Nutrition and clinical dietetics

Front matter

Book. .I&3

GqpgtaW. L^2i_

COPYRIGHT DEPOSfT.

Preface To The Second Edition

The Authors present the second edition of Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics with the hope that it may be found increasingly useful to the general student body as well as to the practitioner.

In Parts I and II there has been made an adequate revision of the chapters on Energy, Metabolism and Digestion, particularly with regard to the physiology of digestion; also an entire revision of the chapter on Vitamines, and as well a new chapter on Metabolism in Pregnancy and Lactation together with the Feeding of Children over Two Years 01d.

In Part III there has been a general overhauling of the material in the light of the more recent literature. To Part IV there have been added some fifty odd pages of new material gathered from a careful review of the subject of Dietetics in Disease as found in the publications of the past three years. These additions have been chiefly in the form of the amplification of already existing chapters. In all parts of the book obsolete matter has been eliminated.

H. S. C.

P. E. H.

H.H.M.

Contents

Introduction 17

CHAPTER I. Digestion, Absorption and Excretion

Enzyme Action 23

Oral Digestion 25

Gastric Digestion 27

Appetite 31

Hunger . . 34

Intestinal Digestion 35

Sensibility of the Alimentary Canal 37

Intestinal Bacteria . . 42

Putrefaction and Feces 44

Excretion 48

Digestibility of Food 52

CHAPTER II. Energy Requirement

Caloric Value of Food-stuffs 56

One Hundred Calory Portion 57

Determination of Energy Requirement 59

Respiration Apparatus 59

Respiratory Quotient .... 60

CHAPTER III. Protein Requirement

Standard Dietaries — Average Protein Requirement 80

CHAPTER IV. Inorganic Salts and Water

Chlorine Requirement of Man 87

Phosphorus Requirement of Man 89 vi CONTENTS

Calcium Requirement of Man 92

Iron Requirement of Man 96

Iodine Requirement of Man 98

Water Requirement of Man 99

Vitamines and Accessory Food-stuffs 102

Scurvy 107

Pellagra iti

Rickets 11 1

Chapter V

Food Requirements in Pregnancy and Lactation. Food Requirements and Feeding of Children. Fasting.

Food Requirements of Pregnancy and Lactation 112

Energy 112

Diet and Lactation 115

Food Requirements and Feeding of Children 116

Energy Requirement of Children ^ 117

Inorganic Salts 120

Vitamines : 120

Selection of Diets for Children after the Second Year 121

Food for Children . 122

Planning the Meals 124

Food Habits of Children 124

CHAPTER VIII. Protein Foods

I. Protein Proteins 166

Albumins 166

Globulins; Glutelins; Alcohol Soluble Proteins (Prolamines); Albuminoids; Histones; Protamines 167

II. Conjugated Proteins 168

Nucleoproteins; Glycoproteins; Phosphoproteins; Hemoglobins; 168

Lecithoproteins .. 169

III. Derived Proteins . 169

A. Primary Protein Derivatives 169

Proteins; Metaproteins; Coagulated Proteins . . . . 169

B. Secondary Protein Derivatives 169

Proteoses; Peptones; Peptides 169

Influence of Heat ..." . 169

Effect of Low Temperatures 170

CHAPTER IX. Meat or Flesh Food

Effect of Heat on Meat 177

Precise Method of Roasting Beef . . 179

Chemical Changes of Meat as the Result of Cooking 180

Digestibility of Meat 180

Meat Extracts 185

Meat Juices 185

Meat Broths 185

Gelatin 186

CHAPTER XIII. Carbohydrate-rich Foods

Sucrose 208

Glucose 209

Lactose 209

Maltose 210

Maple-sugar; Invert sugar; Fructose 210

Candy; Jams and Jellies 210

Digestion and Utilization of Sugar 211

Starch-rich Foods . 213

Barley; Buckwheat 216

Corn 216

Oats; Rice 217

Rye 218

Baking Powders 222

Rolls, Biscuits, Muffins, etc.; Biscuits; Crackers; Cakes;

