New historical atlas and general history

Preface

Thk Plates of my former Atlas having been desti-oyed by fire, I hereby ofPer the public an essentially new Historical Atlas, accompanied by a compendium of general history, thus forming a basis for that geographic treatment of history which is essential to a clear understanding of human society.

For the last twenty years I have been engaged on a large historical and genealogical atlas, which unfortunatel}^ has reached such dimensions as to make its publication impossible.

Many maps and plans from this larger M'ork are published in the present atlas, especially the maps on Eastern History, which are chiefly based on Rawlinson : Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, 5 vols. Records of the Past, 12 vols. Journal Asiatique, Revue Archeologique. Zeitschrift der Deutsclien Morgenliindischen Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift fur aegyptische Spraclie nnd Alterthumskunde. Schkadkk : Die Keilinschi'iften und das alte Testament. ScHEADEK : Keilinschrif ten und Geschichtsforschung. Deutzsch : Wo lag das Paradies ? etc.

In the text my chief aim has been to give, in an attractive form, the leading events of the history of the woi-ld (not a bundle of particular histories), free from unnecessary detail.

The question, however, arises : What is unnecessary/ detail ? It has been duly remarked that " a book which aims to teach just what the pupil ought to remember, and no more, is sure to fail in accomplishing even so much ; for histor}' differs from most other branches of study in this — ^it is impossible to remember isolated facts ; they must be connected and illustrated by details in themselves indifferent, so that the mind may get hold of them and retain them. Just as pure nntiiment must be mixed with matter which contains no nutriment, but which enables the stomach to digest the food, so in history the facts which are to be fixed in the memory must be combined with facts that are not expected to be retained, l^ut without which the leading evcTits would speedily be forgotten."

I have added to the table of contents, at the -end of the main divisions, a brief but carefully chosen general reference to standard works, as an aid to students who may desire to woi'k out for themselves, in greater detail, any special line of investigation.

As this book is designed chiefly for the use of those who know no language but English, I have confined these references strictly to English works, although the temptation has been great to put in some German or French masterpieces, especially when dealing with those portions of history where the supply of English material was either scanty or wholly wanting.

One exception lias been made in favor of Lepsius' " Denkmaeler," which not only made the study of Egyptian history possible, but laid the firm foundation for a scientific treatment of the history of the hoary East — the cradle of our race and civilization.

Robert II. Labbekton.

The Pines, Orange County, N. C.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.

HISTORY OF THE EAST TILL THE FOUN- DATION OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.

Egypt until the Expulsion of the Hyksos . . 1 Sources of Egyptian History.

Tlie Land and the People.

The Old Empire of Memphis.

The Old Empire of Thebes.

Old Babylonia 3

Sources of Babylonian History. The Land and the People.

Old Babylonian History.

The Egyptian Ascendency in Syria C

Sources of Syrian History.

The New Egyptian Empire.

Mesopotamia during the Struggle between Egyptians and Hittites.

Western Asia after the Expulsion of the

Egyptians 8

The Decline of Egypt.

The Holy Land and tlie Phcenicians.

First Assyrian Empire.

The Assyrian Ascendency in Western Asia.. 10 The First Assyrian Empire.

The Second Assyrian Empire.

The Fall of Assyria.

Asia after the Fall of Assyria 12

Lydia and Media.

Babylonia and Egypt.

Foundation of the Persian Empire 13

The Fall of Media.

The Median Revolt.

The Scythian Expedition.

*,* bibliography.— Max Dunker : History of Antiquity. Rawlinson : The Five Great Uonarchiea. Rawlinson : Ancient Egypt. Brugsch : Egypt under the Pharaoha. Stanley: History of the Jewish Church. V. Ranke : Universal History, vol. i.

HISTORY OF GREECE.

Before the Persian Wars

Sources of Greek History.

Migrations and Settlements.

The Main Settlements of the Hellenes. Attica and the Athenians.

The Persian Wars 19

What led to the Wars.

First Attempt to Conquer Greece.

Second Attempt to Conquer Greece.

Third Attempt to Conquer Greece. After the Persian Wars 21

The Peloponnesian War.

Persia and Hellas 23

From the Battle of Salamis to the Death of Alexander the Great.

After the Death of Alexander the Great (Genealogy I.).

