A Manual of organic materia medica and pharmacognosy: An introduction to the study of the vegetable Kingdom and the vegetable and animal drugs

Front matter

eg and gy a iui

7 - Ar™ i - F}.. . : ets pra rahe esd, £8 at, = a 4 2: See C0) ees NTR, *: i OE aici 6 MADRS H? ~~.

7 > anew a

Preface To The Third Edition

To the student and the instructor who are acquainted with the progress of pharmacy it is apparent that the publication of the eighth decennial revision of the United States Pharmacopceia demands a revision of all works bearing upon Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy. The decennial ' revision marks an important epoch in the history of pharmacy, and a general recognition of this is shown by the more or less prompt conformity to this latest standard of other works bearing upon it.

In the special line of Pharmacognosy there has been recently a vast deal of research, and a proper recognition of this demands a revision of works relating thereto. One branch of this—histology—has greatly increased our store of knowledge. This field alone has greatly added to the labor of preparing the manuscript of the present edition. In connection with this part of the work the author desires to express his indebtedness to Mr. Chas. Sterling and Mr. L. D. Havenhill; through the co-operation of these associates in the University it has been made possible for the author to present such additions to the work as the microscopical elements of vegetable powders and to furnish photo-micrographs of various drug sections. The author desires to give these associates the entire credit for this work. It has been necessary to review the whole field of Materia Medica in order to add the new and useful drugs, assayed drugs and preparations, plant constituents and active principles, and to eliminate those which no longer serve the student or the instructor representing this ‘extensive subject.

To the chapter on organic chemicals has been added a large number of modern synthetic remedies. The aim has been to present those remedies actually prescribed by physicians and dispensed by pharmacists. This could be accomplished only by compiling such a list from recent prescription files and from orders from wholesale and jobbing houses. The author is much indebted for help in this direction to Mr. H. D. Faxon, with Faxon, Horton and Galligher, of Kansas City, Mo.

The present edition aims to give the present facts regarding Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy in as concise a form as possible. Many of the former articles have been reduced in length in order to prevent undue

lll lv PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

enlargement of the volume necessarily occasioned by the added new material.

For the first time in its history the pharmacopceia names a dose for each of the various official agents—the average dose of each drug and preparation is given. It should be stated, in this connection, that the author, in this revision, has not conformed to this method, but has continued the plan, of former editions, of stating the maximum and minimum doses recognized by authorities on posology.

With a few exceptions there has been added to the description of all of the official drugs a brief statement as to the prominent characteristic microscopical elements found in their powders. Chapter XI of Part IV, on Powdered Drugs, has been rewritten and extended in order to present the facts, which are of growing importance to pharmacy students and instructors, in such a manner as to command attention to this very interesting subject. oe

LEAS.

Preface To The Second Edition

In preparing the second edition it has been the aim to enhance the value of the book to the practical pharmacist. With this end in view the chapters on Elementary Botany have been replaced by Part IV, on Histology and Microtechnic. The value of skill in the use of the microscope, and of a knowledge of the minute anatomy of plant structures, is becoming more fully recognized as the science of Pharmacy advances. Pharmacognosy is destined to make’ notable progress along with the development of microchemical technic. The dependence of Pharmacognosy on microchemical methods has been recognized by the considerable space devoted to the chapters on Reagents and Processes, and Plant Products. In the chapters on Histology the development and functions of tissues are discussed not because it is supposed that histogeny and physiology have an immediate application in Pharmacognosy, but for the reason that there can be no comprehensive knowledge of anatomy without the broader view which histogeny and physiology afford.

The chapter on Organic Synthetical Remedies has been replaced by a more condensed treatment embracing a classification of these agents.

In appending to the more potent drugs the notes on the active principles, usually alkaloids, the idea has been to show principles of separation rather than the details of practical operation, and to this end only a brief outline of a simple method of isolation is given. Some of the more important characteristics of the principles are also given. Although over 150 pages of new material appear in this edition, and as many new illustrations, the size of the volume has not been materially increased.

Acknowledgment is here made to Dr. Edward Bartow, of the University of Kansas, for valuable services in the preparation of the Classification of Organic Synthetical Remedies.

Preface To The First Edition

The present volume is, in a slight degree, a revision of a work written by the author in 1879, entitled “Organic Materia Medica and Pharmacal Botany.” This work has been out of print a number of years, and until recently the author has had no time to rewrite it in such a manner as seemed necessary to bring it up to the present standard; it has also been deemed advisable to change completely the model of the former work. The task now accomplished presents not so much a revision, as a new treatise. 7

Two methods of classification of drugs are here brought into use—a classification according to physical characteristics, and a classification according to botanical relationships,—both of which are, though occupying separate divisions of the book, so brought together by a system of numbering that the place of the drug in each of the classes is at once apparent. The author would here suggest that those who make use of the work in connection with a cabinet of specimens, should have the . containers in the cabinet numbered to accord with the numbers in the book, in order that students may readily find specimens for identification and study.