Breakfast Foods 223

Celluloses 224

CHAPTER XIV. Fat- rich Foods

Renovated Butter and Butter Substitutes . 233

Oleomargarine ' . 234

Lard 235

Cotton Seed Oil 235

Olive Oil 236

Corn Oil 236

Cod-liver Oil 236

CHAPTER XV. Foods Valuable for Their Salts, Water, and Bulk

Fruits and Vegetables . . . 242

Cooking of Vegetables and Fruits 242

Food Adjuncts 244

Flavoring Extracts; Meat Extracts; Vinegar; Sugar and Salt (Sodium

Chloride) ; Sugar Substitutes 245

Tea 246

Cocoa and Chocolate 250

Mineral Waters 252

Radio-active Water . 254

Alcoholic Beverages 257

Wines; Malt Liquors 260

Malt Extracts 261

Distilled Liquors . 262

CONTENTS ix PART III.

FEEDING IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD.

CHAPTER XVI. Breast Feeding — Feeding Normal and Abnormal Children

Woman's Milk 263

Colostrum 263

General Characteristics of Woman's Milk 264

Quantity 264

Composition " 265

Fat; Lactose ... 265

Protein; Salts; Iron; Phosphorus 266

Salts of Woman's and Cow's Milk 267

Bacteria; Drugs; Nervous Impressions; Pregnancy; Transmission

of Immunity; Diet 268

Breast Feeding 268

Contra-indications for Breast Feeding 269

Intervals of Nursing; 269

Length of each Nursing 270

Mother's Diet and Exercise 270

Vomiting 272

Gas and Colic 272

Abnormal Stools 273

Mixed Feeding 273

Weaning 274

CHAPTER XVII. Artificial Feeding

Food Requirements of the Artificially-fed Infant 276

Energy 276

Protein; Fat 277

Inorganic Salts; Water 280

Proprietary Foods 280

Preparations Containing Cow's Milk; Preparations Containing Large

Amounts of Maltose 281

Farinaceous Foods; Miscellaneous Foods 281

Method of Preparing Formulae 283

Increasing Formulas 283

Cereal 284

Higher Fat Mixtures 285

Food Other than Milk 287

Beef Juice and Broth; Beef Juice; Cereals 287,288

Egg; Vegetables; Rice and Potato; Bread 288,289

Vomiting; Gas; Colic 290,291

Loose Stools; Diarrhea . 291

Constipation 29^

Chapter XVIII

Feeding of the Premature Infant. Feeding after the First Year. Feeding during Acute Illness and in Nutritional Disturbances.

Feeding of the Premature Infant 294

Feeding during the Second Year 295

Feeding after the Second Year 296 x CONTENTS

Feeding during Acute Infections 297

Infants 297

Gavage 298

Children Over One Year 298

Gavage; Long Illness 298

Pyloric Stenosis 299

Cyclic Vomiting . . - " . . . . 300

Feeding in Nutritional Disturbances • .• 302

Rickets 302

CHAPTER XIX. Diet in Diseases of the Circulatory Organs

Functional Cardiac Disturbances . . . . . . 308

Cardiac Decompensation 309

The Karell Cure; Potter's Modification of the Karell Cure . . 310

Fatty Heart 312

Adolescent Heart and Cardiac Myasthenia following Infectious Disease 313

Senile Heart 313

Diet in Diseases of the Bloodvessels 314

Arteriosclerosis 314

Diet in Hypertension 315

The Effect of Various Substances on Blood-pressure 316

Aneurysm . 316

Angina Pectoris; Tobacco in Relation to Cardiac Disease . . . . 316

CHAPTER XX. Diet in Diseases of the Lungs

Pneumonia 318

Bronchitis 320

Acute Bronchitis 320

Chronic Bronchitis . ' . . 321

Emphysema . *: 322

Asthma '. 323

Pleurisy with Effusion. Hydrothorax 325

Empyema . 325

Prophylaxis for Children of Tuberculosis Inheritance 330

Special Foods for the Tuberculous 331

Milk; Eggs; Fats 331

Complications 333

General Rules for Feeding in Tuberculosis 334

CHAPTER XXI. Diet in Diseases of the Stomach

Indigestion . . . . 336

Gastric Hyperacidity, Hyperchlorhydria 338

The Reduction of Gastric Hyperacidity by Diet 340

Diet in Hyperacidity 341

Gastric Hypersecretion . 342

Gastric Hypoacidity and Achylia Gastrica 343

CONTENTS xi

Gastritis 346

Acute Gastritis 346

Chronic Gastritis 347

Diet when Gastritis is Accompanied by Hypoacidity or Achylia . 348 von Leube Diet in Ulcer 350

