New ideas for American boys; the Jack of all trades

Front matter

Class I i

Book ^^

(kpightlJ?

Preface

It was not the author's original intention to produce a series of boys' books. On the contrary, he expected that his work in this line would begin and end with " The American Boy's Handy Book."

The great popularity of that book is a constant source of gratification and pleasure to the author ; but he was not a little surprised and embarrassed when he discovered that in place of satisfying the lads he had only whetted their appetite for more material in the same line. Letters from boys in many parts of the British Provinces, and from all over the United States, convinced the writer that he had yet work to do for them, and the revised and enlarged edition of " The American Boy's Handy Book" was issued. After a brief period of time the quaintly worded letters in boyish handwriting began again to increase the mail left at the author's studio, and this time he laid aside his brush and pencil to produce " The Outdoor Handy Book."

It is hoped that the present demand for new ideas for boys will be fully satisfied by ** The Jack of All Trades." To the best of the author's knowledge and belief there is not a thing described in this book which has not been proved practical by the experiments of himself or some boy

VI Preface, or boys. Parts of this book have appeared in various periodicals, but all these chapters have been revised, and enlarged.

It is now a generally accepted truth that the so-called skill of the hand is in reality the skill of a trained mind. The necessity, in work or play, of constantly overcoming new obstacles and solving new problems, develops a strong and normal mind and body. There can be little doubt that the rude schooling and hard knocks of a pioneer's life rejuvenated our race and developed those qualities in the characters of Americans, without which Washington would have been but a country gentleman and Lincoln a village store-keeper. Had little Abe Lincoln been reared under the care of a foreign woman with cap and ribbons (i,e. a French nurse), his strong manly character would never have been developed and our country would have lost one of its grandest patriots and history its most unique figure.

Aside from these vitally important facts, art demands that our youth should be encouraged to do things for themselves, to produce things by their own labor. The most finished product of the machine cannot appeal to the heart of a real artist as does some useful and homely object which still bears the marks of its maker's hands.

For these reasons the author hopes that parents will allow their boys to be boyish boys ; and in order to keep them out of mischief they will cater to the lads' natural and healthy desire for entertainment by encouraging them in all rational projects and supplying them with tools and

Preface, vii materials, so that the boys may ail become juvenile Jacks of All Trades.

It is the object of the author, in the chapters devoted to animal life, to teach the boys to look upon all animals with the same thoughtful kindness with which they might view their own undeveloped brothers.

To Harper & Brothers, and to The Ladies^ Home Journal the thanks of the author are due for the careful preservation and return of such original drawings as were used by them in their respective publications, and without which this work would be incomplete.

D. C. B.

Flushing, June i, 1900.

Chapter I. Page

The River Rats, 5 ; A Tree-top Retreat, 6 ; The Secret Grape-vine Route, 7 ; A Club-house in the Tree-tops, 8 ; A Tw^o-tree House, 9 ; How to Build the Foundation, 14 ; The One-tree House, 16 ; A Three- and Four-tree Foundation, 18.

CHAPTER II. Hunting Without a Gun 19

How to Capture and Trap Small Live Animals, 19; Rodents or Gnawers, 21 ; A Smudge, 22 ; Flying Squirrels, 23 ; White-footed Mice, 25 ; Short-tailed Meadow-rats, 26 ; Jumping Mice, 27 ; Woodchucks, 27; A Box Trap, 30; Musk-rats, 31.

CHAPTER III. The Back-yard Zoo S3

The Study of Living Animals, 33 ; Size of Lot, 35 ; Galvanized Iron Wire Cloth or Netting, 36 ; The Mesh, 36 ; To Make a Cage of Galvanized Wire Netting, 39 ; The Door, 40 ; The Doors for the Runway, 40 ; Toads, 43 ; Frogs, 44 ; Peepers, 44 ; The Tree-frog, 45 ; The Anderson Frog, 45 ; Lizards, 45.

X Contents.

Chapter IV. Page

How to Make a Fish-pond, 48 ; By Sinking a Wooden Tank in the Ground, 49 ; Best Form for Such a Tank, 49 ; To Prevent Wood from Decay, 50 ; When to Stock, 52 ; Fresh-water Clams, 53.