It is perhaps needless to state that the nomenclature and general character of the text is made to conform with the present standard—the United States Pharmacopeeia; but the capitalization of specific names derived from proper nouns has been discarded, in accordance with present botanical practice. The descriptive heading of each of the official drugs has been in most cases given in the pharmacopceial language. The unofficial drugs are distinguished in the text by the use of a different type and by a different setting of the article from that which treats of the official drugs. In this connection the author desires to give credit to Mr. George S. Davis, who has aided in the work by placing at the author’s disposal most excellent material regarding rare unofficial drugs, and the use of material from his publication, credited under Bibliography.

The scope of the work, it will be seen, embraces not only the official drugs of the vegetable and animal kingdoms, but a vast variety of unofficial drugs, some of which are of rare occurrence in the market. These have been included because of the greater field this inclusion gives for

vil

Vill PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

pharmacal and botanical study; the greater variety of forms presented to the student of pharmacognosy, the wider will be his range of observation. It is hoped that in the 624 drugs mentioned, the student or instructor will be able to make a selection which will be ample to supply material to illustrate the principles of the subject under consideration. In a work of this size an exhaustive treatment of this number of drugs could not be given, but by a brief mention of them material for study is indicated. It may be mentioned:-in this connection that wherever metric measurements are given, these are stated in millimeters; this has been deemed advisable for the purpose of comparison.

The illustrations included in Part I are taken mainly from Bentley’s “Manual of Botany,” to the author of which our thanks are due. An exception, however, is found in the drawings of the starches, which were prepared from original specimens. The remaining illustrations, with the exception of those in the Chapter on Animal Drugs, have been prepared under the direction of C. E. McClung, Ph. G., a graduate of the Kansas State University School of Pharmacy, class of ’92. All the drawings of the cross-sections are drawn directly from sections prepared by him, the cell contents being first removed by the method described in Appendix C. It has been our aim to present the elements.of each drug in their true proportions. As often as possible the cells in their exact shape and relative size have been drawn, and in no case has meaningless shading . been employed. For some of the drawings of the medicinal plants credit is given below in the Bibliography. The illustrator has kindly furnished a Chapter on Pharmacal Microscopy, which will be found in Appendix C.

The author is much indebted to Professor Vernon Kellogg for information concerning animal drugs used in pharmacy; also for Appendix B, in which he treats of insects attacking drugs. The drawings to illustrate the material furnished by Professor Kellogg are hereby credited to Miss Mary Wellman, artist.

For aid in the preparation of the text in Part I our thanks are due to Mr. A. O. Garrett, who, in his university course, has made botany a special study.

Appendix B, upon the synthetic remedies, is the work of Mr. F. B. Dains, who has made a specialty of organic chemistry and was instructor in this subject in the University of Kansas during the year 1894. In this section the new spelling of chemicals has been adopted only in a few cases.

To Dr. S. W. Williston, Professor of Physiology and Anatomy, who has aided in the condensed description of therapeutic action; to Mr. O. H. Parker and Mr. William Clark, members of the Senior Class of 94, who assisted in the study of characteristics from crude specimens of drugs

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 1x in the open market; to Mr. W. O. Strother, of the same class, who supplied a few drawings of cross-sections; and to Mr. W. F. Newton, of the Junior Class, who materially aided not only in the study of drug characteristics, but also in arranging the material, our thanks are due.

é

Le ES a

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The following works have been consulted, and credit is due to the authors of the same:

United States Pharmacopeeia.

United States Dispensatory.

National Dispensatory.

“Reports of the American Pharmaceutical Association.”

Friederich A. Fliickiger and Daniel Hanbury: “Pharmacographia,’”’ London, 1874.

John Harley: “Royle’s Materia Medica,” sixth edition, London, 1876.

John M. Maisch: “A Manual of Organic Materia Medica,” Philadelphia, 1892.

Parke, Davis & Co.: “Organic Materia Medica,” Detroit, 1888.

Robert Bentley: ““A Manual of Botany,” London, 1887.

John B. Shoemaker: “Materia Medica and Therapeutics” (2 vols.), Philadelphia, 1893.

Samuel O. L. Potter: ‘‘Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and Therapeutics,” fifth edition, Philadelphia, 1894.

W. H. White and Reynoldds W. Wilcox: ‘‘Materia Medica and Therapeutics,” second edition, Philadelphia, 1894.

Asa Gray: “Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States,” New York, 1889.

Alphonso Wood: “Class Book of Botany,’’ New York, 1866.

William Dymock, C. J. H. Warden, David Hooper: “Pharmacographia Indica,” London and Bombay, 1893.

' Bernard Fischer: “Die Neueren Arzneimittel” (sixth edition), Berlin, 1894.

A. Brestowski: ‘‘Die Neueren und Neuesten Arzneimittel,” Leipzig, 1891.

Lehn & Fink: “Notes on New Remedies,’”’ New York.

David M. R. Culbreth: “Materia Medica and Pharmacology,” Philadelphia, 1896.

