Notes on the folk-lore of the north-east of Scotland

Front matter

7^ '^C^'j^. rieU *^ci^it£ictte

FOR COLLECTING AND PRINTING

ESTABLISHED IN

Preface

This book, with the exception of parts of Chapters XVIII. and XIX., has been gathered by myself from the mouths of the folk. Much of it I have been in the habit of hearing and marking from my earliest years. To all kind friends from whom I have gotten lore I give my hearty thanks. I cannot name them all, but my thanks are specially due to Mrs. Forbes and Mrs. Coutts, Banff ; to the late Mrs. Watson, and to Mrs. Cardno, Fraserburgh, for help in Chapters XVI. and XXIII.— Riddles" and ^^Countings-out." As to references to parallel customs elsewhere, I have noted only those which occur in the Society's publications, and a few very obvious instances in Russian and Italian folklore. These I thought would assist members of the Society without altering the character of my collection.

Pitsligo, Aberdeenshire, April, 1881.

Introduction

Personal, pp. 1-3.

Chapter 1. Bibth

Who present — Who not permitted to be present — Customs if two women with child in same house — A woman giving suck not allowed to seat herself on the edge of the bed on which the woman in labour lay — All locks opened in house during the time of labour — Whoso entered the house bade the birth God speed — Gave a draught of water if labour difficult — Some had luck in doing this — When doctor called — The merry-mehf — " The Cryin Kebback" — "The Cryin Bannock" — A piece of it carried home — Fairies' liking for human milk — Fairies carried off unsained or unchurched women — Anxiety of fairies to get possession of infants — Mother and child "sained" — Bible with bread and cheese placed below pillow — Bible and biscuit — Bread and cheese given away to friends— A fir-candle or a basket containing bread and cheese placed on bed — A pair of trowsers hung up — Mother watched till churched — Child, till baptized — Mother not allowed to work till churched — Not allowed to enter a neighbour's house — Why prevented — Mode of churching in Scotland— If unable to go to church what she did — Water first fetched from well by mother in a thimble — Or in a vessel of small size, pp. 4-6.

Chapter II. The Child

A male child wrapped in a woman's shirt — A girl, in a man's — If operation reversed boy or girl never married — Palms of hands not washed — Live coal thrown into water in which new-born infant washed— Poured under foundation of dwelling-house— Child when dressed turned three times heels over head — To prevent *' forespeaking "—Excessive praise — Modes of finding out " f orespeaking " — To prevent "evil eye" — Cure in casting ill — How to find out a " f ai»y changeling "—How to bring back the true child—" Teethin Bannock "— " Teethin Plaster "—Suck not given to a child when once weaned— Nails of fingers not cut— Bitten— Child that speaks before walking

b ii

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a liar — Something given to child on first entering a neighbour's house — The cradle — A child not put into a new cradle — A borrowed cradle — Cradle not placed on ground till carried into house, pp. 7-10.

Chapter III. Baptism

Baptism early administered — Reasons for so doing — Name not pronounced till after baptism — Written and given to minister— Unbaptized infants not taken into heaven — Baptizing a sick infant — Minister "kills or cures" — System of registration, effect of on early baptism — Baptismal dress — Ceremonies connected with baptism — Gifts given by guests — Child must sleep in baptismal dress — ^Effect , of water of baptism entering the eyes — Child ought to cry when water fell on its face— What done with the water of baptism — Drunk to strengthen the memory — Ceremonies if child carried out of house for baptism — Girl baptized first, when boy and girl baptized at one time — A girl brought to church and not baptized never married — Fuarag, pp. 11-13.

Chapter IV. The Nursery

Rhyme on the face — On the brow, eye, nose, and mouth — On the fingers — On the legs — On taking off the child's boots — On the legs and feet — On various parts of the body — On giving the child food — On being undressed for bed — On getting sulky— On mounting a stick as a " horse " — On dandling a child on the knee — On two children placing themselves back to back and alternately lifting each other — Various— On the numbers up to twenty — " The Souters' Grace," pp. 14-20.

Chapter V. Boy Code Of Honour

The rule of the ring— Of a race — Of bargain-making — Of making a gift — Acting the informer — Lying— Asking sweetmeats — When anything is found, pp. 21-24.