CHAPTER V. Pigeon Lofts and Bantam Coops 54

A Pigeon Loft and Bantam Coop, 55 ; Lumber, 56 ; Pigeon-loft Floor, 56 ; Shutter Frames, 56 ; Roofing Material, 57 ; Doors, 58 ; The Shutters, 59 ; Cleanliness, 59 ; The Hen's Nest, 59 ; The Pigeon's Nest, 60 ; For a Hen Roost, 60 ; Drinking Troughs, 61 ; P lying Cage, 62.

CHAPTER VL How TO Make a Back-yard Aviary 63

Birds' Nests in Washington's Coat, 63 ; Nests in Speaking Horn, 63 ; A Woodpecker's House, 64 ; Martin Houses, 66 ; The Wren House, 66 ; Tin-can Bird-house, 68 ; A House of Straw, 68 ; A Barrel for a Martin House, 68,

CHAPTER VIL A Boy's Back-yard Workshop 72

How to Make Buildings Plumb and Level, 72 ; Tools, 73 ; A Level, 74 ; A Foundation, 76 ; How to Build the House, 77 ; Corner Posts, 81 ; The Window, 82 ; Side Plate, 82 ; The Rafters, 84 ; Machine- Shop, 85 ; Tool Rack, 86.

CHAPTER VIII.

How TO Build an Underground Club-house 89

A Doorway at the Top, 89 ; The Trap-door, 90 ; Dimensions of House, 90 ; New Lumber, 92 ; Framing, 92 ; Passageway, 93 ; Windows, 94 ; The Roof, 94 ; A Ventilator, 95 ; Dangerous Caves, 96.

Contents, xi

CHAPTER IX.

PAGE

A Boys' Club-house on the Water 97

Crusoe Clubs, 97 ; Foundation of Club-house, 97 ; The Building Material, 98 ; The Foundation Posts, 100 ; The Bottom of the Pond, loi ; Temporary Diagonal Braces, 103 ; An Artificial Island, 104.

CHAPTER X.

How TO Have Fun on a Picnic 105

Joggling Board, 105 ; Turnpike Loo, 106 ; Dinner Box, 106 ; Rhode Island Clam Bake, 107; Pennsylvania Pond Stew, 107; Burgoo, 107; How to Cook a Burgoo, 108; A Game of Jack Fagots, no; Old Dan Tucker, no; Pitch-peg-pin Pitching, 112; Lawn Hab-enihan, 114.

CHAPTER XI.

How to Build and How to Furnish a Daniel Boone Cabin 116

The Ghosts of the Fireplace, 116 ; The Log House, 118 ; Suitable Timber, 118; The "Skid," 118; The Foundation, 120; Floor Joists, 120; Floor Supports, 120; Log Rolling, 121; Door and Window Openings, 121 ; The Fireplace, 122; The Roof, 123; The Bunks, 123; A Lincoln Bed, 124; The Door, 125; The Lamp, 127; The Chimney, 130; A Table, 131 ; General Camp Notes for Old Boys, 132 ; How the Women Should Dress, 133; The Requirements for a Camp, 133 ; Making the Shack, 135 ; The Brush Covered Lean-to, 136 ; Tents with Roofed Verandas, 136 ; What is needed for Table and Larder, 137.

CHAPTER XIL

Flat-boatman's Horn 137

Whittling, 137 ; Wooden Bugles, 141 ; The Old Wooden Horn of Captain Bob Collins, 142 ; The Wabash Horn, 143 ; How to Make a Wabash Horn, 144 ; The Mouth-piece, 144.

xii Contents,

CHAPTER XIII.

' PAGE

Building Material, 150; The Centre-piece, 151; The Sides, 151; The Bottom, 154; The Cabin, 157; Deck-ribs, 157; The Keel, 159; Flooring, 159; The Hatch, 160; Upper Deck, 160; The Rafters, 160; The Rudder, 163; Rowlocks, 163; Ash Poles, 164; The Locker, 164; Canvas-cabined House-boat, 166; The Cost of House-boats, 167; For People of Limited Means, 168.

CHAPTER XIV.

A Back-yard Switchback 170

The Wheels, 170 ; The Flange, 171 ; The Axles, 172 ; The Bottom of the Car, 172; Starting Platform, 173; The Track, 178; A Curved Track, 178; Cross-ties or Sleepers, 179; Ticket-chopper's Box, 180.

CHAPTER XV.

How TO Build a Toboggan-slide in the Back-yard 182

Slipperies, 182 ; A War-time Slippery, 182 ; Tropical Toboggan-slide, 184 ; A Frame, 185 ; A Toboggan Room, 186 ; Packing the Slide or Chute, 186.