*** bibliography.- Cubtius: History of Ch-eece, 5 vols. Grote ; History of Greece, 12 vols. Cox : History of Greece, 2 vols. E. A. Freeman : History of Federal Government, vol. i. VV. W. Lloyd : The Aye of Pericles. W. W. Lloyd : Sicily to the Atlie7iian V'ai: G. \V. Cox : The Athenian Empire. C. Sankey : The Spartati and Theban Supremacies. On Alexander the Great, see Niebuhr's Lectures on Ancient History^ Lectures 80-112. v. Ranke : Universal History, vol. i. And on Alexander's Succe.ssor.'s, an excellent essay in vol. 149 of the Quarterly Review. Finlay : History of Greece from the Conq uest of the Romans. 7 vols.

GREEK LITERATURE.— Mi ller and Donaldson : History of the Literature of Ancient Greece, 'i vols. Mure : A Critical History of the Language and Literature of Ancient Greece, 5 vok. Gladstone: ,^'tudies on the Homeric Age and Homer. Bonitz : Origin of tlie Homeric Poems. Benjamin : Troy. Jebb : Attic Orators, 2 vols. Symonds : The Greek Poets, 2 vols.

HISTORY OF ROME.

Until the Burning of Rome by the Celts . . 27

Sources of Roman History.

The Land and the People.

The Beginnings of Rome.

The Political Revolution of .510 B.C.

The Social Revolution of 493 B.C.

The Legal Revolution of 450 B.C.

The Burning of Rome.

Fro.vi the Rebuilding of Rome to the Establish.ment of the empire '32

The Consolidation of Central Italy.

The First and Second Punic Wars.

The Conquest of the East,

The Third Punic War.

The Achfean War.

The Numantine War,

Tlie Aa:e of the Civil Wars.

TABLE OF CONTENTS AND lUnLrOdKAniY.

The Roman Empire 46

Regulation of the Kinjiire.

Constitution of thu i-iupire fvoiu 30 u.c. to ;500 A.D.

Tlie Julian House (Genealogy II.)- The First Anarchy.

The Flavii.

Britain

The Adoptive Emperors.

Tlie Barrack Emperors (Genealogy III. ). The Partnership Emperors (Genealogies IV. and v.).

TJie Extinction of the Roman Empire in the West.

*:„* BIBLIOGRAPHY.— Roman History a.s a whole (fiom 1:53 B.C. till 470 a.d.) — Merivale: General Bin- Inry of Borne, 1 vol. DuRtJV : Hintori/ of Rome (in course of publication). Ronuin History until the End of the Republic — MoMMSEN : History of Home, 4 vols. Ihne : Uislory of Rome, 5 vols. Liddell : A History of Rome, 1 vol. Long : T/te Decline of the Roman Republic, 5 vols. Arnold : Uislory of the Later Commomcenllh, 2 vols. The Roman Empire — Merivale : The h'omnns under the Empire, 7 vols. Rawunson : Sixth Great Jfo?i.archy. Seelet : Roman Imperialism. De Quincev : The Ccesars. Congreve ; Roman Empire of the West. Gibbon : Decline and Fall of the /foi^mpije, chapters i.- xxxvi. On Special Periods of Roman History— Ihne ; Early Rome. ^Vrnold : History of Rome (reaches into the Second Punic War). WicKHAM and Cramer : The Passage of Hanniiiul over the Alps. Smith : Rome and Carthaye. Trollope ; Cicero ; and also Forsyth : Cicero. Froude : Ccesar. Beeslet : Cataline, Clodius. Tiberius. Hodgkin : Italy and her Invaders. Kinoslev : The Roman and the Teuton. Sheppard : The Fall of Rome and the Rise of the New Nationalities. Ozanam : History of Civilization in the Fifth Century. Elton : Orirjins of Eni/lish History. IlHVS ; Celtic Britain. ScAKTH : Roman liritaiii.

HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES

FltO.M TlIKODOUlC THE GUEAT TO CHAKLES THE

Great 54

Romans and Teutons.

Franks, Burgundians. and (Joths (Genealogy VII ).

English, Saxons, and Celts (Genealogy XXI.).

The Arabic Ascendency (Genealogy VI.).

*,* BIBLIOGRAPHY. —White: The Eiyhteen Christian Centuries. Greene : History of the Middle Ages. Dunham : History of Europe during the Middle Ages. CuRTEis : History of the Roman Empire (Sfto-SOOi. Church : The Ileginninas of tlie Middle Ages. Giunosj : Decline and Fall, chapters xxxvii.-liii. Michelet : History of France. Guizot ; History of France. Green : The Mal. ing of England. Graxt-Allex : Anglo-Saxon Britain. MuiR : Life of Mohammed ; and also MuiK : The Cor/ln. Syed Ameer Ali : Life of Mohammed. Kuenen : National Religions and Universal Religions. Smith : Mohammed and .Mohammedanism. Stobart : Islam and its Founder. Freeman : History ami Conqnests of the Saracens.