Chapter VI. About The Human Body

Days of the week for birth — A child born with a caul lucky — Possession of a caul or "selly hoo" lucky — Health of one born with it could be divined from it — Child born with feet first doomed to be hanged — " The Broon Coo's Lick" — Strong growth of hair on the body — To find out if a person is proud by the hair — The hair when cut must be burned— Meaning of long slender fingers — Of large hands and feet — " Lucken Toes" — Meaning of second and third toes in a man being equal — Of white spots on the finger-nails — Why

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iii marriage-ring on ring-finger — A black speck on tooth — Ringing in the ears — A glow in the ears — An itching in the eyes — In the nose — In the palm of the right hand — In that of the left — In the soles of the feet — Sneezing — The deaf and dumb — Their faculty of knowing the future — Consulted about distant friends — In love affairs— Those of weak intellect, pp. 25-28.

Chapter VII. Dreams, Divination, &c

To dream of a white horse — A horse — A swine— Eggs — Fresh fish — Butter — Fruit in season — Out of season — Fire — Water — Loosing a tooth — Being bitten by dogs or cats — One dead — Being dead by one unmarried coming marriage — Loosing shoes— Seeing one smeared with blood — Throwing the staff to find out the success of a journey — Unlucky to turn back when setting out on a journey — Meaning of anything forgotten when paying a visit — Bad manners to stir the fire in a neighbour's house— Etiquette at table when with one of higher rank — Unwillingness to give name on making a call — Token of servant soon leaving her situation — Her first work in her new home — Sudden hunger — "Hungry Hillock" — "Hungry folks' meat" in pot — In cooking stirring food from left to right, effect of — How cakes served up — On " the Right Side " — To whom served up otherwise — Straw in brogue — " Shee wisp " — Burned — Right stocking put on first — " Hansel " given on putting on a piece of new dress — A kiss given, " Beverage of New Claes " — Something given to a boy or girl on entering a neighbour's house — All sewing done on Sunday undone by the devil — Crooked sixpence in purse lucky — A present of a knife unlucky — Unlucky to sing before breakfast— Tea-stalk floating in cup — A black speck on a burning candle — A film of carbon on rib of grate— Fiery spots on the bottom of a pot, " Sodgers " — Theft of a five-pound note — How recovered — A nobleman's horses stopped— How relieved — Theft— Unwillingness to take back stolen property, pp. 29-33.

Chapter VIII. Leechcraft

Causes of Disease— Casting ill— " The 111 Ee"— Prayers— Forespeaking— Hidden grave — Sudden news — Fright— Cures — Men and women famed for secret wisdom — In certain families the power of curing certain diseases— Power went down— One family had power of extracting motes from the eye— Another, that of setting broken bones— Charming diseases forbidden by the Church— A lucky hand in dressing boils— Power of a posthumous child- Ability to show in a mirror the face of the one that cast ill— Cure of a man at Broadford, in Skye, by a wise woman— Woman's daughter would not receive the gift of healing— Some articles have in them a healing virtue— Willox "ball and bridle "— " The Ball"— "The Bridle "—Others cured only certain diseases— An " Ee-stehn "—An amber bead— Wells having curative powers— At Althash, near Fochabers— Pilgrimages to it first three Sundays in May— Fergan Well— Wallak Kirk— Pilgrimages to it forbidden by the iv

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Church — Chapels resorted to for cures — Forbidden by the Church — Clach-na-bhan — Cure of the " 111 Ee " — Of Forespeaking — Casting the heart — Cure of sleepy fever — Of epilepsy — Of rickets — Of lumbago, rheumatism, sprains — Of whooping-cough — Of eye disease — Of erysipelas or " rose " — Of sting of nettle — Of ringworm — Of toothache — Of warts— Of hiccup, pp. 34-49.

CHAPTEK IX.

THE HOUSE.

Building materials — Walls — Couples — Eoofs — "Foonin pint" — Laying foundation— Refusal to give " foonin pint " avenged — " Hoose-heatin " — " Fire-kinlin " — Feast on entering a new house — Arrangement of apartments — Kitchen— Hearth— " Crook "— " Rantle-tree "— " Bole " — " Canle guUie "— Saat-backet " — "Bench " — " Settle "—"Box-bed " — Windows—" Dog-hole " — Hole for going in and out of hens — " Trance "—"But ein — Furniture — Houses of fishing population — Houses with but one door for men and beasts — Ceremonies on leaving a house — How to take away the luck from next occupier — Throwing cat into house carried off disease if any left, pp. 50-53.