Part II. Rainy Day Ideas

CHAPTER XVI.

A Home-made Circus 191

The Bath-tub as a Receiving-tank, 191 ; A Water-wheel, 192 ; The Shaft, 192; Paddles, 193; Hanging-bars, 194; Figures which Move, 198.

CHAPTER XVII.

Good Games with Toothpicks and Matches 201

A Simple Toothpick Example, 203 ; To Lift Three Safety-matches with One Toothpick, 203 ; A Spring-bed, 204 ; Artificial Water, 206 ; A Bridge of Matches, 206 ; The Piers, 207 ; The Approaches, 207 ; The Roof, 207 ; A Pioneer Settlement, 208 ; The Chimneys, 208.

Contents, xiii

CHAPTER XVIII.

PAGE

Fun with Scissors and Pasteboard and Paper 210

How to Make the Sleigh, 211 ; How to Make the Horses, 212 ; To Cut out the Horse, 213 ; The Pole, 213 ; The Driver's Whip, 215 ; Pasteboard Soldiers, 215; Stirrups, 216; How to Make the Soldiers, 216 ; To Make an Army, 217 ; Grandmother's Reticule, 218 ; To Cut a Five-pointed Star with One Clip of the Scissors, 220 ; To Make a Cross Into a Square with Two Cuts, 221.

CHAPTER XIX.

How TO Prepare and Give a Boys' Chalk-talk 222

The Name Chalk-talk, 224 ; Drawing-board, 225 ; Size of Board, 226 ; Height of Easel, 226 ; The Drawings Themselves, 227 ; How to Begin, 227 ; A Stationary Object, 229 ; Motion, 230 ; Evolution of the Ape, 234.

CHAPTER XX.

How to Build and Decorate a Fireplace for Santa Claus, 237 ; The First Start, 237; Back of the Chimney, 238 ; The Front Frame, 240; The Covering, 243 ; To Line the Inside of the Fireplace, 243 ; Our American St. Nicholas, 243 ; Costume for Santa Claus, 245 ; How to Put on the Clothes, 246.

CHAPTER XXI.

How TO Make Two Boys into One Santa Claus 248

How the Legs are Made, 249 ; The Wig and Beard, 249 ; The Curtains, 249 ; The Sleigh, 250; The Signal for Legs, 251 ; The Distribution of the Presents, 251.

CHAPTER XXIL A Circus in the Attic 253

How to Make the Horses and Other Animals, and How to Make the Costumes, 253; The Goat, 253; The Arab Steed, 254; The Neck-bones, 255; The Ribs, 255; The Frame, 256; The Reins, 256; To Make the Giant Bird of New Zealand, 257; The Manicora, 257; The Ring-master and his Costume, 259 ; Making Up, 262.

xiv Contents.

CHAPTER XXIII.

PAGE

A Boys' Stag-party 263

Target Shooting, 263 ; To Make the Target, 263 ; Carpet Tacks as Darts for the Blow-gun, 264 ; Vegetable Bonbon Boxes, 265 ; A "Fake" Cake, 266; The Shooting, 267; The Spread, 268; The Explosion of the " Fake " Cake, 268.

CHAPTER XXIV.

How to Reproduce the Patterns, 270 ; Making the Cowboy, Horse, and Indian, 273 ; For a Bridle, 274 ; The Indian Horseman, 275 ; The Buffalo, 276 ; The Stage, 277.

CHAPTER XXV.

How to Have a Panorama Show 278

Choice of Subject, 278 ; Hunting Suitable Pictures, 279 ; Colored Figures, 280 ; The Works of the Panorama, 281 ; The Stage, 282 ; Footlights, 282 ; How the Panorama Box is Built, 283 ; The Rollers, 284 ; Show-bills, 286 ; The Lecture, 287.

Index 289

PART I.

FAIR WEATHER IDEAS.

The Jack of All Trades.

Chapter I. Tree-top Club Houses

It is now over thirty years since the writer was first initiated into the delights of a boys' club-house in the tree-tops, and it happened in this way :

The war of the Rebellion was over ; for four years the fathers, big brothers, teachers, and policemen of the border States had had so much serious fighting on their own hands that little or no attention was paid to the growing generation of boys, and they were left to fight their own battles in their own way.