From the Coronation of Chari,emagne, in 800 A.D., TO THE Beginning of the Crusades, in

The Carlovingians (Genealogy VIII.). The Danish Conquest of England (Genealogies XXI. and XXII.).

vi

The Noi-mans.

Foundation of tlie Holy Roman Kmpire (Genealogy JX. ).

Foundation of the Kingdom of Franc*; (Genealogies VIII. and XXVI. ).

England and Normandy under the Norman

Dynasty (Genealogy XXV.).

The Feudal System.

*** BIBLIOGRAPHY.— Besides the Histories of France by Michelet, Guizot, Crowe, and Kitchin — SisMoNDi : The French under the Carlovingians. Sismondi : France under the Feudal System. Cutts : Cliarlemagne. Bass-JIullinger ; The Schools nf Charles the Great. Guizot : History of Civilization in France. Thierry : The Formation and Progress of the Third Estate, in France. Bbvce : The Holy Roman Empire. Dunham: History of the Germanic Empire. Lew is : History of Germany. Zimmermann ; Popular History of Germany. Johnson : The Normans in Europe. Green: The Conquest of England. Fr>e- MAN : The Nm'man Conquest. Wheaton : History of the Northmen. Worsaac : Danes and Northmen in Great Britain.

The Age of the Crusades Td

The Causes whicli led to the Crusades. The Crusades.

England and France during the Age of the Crusades.

Germany and Italy during the Age of tlie Crusades (Genealogies IX. and X.).

BIBLIOGRAPHY.— Besides Michelet and (itiizoT— Gibbon : Decline and Fall, chapters Iviii. and lix. V. Sybel ; The History and Literature of the Crnsades. JIicHAUD : History of the ('rusades. Cox : The i.'rusades. Mills: A History of the Crusades. Procter: History of the Crusades. Villemain : Life of Oregorij Vn. MoRIsoN : Life and Times of St, Bernard. Teste : History of the Wars of Frederii k I. and th<' Communes of I.ombardy. Kinoston-Oliphant : History of Frederick II., Emperor of the Romans. MoNtalembert : The Monks of fie West. Amabi : HisUn-y of the War of the Sicilian Vfspers. Stubbs : < unstitutional History of England. Creasy : Rise and progress of the English Conslilulion . Thompson : Essay on Magna Charta. Freeman: Growth of the Emjltsh Constitution.

Age of the Mongol Ixv.vsions 84

The First Mongol Invasion of Asia. Rise, Glory, and Fall of Old Russia. England and France during the First Mongol

Invasion ^Genealogy XXIII. ). Germany and Italy during the Fii.st 3Tongol

Invasion (Genealogies XI. and XIX.). Eastern Europe until 1:3.16.

The Rise of the Osmanli Empire. The Second Mongol Invasion.

The Second Foundation of the Empire of

the Osmanli.

The Second Foundation of Russia.

*t* BIBLIOGR.\PHY.— Howorth : History of the Mongols. Hecker : Epidemics of the Middle Ages. Thobold-Rogeils : A History of Agriculture and J'rires in England. Burton : History of Scotland. Longmans : HUitory of Edward III. Bbouoham : Ihe Iloitse of Lancaster in England and France. Gairuner : The Houses of Lancaster and York. TucKEY : Joan of Arc. jAlfESON : Life and Times of Du Guesrelin. Ral-ston : Early Russian History. Bambaud : History of Ru.tsia. Freeman ; The Ottoman Power of Europe. Creasy : History of the Ottoman Turks.

TABLE OF CONTENTS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Western Europe during the Fifteenth Century 97

France and England (C4enealogies XIV. and XXV.),

Tlie Empire and the Papacy (Genealogies XV.

and XVII.).

Tlie Pjrenaean Peninsula.

Italy (Genealogy XIL).

BIBLIOGK.^.PHY. — Gaibdnbe : History of Iticfiard Iff. CoxE : History of the Houae of Austria. Kirk : History of Charles the Bold. Dbnham : History of Spain and rorliigal. BuTT.s : History of Italy. Hazlitt : History of the Venetian Republic. Macchia- VELiii : History of Florence. Tkollope : History of Florence. Oliphant : The Makers of Florence. GalliENGA : History of Piedmont. Malleson : Studies from Genoese History. Eeumond : Lorenzo de' 3fedici. Grimm ; Life of Michel Angela.