Chapter X. Evenings At The Fieeside

The hearth — " The bait-pot " boiling over the fire — " The lit-pot " — Means of light — " Fir-can'les " — Candle-stick — " The Peerman " or " Peer-page " — Oil-lamps — " Eely-dolly " — How evening passed — Women knitting, spinning, sewing — Men making candles from bog-fir, manufacturing harrow-tynes, &c. — Scholars preparing school-lessons — Singing songs and ballads— Telling stories — Riddles — Visitors — Amusements — Beggars — " Quarterer " — The chapman — The tailor, pp. 54-58.

Chapter XI. Fairies

Belief in fairies— Who they were — Fallen angels — Their abodes— Fairy-wells— Ruled by a queen — Dressed in green— Dislike to the name of fairy — Called " The Fair Folk " or " The Gueede Neebours " — A stone arrow a safeguard against their power — The inmates of a house built over their dwelling liable to annoyance from them — Came out in the gloamin — Spinning-wheels and meal-mills had to be thrown out of gear — They had to pay the teind to hell every seven years — Stole children to do so — How to get back a stolen child — Story of a fisherwoman — Of another in Tyrie — Of another — Liking for human milk — Carried off unsained mothers — Traditions of their doing so — Alluring men and women into their abodes — If such tasted food or drink with them they were detained for seven years — When they returned they avoided the dwellings of men — Grateful for kindness — Had a habit of borrowing

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V from men — Particularly meal — A fixed measure of it — A tradition — Avenged a slight — Animals fell under their anger — A tradition — Their musical skill — Took to fishing — Baked during sunshine in rain — Ate counted cakes — " A furl o' fairies ween," pp. 59-65,

CHAPTER Xn.

WATER-KELPIE.

Lived in deep pools of rivers and streams — Had the appearance of a black horse — Enticed the traveller to destruction— Caused annoyance to farms — Could be caught — Mode of capture— Made to do hard work — Could be killed — Traditions — Guardian demons in pools — Danger of going into such pools — A tradition — Blood-thirstiness of streams and rivers, pp. 66, 67.

Chapter XIII. Ghosts

Mansions haunted by ghosts — Traditions — How to get rid of them — Excessive grief brought back the spirit — Spirit of the murdered one returned till the murderer was brought to justice — Spirit itself the executioner of justice — Woods, bridges, graveyards haunted, pp. 68-70.

Chapter XIV. Witches

Belief in witchcraft — The witch an old woman — Her power derived from Satan ' — What she could do — Her revenge — A tradition — Men had the power — It went down in families, pp. 71, 72.

Chapter XV. " Black Airt " And Devil Compacts

Belief in " Black Airt " — Professors of it in communion with Satan — What it was — Taught in Spain and Italy — A tradition — Devil compacts — How made — Price of contract — Powder of those who made such compacts — Time of contract prolonged — A tradition—" Hell-Eire Club " — Life of its members —Their fate, pp. 73-76.

Chapter XVI. Riddles

Jonah in the whale's belly— Lot's sons— The hair of the head— A bottle— A bottle of whisky— Ann— Andrew— Bean— That— Was— The letter 7;i— John Lamb— The piper's wife— A fiddle— Hunger— An egg— Wood— A coffin— A tub — A boy with a pot on his head — A man with a pot on his head — A pot with a wooden cover — The bars of a grate — The tongs — Smoke — A " tenvi

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ousen pleuch " — A hairy rope — A ship — A cherry — An onion — A nettle — A magpie — A worm — The town clock — A watch — The moon — A snowflake — Mist — A murdered lady — A woman fetching water in wooden pails — A black cow in a snowy day — Scatterty's cat — Time when most holes in the ground — Hay — A window — The cock — A nail in a horse's shoe — Noah striking the first nail of the ark — One's shoes — One's shadow — Hell — The whiting — Tod's tails to reach the moon — An icicle, pp. 76-82.