Lenhartz Diet 353

Sippy Diet 360

Modified Diet 364

Ambulatory Diet 365

Transgastric or Duodenal Feeding 367

Diet after Hemorrhage from Stomach or Duodenum 369

Gastric Atony 370

General Directions in Gastric Atony 371

Organic Gastric Acidity 374

Carcinoma of Stomach 375

Gastric Dilatation 378

Gastric Neuroses 379

Secretory Neuroses; Neuroses of Sensation 380

Motor Neuroses 381

Gastric Test Meals 381

Gastric Motor Meals 382

CHAPTER XXII. Diet in Diseases of the Intestines

Acute Enteritis 385

Chronic Enteritis 386

Schmidt Test Diet 387

Acute Colitis or Acute Dysentery 389

Chronic Colitis 390

Membranous Colitis, Mucous Colic or Chronic Mucous Colitis .... 391

Ulceration of the Small or Large Intestine 392

Intestinal Hemorrhage 392

Dietary Regulations 394

Foods to Avoid in Chronic Diarrhea; Foods Recommended in

Diarrhea; Foods Allowed in Certain Cases 395

Intestinal Neuroses 396

Atonic Constipation 398

Spastic Constipation 400

Obstructive Constipation 400

The Use of Mineral Oil in Chronic Constipation 401

Intestinal Atony 402

Appendicitis 403

Acute Appendicitis 403

Ochsner's Treatment for Appendicitis 403

Chronic or Larval Appendicitis 405

Chronic Typhlitis or Perityphlitis 406

Hemorrhoids 412

Hirschprung's Disease 413

CHAPTER XXIII. Diet in Diseases of the Accessory Digestive Glands

Diseases of the Liver and Gall-bladder 414

Dietetic Prophylaxis 413

Acute Hepatic Congestion; Acute Catarrhal Jaundice or Gastro-

duodenitis with Jaundice 416 xii CONTENTS

Diseases of Liver and Gail-Bladder:

Chronic Hepatic Congestion; Portal Cirrhosis 417

Biliary Cirrhosis; Fatty Liver 418

Acute Yellow Atrophy of Liver 410/

Amyloid Liver; Cholelithiasis . . 419

Prophylactic or Postoperative Diet 420

Acute Cholecystitis and Colic 421

Pancreatic Disease 422

Acute Pancreatitis 422

Chronic Pancreatitis 423

CHAPTER XXIV. Diet in Diseases of the Skin

Psoriasis 426

Eczema 428

Acute Eczema; Chronic Eczema 429

Eczema in Nurslings 430-

Acne Rosacea -431

Acne Vulgaris 432

Erythema . . 432

Pruritus 433.

Dermatitis 434

Dermatitis Herpetiformis; Exfoliative Dermatitis 434.

Furunculosis; Comedones 435

Hyperidrosis 435

CHAPTER XXV. Diet in Diseases of the Genito-urinary System

Kidney Dietary Tests ... . 439

Water Excretion; Salt Excretion; Nitrogen Excretion 439

Albuminuria 445

Acute Nephritis 446^

Chronic Nephritis 449

Dietetic Management of Chronic Nephritis . . 449

Diets in Chronic Nephritis; Diets for Cases with Nitrogen Retention

(Chronic Uremia) 450-

Diet in Water Retention; Edema 451

Diet in Salt Retention 452

Pyelitis 456-

Cystitis 457

Gonorrhea 457

Nephrolithiasis 457

Amyloid Kidney 45&

Chapter XXVI

Diet in Diseases of Pathological States due to Disturbances of Normal Metabolism.