MODERN HISTORY.

The Age of the Gre.\.t Discoveries 108

General Character.

The Maritime Di.seoveries.

bibliography.— Mayor : Prince Henry the Aavigatur. Helps ; Life of Columbus. Prescott : History of the Concjuest of Mexico. Peescott : History of the Conquest of Peru.

The Franco-Spanish Struggle for the Supremacy IN Italy 110

The Invasion of Italy by Charles VIII. (Genealogy XII.).

The Invasions of Italy by Louis XII. (Genealogy XXVI. ).

The Invasions of Italy In' Francis II. (Gene- ■ alogyXXVL).

The First Tudoi-s in England (Genealogy XXIV.).

*^* bibliography. -Symonds : Benaissance in Italy. Symonds ; Sketches anil Studies in Southern Europe. Bueckhaedt : The Civilization of the Period of the Renaissance in Italy. Villari : Macrhiavelli and his Times. Villari : Savonarola. Peescott : History of Ferdinand and Isabella.

The Spanish Ascendency in Western Europe 117

The Age of Charles V. (Genealogies XIX. and XV.).

Progress of the Turks (Genealogy VI.). England under the Children of Henry VIII.

(Genealogy XXIV.).

Age of Philip II. (Genealogies XIX. and

XVIIL).

The Ottoman Empire.

*,* BIBLKJGRAPHY. — Robertson : History of Charles I'. GnizoT : History of France, chapters xxviii.-xliii. Hausser : Period of the Reformation. Seebohm ; The Protestant Revolution. Ranke ; The Reformation i?i Germany. Ranke : Civil Wars and Monnrchy J n France. Besant : Coligny, and the Failure of the French Reformation. Peescott : History of Philip II. Motley : The Rise of the Dutch Republic. Feoide : History of England from the Fall of M'olsey to the Armada. Cebightok : The Age of Elisabeth.

The Decline of the Spanish Ascendency .... 134 Before the Breaking out of the Thirty Years' War (Genealogies XIII., XVII., XIX., and XXV.).

The Thirty Years' War (Genealogy XVI.).

England during the Thirty Years' War (Genealogy XXV.).

*4* bibliography. — Motley : History of the United Netherlands. Motley : John of Oldenbarnevelt. Gardiner : Tlie Tliirty Years' War. Gindely ; Thirty Tears' War. Heydeneeich : The Life of Gustaviis Adolphus. Gaedinee : The Puritan Revolution. GuizoT : English Revolution ; Oliver Cromioell ; Richard Cromwell ; Monk. Carlyle : Oliver CromweWs Letters and Speeches. Baird : History of the Hxiguenots. Bridges : France under Richelieu. CoBSiN : Richelieu and Mazarin,

The French Ascendency 1 33

Age of Louis XIV. (Genealogies XV. and XXVL).

*** bibliography.— Martin : Age of Louis XIV. Voltaiee : Age of Louis XIV. Macaulay : History of England. Earl Stanhope : The Reign of Queen Anne. Morris: Age of Anne.

Eastern Europe during the French Ascendency 137

The Bipontine Family on the Swedish Throne

(Genealogy XVII. ).

The House of Romanoff on the Russian Throne

(Genealogy XXVIIL).

The Ottoman Empire under Mohammed IV. The Great Northern War (Genealogy XXVIIL).

*** bibliography.— Schuyler : Life of Peter the Great.

The Age of Frederick the Great 142

The Trials of Prusssia (Genealogy XX. ). The Partition of Poland.

*,* bibliography. — Mahon : History of Eyig- Za«(Z (17I3-1TS3). Lecky : History of England in the Eighteenth Century. Martin : Age of Louis XV. Broqlie : The King's (Louis X V.) Secret Correspondence with his Agents. Carlyle : History of Frederick II. Longman : Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War. Beoglie : Frederick the Great and Maria Theresa. Dunham : History of Poland, v. Sybel : First Partition of Poland, Fortnightly Review, vol. xxii. V. Sybel : Second and Third Partition, History of the French Revolution, Books vi. and x.

The Revolutionary Period 145

The First French Republic.

The First Empire.

*** bibliography.— Mopjtis : The French Revolution and First Empire. Taine : Ancient Regime and French Revolution. MiGNET : The French Revolution. V. Sybel : The French Revolution (n89-179(i). Carlyle : The French Revolutio?i. Thiers : The Consulate and the Empire. Lanfeey : History of Napoleon I. Seeley : The Life of Stein. Massey : History of England during tlie Reign of George III.