Also, the following works, from which, in addition, illustrations have been taken:

Kohler’s ‘‘Medizinal-Pflanzen,” Hrs’g von G. Pabst (2 vols.), 1887-1890. Robert Bentley and Henry Trimen: “Medicinal Plants” (4 vols.), London, 1880. Charles E. Bessey: “ Botany,’ fifth edition, 1888. A. B. Frank: “Lehrbuch der Botanik,” Leipzig, 1892. Emm. Le Maut and Th. Decaisne: “Traité Général de Botanique,” Paris, 1876. Anton Kerner von Marilau: “‘Pflanzenleben”’ (2 vols.), Leipzig, 1887. J. Godfrin, De Nancy, et Ch. Noél: “Atlas manuel de V’histologie de drogues simples,” Paris, 1887.

L. Trabut: ‘“Précis de Botanique Médicinale,” 189r. Friederich A. Fliickiger and Alexander Tschirch: ‘The Principles of Pharmacognosy,” New York, 1887; Translated by Friederich B. Power. ; Xl xil BIBLIOGRAPHY.

William Woodville: ‘Medical Botany” (second edition), London, 1810.

Naegeli and Schwendener: “‘The Microscope,” Swan, Sonnenschein & Co., London, 1892. .

Sachs: “Text Book of Botany.”

De Bary: “Comparative Anatomy of Phanerogams and Ferns,” Oxford, 1884.

Haberlandt: ‘“‘Physiologische Pflanzenanatomie,” Leipzig, 1896.

Pfeffer: ‘‘Pflanzenphysiologie,” Leipzig, 1897.

Meyer: “Untersuchungen iiber die Starkekorner,” Jena, 1895.

Thomas and Dudley: “Laboratory Manual of Plant Histology,’’ Crawfordsville, Ind., 1894.

Vines: ‘“‘Student’s Text Book of Botany,”’ London and New York, 1895.

Strasburger: ‘‘Cytologische Studien,’’ Berlin, 1897.

Strasburger, Noll, Schenck, Schimper: “‘Lehrbuch der Botanik,” Jena, 1894.

Zimmerman, A.: “Botanical Microtechnique,’’ New York, 1893.

Tschirch and Oesterle: ‘‘Anatomischer Atlas der Pharmakognosie und Nahrungsmittelkunde,” Leipzig, 1g00.

Dr. A. E. Vogl: “Die Wichtigsten Vegetabilishen Nahrungs und Genussmittel,” Berlin and Wien, 1899.

Dr. Albert Schneider: “Powdered Vegetable Drugs,” Pittsburg, 1902.

Dr. Henry Kreamer: ‘‘Botany and Pharmacognosy,” Philadelphia, 1902.

Henry George Greenish, F. I. C., F. L. S.: “Foods and Drugs,” Philadelphia, 1903.

Dr. George Karsten: ‘Lehrbuch der Pharmakognosie des Pflanzenreiches,” Jena, 1903.

Dr. Arthur Meyer: “Die Grundlagen und die Methoden fiir die Mikroskopische Unterendung von Pflanzenpulver,” Jena, 1901.

Greenish and Collin: An Anatomical Atlas of Vegetable Powders,” London, 1904.

White and Humphrey : ‘“Pharmacopedia,’’ London, 1904.

Part I

A STUDY OF DRUGS. PAGE Cae eel BECO Need Ae eI tetas Re ale ee aia mn sicae gaia. als Sete eee OE see cei 17-41 TETARESOSS "COS UNITS iy a SIN BO 9) SOLS es ee 41-48 Conspectus A.—Official Drugs Arranged According to Structural (Sia RAGLEMISUICH Se act tee ie Po SS teint ene a Sey Se sake wk Siaiefe eee 48-59

Conspectus B.—Official and Unofficial Drugs Arranged According to Prominent Physical Properties, and Subdivided by Odor and PRASt ete aes ce See See oe Be Bean heed acy eke Sore 7 250-75 URMEV ORM MAIGS: AND IRUG ASSAY, 5.) si: cmim ofele Saisie ve cteie Socio Se OW

Part II. Drug Description

SECTION I.—OrRGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM, DESCRIBED AND ARRANGED ACCORDING TO FAMILIES OR NATURAL ORDERS.

PROM RANUNCULACE LO ALGAS;\. 3.0 c2n-ccicecececiciatnsses 78-468 NE CRC ears SEMIINE AT) PRCT GS) toe (ate ci myatnjn,c%esejasoseie ier win. ica di cities Sie s aerer= 409-487 Section III.—(A) Synopsis or NATURAL @RDERS, OR FAMILIES, AND OF Drucs, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO PART II,.........-.....- 488-496 SECTION LL —-(b) DRUG ASSAY. PROCESSES, . =... 2 scie +20 <1 ree serene 497-499 PART III.

NSB Choe iN WURLOUS DOM RUGS ees ces 412 /-1-' 500-508 PART IV.