Chapter XVII. Marriage

Means taken to find out future husband or wife— Sleeping in a strange bed — Reading 8rd verse of 17th chapter of Job — First time cuckoo is heard — Ribwort— Incantations on Halloween — Pulling the castoc — Sowing lint-seed — Fathoming a rick — Win'ing the blue clue — Winnowing corn — Washing the sleeve of the shirt — Roasting peas— Eating an apple in front of a looking-glass — By three caps or wooden basins — Incantation by young women of Fraserburgh — How to divine the number of the family — How to gain love — By orchis-roots — By two lozenges — Marriage dissipated love so gained — A live coal tumbling from the fire portended marriage — Apron-string or garter loosed with a young woman, meaning of — Effect of mending clothes on her back — Psalm CIX. — Rhymes — Colour rhyme — How courtship carried on — How marriage arranged — Tuesday or Thursday common marriage day — More rarely Saturday — Unlucky for two of a family to be married in the same year — Making ready the " Providan " — *' Thigging " wool by bride — Buying the " Bonnie Things " — " Providan " sent home unlocked and unbound— Invitation of guests — Minister asked after the invitation of the guests — A hat presented to minister — A present made by each guest — Reserved till morning of marriage day — " Hansel " — Marriage feast — Bridal ale — Bridal cakes — Omens drawn from the brewing of the ale — From the baking of the bread — Beuckin nicht " — Proclamation of banns — Rubbing shoulders — Feet- washing — Omens drawn from weather on marriage day — Rhymes — Bridal dress — Bridal shoes — Something borrowed worn — Green garters presented by a younger sister to an elder unmarried — Arrival of guests — Marriage breakfast — " The sens " — The demand for the bride by the " sens " — Bride and her party arrived first at church — Bride led by bridesmen — Bridegroom led by two young women — Both parties carried whisky with bread and cheese — " First fit " observed by both — Attention to " first fit " — Best, a man on horseback — Or a horse drawing a cart— Each party headed by a piper — Firing of guns — " Bride-steel " — Great care to place the bride properly — Place of " best maid " — Danger of being best maid — Bride and bridegroom should not meet on the day of the marriage till they met to be married — Ceremonies after marriage —Beadle received his fee — Procession home — The welcome — Bride lifted over the threshold— Bread and cheese in a sieve placed on her head— Sometimes scattered — Gathered by young folks —The bride cake — Distributed — Installation of bride as mistress — " Ba-

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vii siller " — Beggars - The marriage feast — "Penny weddings" — Forbidden by the Church — Bridegroom did not take his seat at marriage feast — Dancing — " Shaim-spring " — " Shaimit-reel " — Marriage favours — Male dancers paid musician — Ceremony of " Beddan " — First asleep first dead — Who carried pains of labour — The " Kirkin " — No bye-road taken to Church — Service begun before entrance — Two bridal parties in church at once — Kirkin feast — In change-houses — Such forbidden by the Church — Marriage among the fishing population — Early marriages — Arranging marriage — " Nicht o' the Greeance " — Guests invited by the bride and bridegroom in company — Customs on morning of marriage day — Where marriage celebrated — Sixpence put into bride's shoe — The heel of bride's shoe put down — Bridegi-oom's put down — Marriage party sometimes makes the circuit of village after marriage ceremony — " First Fit " — Sailor's marriage — Ceremonies on entering her home — What the bride provides — What the husband provides — Taking home of the " Plinisan " — Marriages in Crovie — In Rosehearty — Bridal bed in Gardenston — The " Beddan " — Custom in Boddam — Presents to newly-married pair, pp. 83-101.

Chapter XVIII. Place Rhymes

Aikybrae — Aberdour — Avon — Banff — Boy ne — Buchan — Strila — Buck — Belriunes — Tap o' Noth — Bennochie — Cabrach — Rushter — Cairnmuir — Cairnbyke — Rumblin-Steeus — Stoney Dyke — Carnousie — Corncairn — Crudcn — Culblean — Cromar — Cullen — Cullycan — Daach — Sauchin — Keithock Mill — Tarn o' Rivven — Balveny — Cults — Clunymoire — Auchindroin — Dee — Don — Urie — Bass — Deer — Tillery — Dipple — Dindurcas — Dandilieth — Delvey — Brig o' Balgownie — Eden — Fochabers — Fraserburgh — Fyvie Castle — St. Fergus — Kilbirnic — Keith — Mama — Mormond — Mount Mar — Lochnagar — Clochnaben — Bennochie — Pitfodcls — Mearns — Pittentyoul — Pittendrum — Aberdour — Rattrayhead — Rivven (Ruthven) — St. Brandon — St. Olav's

Well — Brig o' Turra Little Ugie — Druidical circles — The Helliman Rig

at Killishment — The Gudmahns' Craft " — Caves, pp. 102-116,

Chapter XIX. Place And Family Characteristics

Aberdeen — Drum — Duff — Eraser — Gordon — Hay — Earl of Mar — Ogil vie — Strathbogie— Towie Barclay, pp. 117-122.