The Restoration (Genealogies XXVL, XXVII., and XXIX.).

*** bibliography.— Mueller : Political History of Recent Times. Metteenich : Memoirs. Ajasou : History of Europe frim 1815 to 1852. Mackenzie: Tlie Nineteenth Century. Wright.son : History of Modern Italy (1789-1850). Louis Blanc : The History of Jen Years (1830-1S40). Martineau : The History of England (1800-1854).

TABLE OF CONTENTS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The Revolntion of 1848.

Tlie Secoud Empire (1852-1870).

*^* BIBLIOGRAPHY.— McCarthy : BisUiru -J Our Own limes, Stkatford de ItEDCLiFFE : T/ie Eastern QiieMon. KiNGLAKE: Invaniou o/tlie Crimea. Hozier; 27ie Seven. Weeks'' War. Boebstaedt and Dwter : Tke Franco- German War. BuscH: Bismarck in the Fraiico- Prui,sian War. FROErN : Italy from 1815 to 1S78. De la Rive : Life of Cavour. Seelei : T/ie Expansion tf EnQtand.

The Prussian Ascendency.

*,* BIBLIOGRAPHY.- Taylor : Ittissiabefore and after the War of 1S77. Baker I'asha : War in Bulgaria. Gheen : The Jltissian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey.

India IC)

The Anglo-Indian Empire.

*,* BIBLIOGR.^rHY.— J. Talboys Wheeler: .1 Short History of India. Roper Letilbbidge : A bhort Manual of the History of India. Murray and others ; Historical and Descriptive Account of /JritiKh India.

AMERICAN HISTORY.

The Settlement of North America 167

Attempts at Colonization hy the Latin Races. Attempts at Colonization by the Teutonic Races.

*,* BIBLIOGRAPHY. — WiNSOK : Narrative ami Critical History of America {Vol. ii., Spanish Explorations and Settlements ; Voi. ili., Engiish E.xplorations and Settlements; Vol. iv., French Explorations and Settlements, and those of the Portuguese, Dutch, and Swedes). J. G. Palfrey : History of Neic England. F. F. Charlevoise : History of Kew France. Mbe. Martha Lamb : History of New York.

The Anglo-French Struggle fok the Suprem-

.\CY IN North America 169

The English Colonies during the Eighteenth

Century.

The Anglo-French Struggle.

•< * BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Parkmas : France and England in North America. Shea ; Discovery and E.cploration of the Mississippi Valley.

The Focndation of the Great Republic 171

Before the Appeal to Arms.

The Appeal to Arms.

*»* bibliography.— Bancroft : History of the Vnited States. HiLDRETH : History of the United States. Greene : Historical Vieiv of the American lievolution. LossiNG : Field-Sook of the Revolution. WiNSOB ; lieadet 's Handbook of the A merican Revolution.

The Formation of the Government 17^

Formation of the Constitution. Cperation of the Constitution. The Thirty Years' Peace.

*** BIBLIOGRAPHY'.— .J. E. WcMaster ; History of the People of the United Stales. J as. Schouleb: History of the Ameri an Republic. Alex. Johnston: H-story of American Politics, H. v. Holst : Constitutional History of the United States.

First Tri.^ls of the Great Republic 176

English War of 1812.

Florida.

The Mexican War.

*,* bibliography.— B. J. LOSSING : Fleld-Book of the War of 1S12. G. R. Fairbanks : History of Florida. H. S. Ripley : The War wi h Mexico. T. H. Beston : Tlilrty Years in the Unite! States Senate.

The GRE.vr Tri.\l— The Civil War 178

Tlie Causes of the Civil War. The War.

After the War.

*,* bibliography.- Comte de Paris : Hisloru of the Civil War. J. W. Draper : History of the American Civil War. W. SwiNTON : Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac. Campaigns of the Civil War. 12 vols., published by Scribner. The Navy in t/M Civil War. '-i vols., published bv Scribner.

Early Struggles.

The Napoleonic Designs.

The Mexican Empire.

*t* bibliography.— Flint : Mexico under Maximilian. CoNKLiNG : Mexico and the Mexicans.

Genealogies 185

*

LIST OF MAPS.

HISTORY OF THE EAST.