For four eventful years these boys were under practically no other restraint than the little their poor half-distracted mothers could enforce. The boys, however, did not appear to miss the discipline, nor desire it, and, as far as their physical health was concerned, they throve and developed into lusty lads, though many of them recognized no law but that of physical force.

Gangs of young toughs, under the leadership of local bullies, frequented the play-grounds and roamed along the river-fronts, where they hunted down, pillaged, and beat every unprotected lad they could catch out of sight of his own home.

Fair Weather Ideas.

In spite of the fact that the river-fronts were the favorite resorts of the lawless element, those places presented so many attractions to the juvenile mind that they were the popular play-grounds of all the boys living within reach of their muddy banks and turbid waters.

About this time three boys of a Kentucky town, who were devoted to boating and bathing, put their curly heads together to devise a plan by which they might enjoy their favorite pastimes, and at the same time secure a safe place of refuge where they could hide when the enemy approached in numbers too strong for the three boys to resist.

After many conferences, and references to ** Robinson Crusoe," *' Swiss Family Robinson," " The Coral Islands," and other undoubted authorities, the}'- decided to build an underground house, ^" and armed with spades and shovels, they immediately began work right in the heart of the enemy's country.

They w^orked, as only boys can when they think their work is fun, and soon excavated a great hole in the river-bank. Not far off were the remains of a flat-boat, and to the heavy pieces of timber the boys harnessed themselves and hauled the lumber over the top of their cave to serve for a roof.

With spade and shovel they carefully concealed the timber by a thick layer of earth, leaving only a square hole with a trap-door as an entrance and exit. The dirt was then smoothed down, and drift-wood, dried weeds, and other rubbish scattered over in such a manner that no one, without careful inspection, would suspect that the bank had been tampered with.

But the enemy was alert, and spies had been stealthily

* Chapter VIII. of this book tells how to build an underground club-house.

Tree-top Club Houses.

watching the work progress, and patiently waiting the completion of the secret hiding-place. No sooner was the last handful of rubbish strewn over the roof than, with wild yells and whoops of delight, the " River Rats " charged upon the surprised workers.

" Big Red" Resmere in the lead, with " Squinty " Quinn and " Spotty," the freckled-face, close behind, while the rear was brought up with a rabble of less noted characters, who more than made up for their own lack of courage by their terror-inspiring yells. It was too formidable a crowd for the three cave-diggers to parley with, so they ingloriously fled up the bank, leaving the product of their hard work in the hands of the despoilers.

The River Rats

used the cave as headquarters, and for a long time afterward would suddenly sally forth from the concealment of the hole and surprise and beat any strange lad who was incautious enough to venture in the neighborhood unprotected by a company of friends. This adventure taught us several things, and one night, at the ''dark of the moon," we met in a smoke-hou5e and formed ourselves into a secret society. Over a bottle of strained honey we made solemn vows, and the secrets of the society have never been divulged until now.

The name, the purpose, and the fact of there being any society were the three great secrets. The name was " The Three Ancient Mariners." The object was to stand by each other to the crack of doom, and the seal, 3 • A* M, was tattooed on each member's good right arm.

The vows were religiously kept, and many a bruised face and discolored eye proved our loyalty to each other, for the River Rats made constant war upon us, and our peaceful plans for fun were often rudely upset by the sudden appearance of a bright red head, followed by a freckled face and a gang of retainers.

This persecution caused the production of

A Tree-top Retreat,

which, I believe, has never yet been discovered by the enemy, nor any one else.^ To reach our secret camp and club-house we had to trudge along the dusty turnpike in the hot sun, with no shade but that afforded by our widebrimmed straw hats. After passing an old-fashioned inn, with its swinging sign decorated with a picture of the battle of Buena Vista, we cut cross-lots over the forts and rifle-pits on the hill-side, built by the Union soldiers at the time of the Morgan raid. At the end of the lowest rifle-pit we slid down the cut to the railroad track, and followed it to the fence, with a hollow gate-post, where the bluebirds always built their nests. Here we left the railway and entered a cool belt of woods in which the dainty maidenhairferns grew on the damp rotten logs and the gray squirrels scolded us from the branches overhead. Following a private trail, we reached an immense beech-tree which had grown around a shaggy-barked hickory in such a manner that only the roots and branches of the hickory could be seen, the whole trunk being embedded and concealed by the smooth bark of the beech, giving it the novel appearance of a tree bearing two entirely different kinds of nuts.