Diabetes Insipidus 459

The Relation of Protein Metabolism to Glycosuria 462

The Nitrogen Balance in Diabetes 464

Relation of Fat Metabolism to Glycosuria 465

Hyperglycemia ... 466'

Dietetic Treatment of Diabetes 467

von Noorden Method . 468

Standard Strict Diet . . . 469

Standard Diet with Restricted Protein; Green Days . 470*

CONTENTS xiii

Diabetis Mellitus:

Dietetic Treatment of Diabetes:

Oatmeal Days; General Diabetic Diet List 471

Foods Prohibited Except as Allowed in Accessory Diet . . . 472

Foster's System of Carbohydrate Units 473

Sample Diet; Procedure in Medium Severe Cases; Severe Cases

with Marked Ketonuria 474

Potato Diet; Bread-and-butter Diet; Allen's Treatment of Diabetic Mellitus ... 475

Joslin's Resume of Allen's Treatment 483

Diabetic Special Receipts 485

Diet for Diabetics with Gout; Diabetes in Elderly People or in the

Young 489

Diet for Obesity with Diabetes 490

Diet in Diabetes Complicated by Nephritis 491

Reduction Cures 496

von Noorden's Cure 496

Banting's Cure 498

Oertel's Cure 498

Ebstein's Dietary 499

Schweninger's Dietary . ' 500

Germain-See Diet; Tibbie's Milk Cure 500

Salisbury Method; Tower-Smith's Modification of Salisbury Diet 501

Galisch's Cure; Folin-Denis Method of Reduction 502

Exercise and Massage; Water in Obesity 503

Gout 504

Foods in Gout 508

Carbohydrates; Salts; Alcohol 509

Coffee, Tea and Cocoa 509

Diet in Acute Gout or Podagra 510

Diet for Leanness or Fattening Cures 514

Foods to be used in Fattening 515

Fat; Alcohol 517

Phosphaturia 518

Physiological Phosphaturia; Nervous and Sexual Phosphaturia; . 519

Juvenile Type 520

Phosphates and Calculi 520

Diet Recommended for Calculi 521

Oxaluria 521

Diet in Oxaluria 521

Food Requirements of the Aged * 523

Foods Especially Desirable for the Aged 525

Preparation of Food for the Aged 527

Diet Routine in Old Age 528

Osteomalacia 529

CHAPTER XXVII. Diet in Blood Diseases

Treatment of Chlorosis 531

Iron 532

Diet in Chlorosis 533

Diet in Anemia (Chlorosis) . . 533

Secondary Anemia; Pernicious Anemia 535

Posthemorrhagic Anemia 537

Leukemia 537

Hemophilia 537

Purpura Hemorrhagica 538 xiv CONTENTS

CHAPTER XXVIII. Diet in Deficiency Diseases

Scuryy •. Q 539

Diet in Scurvy < 540

Xerophthalmia 543

Pellagra 543

Goldberger's Conclusions 544

Diet in Pellagra 545

CHAPTER XXIX. Diet in Diseases of the Nervous System

Organic Nervous Diseases 547

Neuritis 547

Epilepsy 548

Insanity ' 549

Apoplexy . . 550

Migraine or Periodic Headaches 551

Chorea; Neurasthenia 553

Weir Mitchell Diet and Treatment 555

Digestive Neuroses; Insomnia 557

Delirium Tremens 558

Nervous Anorexia 559

CHAPTER XXX. Diet in Acute and Chronic Infections

Diet in Fever 563

Carbohydrates; Protein . 564

Fats 566

Beverages; Intervals of Feeding; Alcohol . ....... 566

Typhus Fever 567

Older Diets 569

Bacteriological and Physiological Basis for More Liberal Diets . 569

Fats; Protein 571

Results Obtained by Liberal Diet 572

Typhoid Diets ■ 573

Diet in Typhoid Complications 583

Intestinal Hemorrhage , 583

Perforation ; Nausea and Vomiting . 584

Water; Paratyphoid Fever 584

Malaria Fever 584

Scarlet Fever 584

Smallpox • 585

Cerebral or Cerebrospinal Meningitis . . 585

Measles 586

Influenza (Grippe) 586

Acute Articular Rheumatism 587

Diet in Acute Articular Rheumatism . . . . 588

Subacute Rheumatism .. . . . . . 589