Plate

I. — Babylonia before the Semitic Conquest. Chaldean Ascendency, 3800 b.c. The Great Pyramids.

II. ^The Elamitic Ascendency, 2100 b.c.

Egypt under the Twelfth Dynasty.

The Pyramids and Lake of Inundations.

III. — Egyptian Ascendency, 1450 b.c.

Asiatic Conquest of the Eighteenth Dynasty. The Kossean Conquest of Babylon. Rise of the First As- .syrian Empire. The Assyrian Conquest of Siibari. PnCENICIA.

IV. — TuE Hittite Ascendency, 1250 b.c.

Egypt under Rameses II.

Assyria under Tugultinincp I.

Ruins of Thebes.

The Seven Mouths of the Nile. v.— The World 1000 Years b.c.

Greatness of Israel. First Assyrian Empire in its Decline. Assyrian Empire under Tiglath Pileser I.

Greek Colonies of Asia Minor. The Tribes of Israel.

Judah and Israel, 925 b.c.

VI. — The Assy'rian Ascendency, about GOO b.c.

Assyrian Empire, Shalmaneser II.

The Heart of Assyria.

VII. — Asia after the Fall of Assyria, 5G0 b.c.

Greatness of Babylon.

Surroundings of Baby'lon.

Plan op Tyrus.

GREEK HISTORY.

VIII.— Hellas, 550 b. c.

Ionian, Dorian, and iEolian Settlements.

The Field of Troy.

IX. — Hellas and Peloponnesus.

Athens and the Bay of Salamis.

Sparta.

Thebes.

Corinth and the Isthmus.

X. — Eastern Part of Hellas and Peloponnesus, 444 B.C.

Athene.

XI — Persian Empire in its Greatest E.xtent, 500 B.C.

March of Cyrus Minor and Retreat of

THE .10,000 under Xenophon, 401 B.C. Granicus.

Empire of Alexander the Great, 323 b.c.

ix

Plate

XII.— Division op the Empire of Alexander THE Great, 301 b. c.

Western Asia after the Battle of Magnesia.

Western Asia, 74 b.c.

Western Asia, 63 b.c.

ROMAN HISTORY.

XIII. — Latium and its neighbors.

Seven Hills op Rome.

Neighborhood of Rome, 100 a d.

XIV. — Italy from the Samnite Wars to the

Takentum.

XV. — Rome and Carthage at the beginning of

the First Punic War.

Rome and Carthage at the end op the

First Punic War.

Ro.MB AND Carthage at the beginning of

THE Second Punic War.

Rome and Carthage at the end of the

Second Punic War.

XVI. — Hannibal's Route.

Roman Dominion at the Close op the

Punic Wars.

Carthage.

Syr.acuse.

Roman Dominion a Century after the Punic Wars.

XVII. — CvESAr's G.\ul, 50 b.c.

Western Basin of the Mediterranean,

XVIII.— Celtic Britain, at Time op Christ. Roman Britain, about 360 a.p. XIX.— Provinces of the Roman Empire with the Tears op Conquest.

Ro.MAN Empire in its Greatest Extent,

During the Reign of Trojan.

During the Reign of Augustus.

Rome. Plan op the City.

The Capitoline Hill and the Fora. XX. — Division of the Roman Empire by Diocletian.

The Roman Empire in the Time op Valen- TINIAN I.

Constantinople and the Bosporus. XXI —Division of the Roman Empire, after 895

A.D.

LIST OF MAPS.

Plate XXII.

XXIII.—

XXIV.-

XXV.

XXVI.

XXVII.

XXV rii.

XXIX.—

XXX.

XXXI.

XXXII.

XXXIII.

XXXIV.

XXXV.

MEDIiEVAL HISTORY.

-Ei'ROPE AND Western Asia at the be-

(UNNING OF THE IIeIGN OF ThEODORIC THE OsTUO-GOTH.

Empire of Clovis, 507 a.d.

The Merovingian Kingdoms, 567-613

A.D.

-Bhitaix, auout 500 a.d.

Northeastern Part of Kent, about

450 A.D.

Britain, after 577 a.d.

Theatre of W\ii between Britains

AND West Saxons, about 577 a.d. ■Britain. Eadwink's Supremacy, 620 a.d. B.\ttle-field near the River Idle. Britain. Supremacy of Oswin, 658 a.d. New Settle.ments in Britain, about

Southwestern Britain, about 800 a.d.

Religious Houses.

Brit.vin under Ecgberht, 827 a.d. London, about 800 a.d.

Arabic Ascendency under Calipu

Walid I.

