The origin of the fittest; essays on evolution

Front matter

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I ' L I* ■

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PART I.— GENERAL EVOLUTION. L — Evolution and its Consequences

IL — The Origin of Genera

in. — The Theory op Evolution

IV. — The Hypothesis op Evolution, Physical and Metaphysical

V. — The Method of Creation of Organic Forms . VI. — Review of the Modern Doctrine of Evolution

PAGB

1 41

124 128 173

PART IL— STRUCTURAL EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION.

VII. — The Homologies and Origin of the Types op Molar Teeth of the

Mammalia Educabilia 241

VIII. — The Relation of Man to the Tertiary Mammalia . . . 268

IX. — The Developmental Significance op Human Physiognomy . . 281 X. — The Evidence for Evolution in the History of the Extinct

Mammalia 294

XI. — The Evolution of the Vertebrata, Progressive and Retrogressive 314

PART IIL— MECHANICAL EVOLUTION.

XII. — The Relation of Animal Motion to Animal Evolution . . 350

XIII. — On the Trituberculate Tooth in the Mammalia .... 359

XIV. — The Origin of the Specialized Teeth of the Carnivora . . 363

XV. — The Origin of the Foot Structures of the Ungulates . . 368

XVI. — The Effect of Impacts and Strains on the Feet of Mammalia . 373 xvi COITTEN'TS.

PART IV.— METAPHYSICAL EVOLUTION.

PAGE

XVII. — The Etolutionary Significance of Human Character . . 378

XVIIL — Consciousness in Evolution 390

XIX. — Arch>esthetism 405

XX. — Catagenesis 422

XXI.— The Origin of the Will 437

LIST OF ILLUSTEATIOI^S.

Plates.

PLATE PAGE

I. Figures and Diagrams of the Circulatory Centers of Vertebrata. Copied

from Gegenbaur and His, mostly enlarged 60

II and Ila. Figures of Lizards of the families Iguanidae and Agamidae

compared 9*7

III and Illa. Mimetic analogy in the colors and patterns in snakes of different genera and species 105

ly and V. Series of Crania of Different Families of Tailless Batrachia

showing similar stages of development. Original . . . 220, 221

Explanation 222

VI. Succession of Modifications of Feet of Diplarthrous Ungulata. Original 271 VII. Succession of Dental Forms, mostly of LTngulata. From Gaudry, Wortman, and Cope 275

VIII. Uintatherium eornutvm Cope, restored, one twenty-seventh natural size.

From Cope, Marsh, and Osbom 277

IX. Anaptomorphus and Homo ; Cranium, Brain, and Teeth. Original, except Figs. 8 and 9 from Allen 279

X. Esequibo Indians. From photographs by Endlich .... 286

XI. The Wrestler. From the Vatican . . .... 289

XII. Venus of the Capitol 292

XIII. Phenacod^is primcevus Cope, Skeleton as found in matrix, one seventh

natural size. Original ......... 300

XIV. Brains of Extinct Mammalia. Original, except Fig. 2 from Marsh . 308 XV. Diclonius mirabilis, Skull Profile. Original 338

XVI. Diclonius mirabilis, Skull from below, one half the mandible removed . 339 XVII. Phenacodus vortmani, Skeleton as found in Matrix, two ninths natural

size. Original 345

XVIII. Hycenodon horridus Leidy, Skull one half natural size. From Lcidy . 364

Wood-Cuts.

FIG.

1. Diagram illustrating acceleration and retardation 10

2. Diagram illustrating relations of genera of batrachia anura . . .80 3 to 6. Diagrams illustrating development of genera of batrachia anura . 81 7. Same as Fig. 1 . , 1*76

XVlll

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG.