Chronic Rheumatism (Chronic Infectious Arthritis) 589

Tetanus 590

Yellow Fever 590

Cholera 591

Dietetic Rules for Cholera 592

CONTENTS xv

Peritonitis . 594

Acute Peritonitis 594

Chronic Peritonitis 594

Chronic Infections 594

Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Deformans 596

CHAPTER XXXI. Diet in Relation to Surgical Operations

Preoperative Diet 599

General Directions for Cases of Laparotomy . 599

Diet Preparatory to Gastric Operations 600

Postoperative Diet for the Digestive Tube; Diet after Tonsillectomy; Postoperative Gastric Diets; Diet after Gastroenterostomy and

Gastric Operations . 601

Finney's Diet List following the Operation for Gastroenterostomy 605

Intestinal Lesions 606

Diet after Appendectomy 607

Diet in Certain Complications following Abdominal Operations; Vomiting 607

Prevention of Desiccation of the Tissues 608

Dietary Measures in Postoperative Intestinal Distention . . . 609 Diet after Gall-bladder Operations; Diet after Operation for Hemorrhoids 610

Constipating Diet 611

Feeding after Intubation 611

CHAPTER XXXII. Diet in Diseases of the Ductless Glands

Acromegaly . . ' . .612

Acute Thyroiditis 613

Diet to Meet Special Indications in Exophthalmic Goiter . . . .615

Inanition ■ 616

Myxedema or Cretinism 616

Addison's Disease 616

CHAPTER XXXIII. Diet in Miscellaneous Conditions

Rectal Feeding ..." 618

Fats; Carbohydrates 621

Precautions in Rectal Feeding 622

Subcutaneous Feeding 623

Fats; Carbohydrate 624

Intravenous Feeding 625

Diet in Pregnancy and its Complications 626

Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy 626

Mild Auto-intoxication 629

Contracted Pelvis or with Oversized Fetus 629

Puerperium 630

Foods Best Avoided; Diet List after Normal Confinement 630

Sprue 6£i xvi CONTENTS

Dental Caries 633

Diet in Cancer . 634

Diet Recommended for Speakers and Singers 636

Diet Adapted to the Use of Brain Workers 637

Diet for Athletes 637

Foods to Avoid 640

Feeding of Unconscious Patients . 640

Food Poisoning 641

Meat Poisoning; Fish Poisoning 642

Vegetable Poisoning; Poisoning by Canned Goods 643

Dietary Precautions 644

The Vegetarian Diet 645

Metabolism of Vegetarians 647

Vegetarian Diets 648

Fletcherism 649

Fruit Cures 652

Grape Cure 653

Chapter XXXIV

Food Protection. Accessory Food. Beverages.

Flies. Food and Illness 654

Beverages for the Sick 654

Artificial Foods . 657

Olive Oil and its Dietary Usage 658

Stenosis of Esophagus; Pyloric Stenosis; Gastric Dilatation; Cholelithiasis; Gastric Hyperacidity 658

CHAPPTE XXXV.

Tables of Food Values and Weights and Measures.

Average Chemical Composition of American Foods 660

Table of Measures and Weights 668

Apothecaries' Measures 668

Apothecaries' Weights 668

Approximate Measures 668

Relative Value of Metric and Apothecaries' Measures ...... 669

Relative Value of Apothecaries' and Metric Measures ..... 669

Relative Value of Metric and Avoirdupois Weights 669

Relative Value of Avoirdupois and Metric Weights 670

Relative Value of Apothecaries' and Metric Weights . . . . . . . 670

Relative Value of Metric and Apothecaries' Weights 670

Fisher's Table of One Hundred Calory Portions 671

Table Showing the Nutritive Value of the Food Materials Calculated for

the Quantities Commonly Required in Cooking Small Portions . . 677

NUTRITION AND CLINICAL DIETETICS