Damascus the Capital of the Ommaiad Caliphs.

Empire of Charlemagne and its Divisions.

Byzantine Empire. Caliphate of Bagdad.

Brit.mn, 878 A.D.

Scene of Defeat, Wanderings .\nd Victory OF Alfred the Gre.\t.

Britain, 975 a.d.

Realm of Cnut the Gre.\t, 1028-1C35

A.D.

■Empire of Otto the Great. Divided

into Duchies, 962 a.d.

Britain, 1004 a.d.

Tlu: Ciroat Duchies. The Hou.se of Godwin. The l-]pi.scopal Sees.

Neighborhood of York.

Battle of Stamford Bridge.

Results of Cainpaifjn of 106(i. Results of Campaign of 1067.

Results of Canii)aign of 10(i9.

Eastern Part of Sussex.

Battle of Senlac.

France .\t the Accession of the Cape- TiAN Dynasty, 987 a.d.

England and France, after the Battle of Tenchebray, 1106 a.d.

Scene of the Battle of the St.^ndard.

Europe during the Twelfth Century.

Ai;e of the Crusades.

Possessions of the Plantagenets in 1160.

Christian States op the E.^st in 1142

A.D.

England and France in 1180 a.d. EN"(iL\ND .\ND France in 1223 a.v. Empire of Frederick II.

Plate

XXXV.

XXXVI.—

XXXVII.

XXXVIIL

XXXIX.

XL.

XLI —

XLIL —

XLIII.-

XLIV.- XLV.-

XLVI.- XLVII.-

XLVIII.—

XLIX.

LL—

MODERN HISTORY.

England and France during the First

English Invasion of France.

Eastern Europe in 1356.

France .vr the Death op Charles V. , 1380.

Empire of the Mongols.

Empire of Timour, ahout 14l'0 A.D.

France during the Second English Invasion, 1415-1453.

Possessions of Philip the Good in 1435.

Joan op Arc s Country.

March of Henry V.

Battle-fields of the War of the

Roses, 1455-1485.

Western Europe, about 1400.

France at the Accession op Louis XI. France at the Death of Louis XI. Burgundian Dominion of Charles the

Bold, 1477.

Central Switzerl.\nd.

Scene of the Swiss Struggle against Hab.sburg.

TiiK Rhine Countries, after 1543.

The Netherlands as they came into possession of Philip II. The Four Rhenish Electorates. The C'leve Po.ssessions. Lorraine anil Bar.

Germany Divided into Ten Circles. Western Europe during the Sixteenth Century'.

Northeastern Italy, showing the

Franco Italian War.

E.vstern Europe during the Sixteenth Century. The Ottoman Ascendency. Europe in 1648. Peace op Westphalia.

Sc.indinavian-Slavonic Wars under Charles X., XI., and XII.

Southeastern Part of Lombardy. France. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1668.

France. Peace op Nimwegen, 1678. Europe in 1713. Peace op Utrecht. Boundaries of Russia, Poland, and

Turkey in 1713.

Battle-fields of the Netherlands. Europe in 1763. Peace of Hubertsburg.

Engl.\nd, Scotland, and Ireland during THE Eighteenth Century.

First Partition of Poland, 1773. Second Partition of Poland, 1793. Third Partition of Poland, 1795. Central and Northern Europe in 1795. B.vttle-fields of Northern Italy, 1794 -1800.

Bon.\parte's Expedition to Egypt and

Syria, 1798-1801.

Europe in 1810. Age of Napoleqn. Europe in 1810. Congress of Vienna. Theatre of the Crimean War, 1854-

Theatre of the Danish War, 1864.

LIST OF MxVPt^.

Plate

LIl. — Europe. 1866. Peace of Prague.

The Geuman Oonfedekacy, 1815-1866. LIII.— Seat of the War in Northern France, 1870-1871.

Europe in 1871.

Eastern Europe in 1878. Treaty op Berlin.

The Turko-Grecian Bound.\ry.

Trans-Caspia, 1886.

-Afohanistan, 1886.

■English Settlements in India before

Clive, 1750.

Anglo-India after Clia'e's Departure, 1760.

The Anglo-Indian Empire in 1886. The Western Alps, with the Northwestern AND Southeastern Slopes, showing THE Principal Passes.

LIV — 1

LV.

LVI.

LVII.

EXTRA PLATE.

AMERICAN HISTORY.

LVIII — Discoveries of the Spaniards and Portuguese IN the Fifteenth .\nu Sixteenth Centuries.