8. Sternum and adjacent parts of Scaphiopus Jiolbrooki ....

9. Sternum of Tadpole of Rana temporaria ......

10. Sternum of adult Rana temporaria .......

11. Metacarpus, carpus, and distal extremity of radius of Poehroiherium vihoni

12. The same, less radius, with first phalanges of Procamelus occidentalis

13. Skull of Protolahis transmontanus

14. Skull of Procamelus occidentalis .

15. Tooth of Globicephalus ....

16. Tooth of Jaculus hudsonicus

17. Tooth of Leploch(e7'us spectabilis. From Leidy

18. Tooth of Rhinocerus, milk superior molar .

19. Tooth of Achcenodon insolens

20. Tooth of Hippopotamus amphibius. From Cuvier

21. Tooth of Hyopotamu^ velaunus. From Blainville 2 1. Tooth of Hyopotamus americanus. From Leidy

23. Tooth of Procamelus robustus. From Leidy

24. Tooth of Merychyus major. From Leidy .

25. Tooth of Tapirus .....

26. Tooth of Mastodon angustidois. From Cuvier

27. Tooth of Mastodon americanus. From Cuvier

28. Tooth of Dinotherium. From Cuvier

29. Tooth of Elephas indicus. From Cuvier .

30. Tooth of Microsyops elegans. From Leidy

31. Tooth of Hyopsodus paulus. From Leidy .

32. Tooth of Palceosyops kevidens. From Leidy

33. Tooth of Ancldppodus riparius. From Leidy

34. Tooth of Palceosyops vallidens. From Leidy

35. Tooth of Pcdceotherium. From Cuvier

36. Tooth of Hipposyus. From Leidy

37. Tooth of Hipposyus more worn. From Leidy

38. Tooth of Hypohippus. From Leidy .

39. Tooth of Equus, superior molar. From Leidy

40. Tooth of Equus, inferior molar. From Leidy

41. Tooth of Baihmodon radians

42. Tooth of Uintatherium robustum, superior molar.

43. Tooth of Uintatherium. robustum^ inferior molar.

44. Periptychus rhabdodon, part of posterior foot

45. Coryphodon elcphantopus, right fore foot, one third natural size

46. Coryphodon elephantopus^ right posterior foot .

47. Phenacodus primcevus, right anterior foot, one third natural size,

48. Phenacodm primcevus^ left posterior foot, one third natural size

49. Homo sapiens^ left anterior foot (hand), one third natural size .

50. Homo sapiens., left posterior foot, one third natural size

51. Phenacodus primcevus Cope, skull, one third natural size, from below

52. Simia satyrus, section of skull of adult ..... 52a. Simia satyrus, section of skull of young ......

53. Homo sapiens, infant at term . . .....

From Leidy From Leidy

PAGE

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

XIX

PIG.

54. 55. 56. 57.

61. 62. 63. 64.

65.'

, PAGE

Homo sapiens^ portrait of girl at five years . . . . . . 285

Homo sapiens^ portrait of same at seventeen years 285

Homo sapiens, portrait of Luchatze negro woman ..... 287

Homo sapiens, portrait of Luchatze negro woman 287

Homo sapiens, portrait of Satanta, chief of the Kiowa Indians of Xoith

America 288

An Australian native 291

Eryops megacephabu, a batrachian of the Permian epoch of Texas ; vertebral

column 804

Sleeve of coat, showing folds 305

Bothriolepis canadensis, from above ........ 323

Chelyosoma maclovianiim, a tunicate from Point Barrow, Alaska, from above S23 Stypolovhus whitice, skull and dentition, displaying the tritubercular type of molars ......

' Deltatherium fundaminis, skull, profile Oxycena lupina, jaws and teeth .

Aphelops megalodus, hind tarsus and metatarsus, from front and above Proiohippus sejunctus, posterior foot, front Po'ehrotherium labiatum, posterior foot, front Poebrotherium vilsoni, carpus, metacarpus, and end of radius, from^ front Amhlydonus sinosus, a creodont ; distal end of tibia Oxycena m,orsitans, a creodont ; distal end of tibia ArchcBlurus dehilis, an extinct cat ; distal end of tibia, Nimravus gomphodus, a cat ; femur .

Procamelus occidentalis, part of fore foot Cosoryx furcatus, part of fore foot Poebi'oiherium vilsoni, part of fore foot with astragalus

PART I.