Chapter XX. Animal And Plant Superstitions

Section I.— Four-footed animals— The mole— The cat— The dog— The porpoise — The mouse — The field-mouse — The rat — The hare — The pig — The horse — How to find water by a mare — The ass — The sheep — Cuttle — Cow viii

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rhymes. Section II. — Birds — Bird rhymes — The crow — Crow rhymes — The rayen — The magpie — The redbreast — The lark — Lark rhymes — The yellow-hammer — The cock — The hen — Setting a hen — Time of day for so doing — Months for so doing — Hen hatching a field — Hand not to touch wild ducklings — Bird's eggs not to be touched in nest — Hens and ducks preening themselyes — The dove — The golden plover — The moor-hen — The lapwing — The wild-goose — The Swan. Section III. — Reptiles, fish, and insects — Beptiles — The frog — The toad — Fishes — The dog-fish, part of backbone a cure of toothache — The herring — The haddock — The fluke — The salmon and the trout — Insects — The burying-beetle — The ladybird — The Ant — Bees — Moths — Spiders — The green crab — The hairworm — The black snail. Section IV. — Trees and plants — The aspen — The bluebell — Broom — Whin— Turnip blossom — Wild fruits — Omens from first dug potatoes — The puff-ball, pp. 123-148.

Chapter XXI. Times And Seasons And Weather

Days of the week — Monday — Tuesday — Friday — Saturday— The months — February— March — April — The borrowing days — May — June — Candlemas — Rood day wind — Wind on first day of quarter — The moon — Unlucky to see new moon through a window — With empty hands — Luck to have something in the hand — Money in the pocket must be turned — Kiss one next you — Mairt " killed when the moon increasing — Fish hung in moonlight poisonous — Sleeping in moonlight dangerous — Influence in ripening grain — " A broch " — " A cock's eye " — Moon seen soon after its coming in indicates bad weather — " Lying on her back " the same — Old moon lying in new moon — Mist — Mock sun — The rainbow — Thunder — Snow — Snow rhyme — Snow — Rain rhyme — Rain before seven a.m. — A " Borie " — Rain from south-west — Dust blowing — Mist — Clouds — The wind— " The song of the sea" — " The dog afore his maister" — " The dog ahin his maister," pp. 149 — 155.

Chapter XXII. Christmas, New Year's Day, &c

Preparations for keeping them — Three days observed — Blacksmith would not work unless by necessity — Every piece of work finished before Christmas — Time about Christmas and New Year given to festivity— Food of all kinds for man and beast prepared — Omen drawn from baking the cakes — Yeel cakes kept as long as possible — Fish — Kebback— A piece of new dress — " Yeels Jaad " — A child must not cry on Christmas morning — " Yeel sones " Divination from them — A small quantity of the dish left — Requiring a long time to cook indicated a late harvest or some disaster — Christmas breakfast — Dinner— Gysers — Balls — Masonic walks—Cattle got unthreshed corn — " Clyack Sheaf " given to mare in foal — A fire in each byre — Creaming the well— How such water used — Well creamed last night of year in some districts — Something must first be carried into the house on Christmas morning —

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ix

A li\e coal not given out — First fire watched, and omens drawn from it — " Ristin " fire on last night of year — Examined in morning — Omens drawn from it — Appearance of stars — Wind on New Year's day — Thigging — Thigging song — " Hogminay " — Hogminay ditty — Raffles — Shooting-matches — "Dambrod" — Children's games of chance — Totum Nivey, neeck-nack " — "Headocks or Pintacks" — " Yeel-preens " — Card playing — Playing in roadside inns and public houses — " Hansel Monday " — Faster Even — Brose day — Bannock nicht — A beef dinner on that day — Beef brose — Ring among brose— Omen drawn from dreaming over the ring — Bannocks — Fortune-telling from eggs that partly composed the bannocks — The " Sautie bannock " — How prepared — How used — No spinning on that day — Playing the ball — Cock-fighting — Valentine Day — Peace Sunday eggs — Beltane fires — Hallowe'en fires near villages — Near farm-steadings, pp. 156-168.