Early French Settlements around the Gulp of St. Lawrence.

English Settlements around Mass.\chusetts Bay.

R.vleigh's Explorations, 1584.

Attempts at Huguenot Settlements in Florida, 1562-1565.

First English Settlement in Virginia. LIX. — Mexico and the West Indies.

Cortes' March to Mexico.

Early Explorers of the Atlantic Coast.

De Soto's March from T,\mpa Bay to the Mississippl

Explorations of Champl.\in and Hudson. LX. — King James' Patent of 1606.

The Plymouth Company. The London Company.

Reorganization of the Plymouth Coji- PANY in 1620.

LXI. — Various English Grants, 1625-1649.

Grants of Nova Scotia, New Somersetshire, Mariana, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Carolana, Maryland, New Albion, and to Lord Culpepper.

Various English Grants, 1664-1732.

Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, New York, Nova Caj'^area or New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryl.and, Virginia, Carolina, Georgia.

LXII —Foreign Claims, 1643.

French, English, Dutch, Spanish, Swedish.

Foreign Claims, 1655.

French, English, Dutch, Spanish.

LXIII. — Territory of the Present United States during the French-Indian Wars.

Country East of the Mississippi during THE French-Indian War, 1755-1763.

Braddock's March, 1755.

Neighborhood of Quebec.

LXIV. — Territory of the Present United States

after February 10, 1763.

Territory of the Present United States

after September 3, 1783.

LX^'. — Six Maps Illustrating the War of the

Revolution.

Immediate Neighborhood of Boston. Country about Boston.

Country' between New York and Phil.\-

delphia.

Country between New York .\nu Montreal.

Theatre of War in the South, yorktown.

LXVI. — Territory of the Thirteen Original States, 1783.

Territor y' of the Present United States AFTER February' 1, 1801.

LXVII. — Territory- of the Present United States AFTER April 30, 1803.

Territory of the Present United States AFTER February 19, 1821.

LXVIII. — Four Maps luLUSTR.vriNc; the War of 1812.

The Western Border.

Niagara River and Surroundings. Chesapeake Bay' and Surroundings. Perdido River, the West Boundary ok Florida.

Four Maps to Illustr,\te the Indian

W.-VRS.

Indian Wars in We.st, 1790-1811. Creek War, 1813.

Seminole War, 1835-1842.

Black Hawk War, 1832.

LXIX. — Five Maps Illustrating the Mexican War.

Mexico, showing the Boundary' before the Annexation of Texas.

Surroundings of City of Mexic(j.

The Golden Gate.

Mouth of the Rio Grande.

General Scott's March from Vera Cruz to Mexico.

General Taylor's Operations in Northern Me.xico.

LXX. — Territory of the Present United States after the annexation of texas in 1845 and the Oregon Country' in 1846 The Territory of the Present United States after the Mexican Cessions of 1848 and 1853.

Alaska Bought from Russia in 1868. LXXL— Theatre of the Civil War, 1861-1865.

Sherman's March, etc.

Theatre of the War ix the East. Vik-

GINI.A.

CHRONOLOGY

Before the ASSYRIAN ASCENDENCY.

B.C. 3800. Sargon I.

3700. Babylon, capital of Chaldsea.

3200. Memphis founded.

3000. Tlie Spliinx. First Dynasty.

2800. Tlie oldest Hieroglyphic Inscription, Third Dynasty.

2700. Tlie" Pyramids. Fourth Dynasty.

2530. Merira Pepi I. Sixth Dynasty.

2500. End of the Empire of the Pyramids.

2300. Chedor Laomer.

2130. Old Empire of Thebes. Twelfth Dynasty.

2100. Tlie Oldest Obelisk. Twelfth Dynasty.

B.C. 2000. The Lake of Inundations. Twelfth Dt nasty.

1780. The Hyksos. Fifteenth and. Sixfet-nth Dynasties.

1600. Beginnines of Phoenicia. 1530. The New Empire of Egypt. Eighteenth Dynasty

1500. Kossaean Conquest of Akkad.

1450. Thotlimes III. Eighteenth Dynasty.

1400. Greatness of Sidon.

1380. Rise of Assyria.

During the ASSYRIAN ASCENDENCY.

1250. Ramses-Sesostris. Nineteenth Dynasty.

1130. Tiglath-Pileser I.

1100. Migration of the Dorians.

975. Judah and Israel.

853. Carthage founded.

850. Slialmaueser II.

840. Homer.

820. Lycurgus.

776. First Olympiad.