Under the spreading branches of this compound tree we generally rested awhile and took a look about us, to be certain that the River Rats were not on our trail ; then

* Since the above was written the writer visited the place, found the woods gone and trolley cars running by the old camp.

Tree-top Club Houses.

diving into the hazel thicket, we emerged on the banks of a tributary to the Licking River. A giant tulip-tree stood on the bank of the creek, and a wild grape-vine, as thick as your arm, dangled from the branches, which spread like an umbrella sixty or seventy feet above us. The vine had been cut loose from its roots on the shore, and its severed end hung over a deep, dark pool.

The Secret Grape-Vine Route.

No boy, outside the mem- o bers of the 3-A-M's, would "^^-^ look twice at the great snakelike vine hanging over the \ ''lick," and if he should, the vine was far out of reach, and would be passed by as suggesting no possibilities of fun.

Well, that is where he would make his mistake. Concealed in the underwood back of the tulip-tree was a long pole with a hook on one end, and by means of this implement we could grapple the grape-vine and pull the end within reach of our hands, and then one of us at a time would grasp the vine securely with both hands, and stepping back on the bank, give a short run, spring out into mid-air and sail away across the deep hole to drop with a thud upon the opposite bank.

Of course all this was unnecessary, for there were plenty of shallow riffs near by where we could wade across ; but

Fig. I. — Beginning a Two-tree Foundation.

no lad with any romance in his soul would be guilty of such baby-work when he knew the secret of the grape-vine route. Once across we would peer carefully around in the most approved Indian-scout fashion, and when satisfied the coast was clear we would crouch down and make a wide detour that would bring us to a large sycamore-tree, which had been uprooted by the wind and fallen so that its top rested in the fork of a towering oak-tree. The spreading roots of the fallen sycamore made a wall of clay fully fifteen feet high, which, with the surrounding underbrush and foliage, effectually concealed the fact that in the branches of the oak-tree rested a large and strange nest — a nest built by wingless birds, for it was the club-house of the Three Ancient Mariners ! The leaning trunk of the uprooted tree made a firm though slippery substitute for a ladder, and here among the branches many a jolly day was passed, and many a meal of fried fish, fresh from the neighboring " lick," was devoured by three happy, sunburned boys.

Dangerous Toughs.

Except in the neighborhood of large cities, there is nowadays not much danger from gangs of brutal, half-grown boys, but in those times the law seldom bothered any one.

However, even now, privacy and exemption from unwelcome interruption are desirable, and this can be best secured by

A Club-House in the Tree-tops,

for when the ladder is pulled up no one, without the aid of " climbers," such as line-men use, can hope to gain access to the cosey little house in the branches.

If you can find a tree with three or four strong spreading

Tree-top Club Housed. g

branches, the problem of erecting a house is not a difficult one. If there are four straight trees the proper distance apart, it is a comparatively simple work to erect your house between their trunks, high enough to be out of reach of River Rats ; but trees, as a rule, do not regulate their growth to suit any set of boys, and the boys must use their ingenuity to adapt their houses to the forms and growth of the available trees.

First choose your location, and see that it is a desirable one to all the club members ; then, if there are any lofty trees at

The Desired Spot

you will certainly find an opportunity for a four-tree, three-tree, two-tree, or one-tree house.

The tree or trees for the purpose must be so tall, that when the bottom ladder is pulled up the house will be out of reach of unwelcome callers, and big enough to prevent the wind from so swaying the house as to give a feeling of insecurity.

A Two-Tree House.

Let us suppose that there are only two trees in the proper location which fulfil the requirements, and that these are tall pines with no branches of any importance below their feather-duster-like tops. This presents one of the most difficult problems to solve ; but when you know how, you can erect a most enchanting "crow's-nest" away up the tall trunks, where the fresh breeze blows over the tops of the smaller trees, and where a good view can be had of the surrounding country, and the enemy, if there be one, may be seen while yet a long distance off, giving ample time to the club members to pull up the ground ladder and place themselves in position to laugh at the foe.

Fair IVeather Ideas.

Hov/ To Start.

With an accomplished woodsman the whole edifice may be erected with the use of no other tool than an axe ; but, as a rule, the more tools you have at your disposal the better you can do your work. If you possess a tape-line, measure the distance with it between the two tree-trunks. If you have no tape but have a two-foot ruler, make yourself a

Fig. 2. — King Posts and Corbel.

longer measure by marking off the feet and half-feet upon a ten or twelve-foot pole, and use it to measure between the trees. If, however, you have neither, use your legs and pace the distance, and then cut two long, strong poles, and see that they are long enough to span the distance between the trees, leaving plenty of wood to project beyond each tree. Flatten one side of each pole as shown in the diagram B, B, Fig. i. Next, select a sound log, a foot or so in diameter, quarter it, and make four

Tree-top Club Houses.