CHAPTER XXin.

COUNTINGS OUT.

In use in Fraserburgh — Tyrie — Pitsligo — Rathen — Portosy — Keith — BanfE, pp. 169-175.

Chapter XXIV. Washing Day

Little or no soap — Cow-dung as a detergent—" Book " — " Hen-i^en " — Yearly washing — Washing rhyme, pp. 176-177.

Chapter XXV. Farming

Aid given to one entering on a farm — By ploughing — By giving seed — Crofter with bad crop " thigged "—Parts cultivated — No fixed rotation of crops — A " Rig " left to grow wild oats— Corners left uncultivated " for the aul' man"— The plough — The harrows— Ropes— " Twal onsen plew "— "Gaadman" — A proverb— How oxen yoked — A tradition— Ceremony on putting the plough into the ground for the first time during the season — Mode of harvesting— A mysterious animal— <' Clyack " sheaf— Divining about next harvest by the reapers— Firing shots into a neighbour's field by those first finishing—" Clyack " feast— The " winter "—How treated—" Meel an ale"— Part of grain left to feed birds— Mode of winnowing grain — Prejudice against fans— A tradition— Produce of land consumed within seven years— Mills— Mode of stopping mills— Cattle— Injured by fairies- Shot by their darts— " Thunderbolts " — The "111 ee" — "Hackit flesh" buried in the dungpit to work ill among the cattle— If found it was burned- Carcass of dead animal burned if it was supposed that the disease was caused by a witch or a warlock— An example — A tradition — Sacrifice of a pig to

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Btop disease among cattle— Diseased animals sacrificed — Byres purified with virgin fire in cases of " Quarter 111 — Fumigating with juniper — " Needfyre " — Forbidden by Church — Forelegs of dead animal cut off and kept — Liver and lungs, parts of, hung over the fireplace — Sometimes boiled — Transferring the disease — Modes of doing so — Place of burying the animal stopped the disease — Cures by draughts — Off a new shilling — Willox stone and bridle " — Modes of keeping witches at a distance — The rowan tree — Woodbine — Throwing besom after animal when led to market — Halter went along with animal when sold — Thrown on roof of byre when animal taken home — Making sign of cross on animal when bought — " Blockan ale " — The dairy — Chief enemies — Witch and warlock — Modes of taking away milk — By witch — Turning herself into a hare — Mode of taking it away when cow was calving — Mode of preventing this — First milk through a finger-ring — On a "crosst shilling" — On a horseshoe nail — By curdling the first milk — By a rope plaited the contrary way round the cow's neck — By first draught of water off a shilling — Driving the newly-calved cow from the byre over fire and iron — Or over fire and salt — Same done to all the animals — " Seal " on cow's neck kept witch at a distance — Modes of bringing back milk when taken from cow — Boiling milk with pins, &c. — Corking up cow's urine in a bottle — Traditions — Pour milk on a boulder between lichen and stone — By ceremony with churn — Mode by selling — Mode of preventing a cow being "forespoken " — Mode of finding out whether " forespoken " — Mode of cure — Modes of finding out who took away milk — Cure of lumps in udder — How to increase quantity of milk — Milk boiling over pot into fire — Milk utensils washed indoors — If washed in a stream or pond washings thrown on bank — Eeason of such — "Keam-pig" — Keam-bowie " — The " paddle-doo " — Gueede butter gaitherer " — Frog kept amongst cream — A tradition — Cream — Crooked sixpence or cross of rowan tree or horseshoe put below chum when butter was being made — One entering the house when the butter was being churned churned a short time — How to make cow calve during the day-time — Calf as it fell from the cow not touched with hand — Cow not milked on the morning when taken to market — " Seal " went along with milch cow when sold — The " Hird " — His club made of ash — Keason for so doing — " Jockies plew " — Number of cattle notched on club — A tradition — Each animal had a name — "Hird" Rhyme, pp. 177-196.