and Snodgrass — Physiology of the Senses.

Other General and Physiological Texts.

XIX— IMAGINATION.

I — Centrally Excited Sensations — Character, Basis, Classification.

2 — Structural Distinctions — Image and Sensation, Image and Affection, Differences of Intensity, Clearness, Texture, etc.

3 — Behavior of Images — Influence of General and Special Conditions, Habit, Practise, Age, Drowsiness, Drugs, Purpose and Intention, Types of Imagery, Reproductive and Creative Imagination.

4 — Experimental Determination of Imaginal Type, Methods, Difficulties.

5 — Function of Imagery in Thought and Action — Imagination and Memory, Imagery in Perception, Discrimination, Thinking, Production of Voluntary Movement.

6 — Pathology of Imagination. Applications of Facts and Laws of Imagery.

Titchener — Text-book of Psychology.

Titchener — Experimental Psychology of Higher Thought Processes.

Woodworth — The Cause of a Voluntary Movement. (Essays in Honor of William James.)

James — Principles of Psychology, Chap. XVIII.

Lay — Mental Imagery.

Betts — Distribution and Function of Imagery.

Galton — Inquiries into Human Faculty, pp. 57!!.

Hollingworth — Vicarious Functioning of Irrelevant Imagery — Jour. Phil., Dec, 1911.

Special articles in the periodicals.

XX— AFFECTION.

I — Characteristics of Elementary Affective Qualities. Feeling and Cognition.

2 — Feeling as Attribute of Sensation. Evidences for and against.

3 — Feelings as Special Sensations. Various Views and Arguments.

4 — Feelings as Elementary Experience. Neurological Basis. Relation to Economy of Energy, to End of Action or Tendency, to Motor Attitudes and Kinaesthetic Complexes, to Intensity of Nervous Impulse, to Associated Elements, etc.

5 — Forms, Dimensions and Varieties of Feelings. Classification of the Simple and Complex Feelings.

7 — Methods of Experimentation — Methods of Impression and Expression, Typical Experimental Studies and their Results.

8 — Determinants and Conditions of Feeling. Individual Differences.

9 — Genetic, Fimctional and Pathological Aspects.

Titchener — Text-book of Psychology, Section on

Affection, Emotion.

Titchener — Psychology of Feeling and Attention. Myers — Experimental Psychology, Chap. XXIV. Ladd and Woodworth — Physiological Psychology. Stout — Analytic Psychology.

Allen — Physiological Aesthetics.

Spencer — Principles of Psychology.

Marshall — Pleasure, Pain and Aesthetics.

XXI— IMPULSION.

I — Characteristic Experiences of Desire, Longing, Wish, Impulse.

2 — Determining Tendencies, Motives, Values, Conscious Attitudes, Awareness of Task and Instructions, etc.

3 — General Character of Conation. Nervous Basis. Tendency toward End. Consciousness as Process.

4 — Descriptive Psychology of Conation — Tendency, Conflict, Resolution.

5 — Belief, Doubt, Faith, Acquiescence, as Conation Complexes.

6 — Pathology of Will, Fixed Ideas and Obsessions, Abnormal Instincts, Insanity of Doubt, Negativism, Aboulias, Repressions, etc.

Stout — Analytic Psychology.

Ribot — Diseases of the Will.

Hart — Psychology of Insanity.

XXII— JUDGMENT.

I — Nature and Mechanism of Judgment. Perception of Relations. Basis.

2 — Forms, Varieties and Classification of Judgments and Relations.

3 — Laws, Behavior and Conditions of Judgments.

4 — Criteria and Bases of Typical Judgments.

5 — Problems in the Individual Psychology of Judgment — Consistency, Correctness, Judicial Capacity, Correlations.

6 — Judgment Elaboration and Reasoning. Psychology and Logic.

7 — Disorders of Judgment.

Binet — The Psychology of Reasoning.

Pillsbury — The Psychology of Reasoning.

Titchener — Psychology of the Higher Thought Processes.

Hollingworth — Experimental Studies in Judgment.

Dewey — How We Think.