II See A, A

A Blocks,

each about two feet long, and A\ Fig i.

As it is best to have the bottom of your house level, you must manage to nail the A blocks the same distance above the ground on each side of each tree — that is, if the ground is level ; if not, you must allow for the slant of the earth. Spike the blocks securely to the trees with six-inch nails, using about three nails to each block.

The foundation of the house may be higher than your ladder will reach. In this case cut two more poles and four more blocks, and at the point where the top of your ladder reaches spike on the blocks, and then rest

The B Poles

on them on each side of the two trees, as in Fig i. Nail the B poles securely to the tree, and with plank or half-round sticks floor the space between the trees, and you will have a good landing below your house (see Fig. 5) from which a ladder may be run to the proposed foundation. After the upper rods have been nailed to the trees and a ladder adjusted, and for security nailed fast to

Fig. 3.— End View of Corbel Resting on B Sticks.

Fair IVeathe^^ Ideas.

the tree and lower platform, 3^ou are ready to begin the serious work of building. Take a good strong plank, two inches thick, and cut two pieces about six feet long, and shaped as shown by

The Corbel Piece D

in Fig. 2 ; then cut four struts (E, E, in Fig. 2) and two king-posts (C, Fig 2). Shave off the ends of the struts, as

Fig. 4. — Perspective View of Corbels Resting on B Sticks.

shown in the diagram, to fit the notches cut in the corbel pieces and the king-posts.

It is not necessary to spike this frame together — the big nails might split the timber — they may be fastened together slightly with wire nails and strengthened by a piece of hoop-iron nailed on with small nails, as shown in Fig 2

Tree-top Club Houses.

Fig. S.— a Two-Tree House.

at F, F, F, F, and this will keep the pieces from accidentally slipping out of their bearings, or holes may be bored and the parts held together with screws. The real strain being an up-and-down thrust on the notches, the weight will not bear upon the iron bands or screws. Great care must be taken to make neat-fitting joints.

How to Build the Foundation.

When the two pieces of the form of Fig. 2 are completed, make fast a line to them and haul them up the tree ; then slip the ends of the rods B and B under the corbels D, until the king-post C lies flat against the side of the tree-trunk. Spike C securely to the tree-trunk, as shown in Fig. 3 ; do the same with the other frame on the far side of the other tree, and you have a firm foundation that will hold more weight than you are liable to put upon it. Now cut two more pieces of two-inch plank, say, ten feet long by four inches broad ; hoist them up and spike them to the top of the corbel pieces D, D, so that they will project the same distance beyond the tree at each end, as in Fig. 4.

From G to G you may now lay the planks of your floor, if the distance is short : if not, put two poles across each side of the trees and nail them to the trunks, and two more across at each end of the pieces G, G, and nail them to G and G, and then put your flooring on parallel to the G planks.

Frame, Walls, and Roof.

The rest of the work is simple. To shed the rain your roof must incline one way or the other — to the front, as in Fig. 5, or to the back, as in the one-tree house, Fig. 6. Nail on an A block to each tree, and give them the same incline ; then place two poles for rafters on the A blocks.

Tree-top Club Houses.

Fig. 6. — Frame of a One-Tree House.

and nail them, each with a single nail, to the tree-trunk ; this will hold them in place until you cut four straight poles for the uprights at the four corners of your house ; set these up under the ends of the rafters, and nail the rafter to them and to the trees ; then drive two or three nails, slantingly, in the foot of the upright to secure them to the floor (toe-nail. Fig. 92, Chap. IX.). A cross-piece on top of the front and rear completes the skeleton of your house, which may be roofed and the sides c ^vered with boards, or only the roof made of boards with narrow strips over the cracks and the sides covered with poles, by nailing the latter to the uprights as in Fig. 5. This gives a fine rustic effect, but unless ceiled or boarded up on the inside it will allow the wind and rain to beat through.

If the trees are further apart than desirable, the house can be built between the trees, as in Fig. 5, but if the space is no more than required, the house can be built so that the sides enclose the tree-trunks, as the railing of the platform does in Fig. 5.