Nerve Tracts of the Brain and Cord

Front matter

202912205472

2 Pup T Lo ET A tr y dU FA PA ptc url

Pat

Dedication

DEDICATED TO MY STUDENTS IN NEUROLOGY OF THE PAST TWENTY YEARS, WHOSE EARNEST WORK AND SYMPATHETIC ATTITUDE HAVE EVER BEEN MY CHIEF INSPIRATION.

WiLLIAM KEILLER.

Department of Anatomy University of Texas Galveston, Texas 1927

Preface

This book on the nerve tracts of the brain and cord is the result of twenty years' experience in teaching the anatomy of the brain and cord in such a manner as to enable students to approach nervous diseases, thinking in terms of anatomy, physiology and pathology, as applied to the nervous system. ~

Part I supplies a laboratory manual for the study of the nerves and tracts in the central nervous system as they may be demonstrated in the cord and brain stem in the adult and foetus and in pathological specimens stained for myelin, as well as in early degenerations stained by the Marchi technique.

Parts II and III form the basis of a course of thirty lectures giving, in Part II, a summary of the anatomy and physiology of the nerve tracts, mainly based on newer methods of investigating the autopsy findings in clinical cases, and in Part III, the leading features of the better known nervous diseases, correlating their symptomatology with anatomical, physiological and pathological data.

No effort is made to go into details and only such leading facts are emphasized as should make an appeal to every well-educated physician.

My experience with students encourages me to believe that I have succeeded in presenting the subject in such a way as to furnish a good working scientific basis for an intelligent understanding of the symptomatology and diagnosis of those nervous diseases that come within the domain of the general practitioner.

I am chiefly indebted for my data to Cunningham's Text Book of Anatomy, Dejerine's Semiologie des Affections du Systeme Nerveux, Church and Peterson's Nervous Diseases, Brain, and the Revue Neurologique.

WILLIAM KEILLER.

Contents

PART' I ANATOMY OF THE NERVE TRACTS PAGE ERSODEDINSEUOUONSA 2. X LIT VEL lUa s. 1 3 STRUCTURE OF THE Nervous System: THE NEURON . . . . . . . 5 ES UOUABRNOGEDEGENERATION & € uet o «AD os von 9

PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE NEURONS . . . . . . . . 12

Efferent Neurons, 12; Pyramidal or Upper Motor Neuron, 12; Lower Motor Neuron, 12; Afferent Neurons, 13; The Lowest Sensory Neuron, 13; Second, Third and Fourth Sensory Neuron, 18; Association Neurons, Spinal, Cerebral and Cerebellar, 13; Linking Together of the Neurons—General View, 14; Sensory Nerves and Tracts—Afferent Paths, 14; Varieties of Somatic Sense and Their Conduction by Peripheral Nerves, 14; Sensory Tracts in the Cord and Brain, 16; General Plan of These in the Cord, 16; Afferent Paths for the Head: Common Sensation, 17; Vestibular Sense, 18; Auditory Sense, 18; Sight, Smell, 18; Motor Tracts in Brain and Cord, 19; Efferent Path from Cerebral Cortex—Pyramidal Tract or Upper Efferent Motor Neuron, 19; Lower Efferent Motor Neuron, 20; The Cerebellar Tonic and Coordinating Mechanism, 21; Cerebellar Afferent Paths, 21; Cerebellar Efferent Paths, 22; Vestibular Equilibratory and Tonic Mechanism, 23; The Striate Body, Neostriatum, Paleostriatum, 23.

Part II Anatomy And Physiology Of The Nerve Tracts Summary Of Anatomy And Physiology

Preliminary Note. Comparison of ev Efferent Em Nicol Efferent Neurons, 117; Lowest Reflex Are, 118.

THE Moror NEURON

Lower Motor Neuron in E Cod 119; ewe Motor No of Cranial Nerves, 120; Higher Control of Lower Motor (Somatic Efferent) Neurons, 124 ; Higher Control of Lower Splanchnic Efferent Neurons, 125; Physiology of Lower Efferent Neurons, 125; Physiology of Upper Motor Neuron, 127; Function of Upper Motor Neurons, 130; Reflexes and the Upper Motor Neuron, 131; Cutaneous Reflexes, 131; Babinski Phenomenon, 131; Examples of Upper Motor Neuron Lesions, 133; Degenerations Following Upper Motor Neuron Lesions, 134;

Tue Sensory NEURON .

General Statement, 134; Pu E of Modes of Ordinary Conscious Sensations, 135; Sensory Neurons for Pain, Temperature and Hair Sense, 135; Sensory Neurons for Simple Touch, 137; Spinal Paths for Muscle, Tendon, Joint Sense, Etc., in Posterior Columns, 138; Paths for Touch, Pressure and Muscle Sense of Fifth Nerve, 139; Grouping of Second Sensory Neurons in the Mesencephalon and Subthalamie Region, 140; Third and Fourth Sensory Neurons, 140.

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SENSORY NERVES AND PATHS .

Epicritic Sense, Protopathic Sense, Deep Sensibility, 142; cera a Mes of Applied Anatomy and Physiology of the Peripheral doses Nerves, 143; Experimental Section of Posterior Nerve Roots, 144; Relation ay Sip ome of Locomotor Ataxia, 147; Injury to Postecior ent Ganglia, 147; Injury to Posterior Rami of aal Nerves, 147; Injury to Anterior Rami of Spinal Nerves, 147; Incomplete ION of Nerves, 148; Complete Section of a Peripheral Nerve, 148; Effect of Cord Lesions Involving Sensory Tracts, 149; Lesions of Medial Lemniscus, 150;

PAGE

99 99

LiT

T9

CONTENTS

Lesion of Sensory Neuron for Pain, Heat and Cold, 151; Third Sensory Neuron. Lesions of the Thalamus, 152; Lesions of the Fourth Sensory Neuron (Thalamocortical Neuron) and Lesion of the Sensory Cortex, 153; Upper Afferent Neurons for Visceral Sense, 154.

Sensory Loss IN Lesions or CRANIAL NERVES .

Vagus and Glossopharyngeal, 154; Chorda Ty new. 156; SUME Nerve, 156; Optie Nerve and Tracts, 158; Olfactory Noe. 162.

VESTIBULAR APPARATUS AND THE CEREBELLUM, THEIR CONNECTIONS AND FUNCTIONS

CEREBELLAR PATHS .

AFFERENT TRACTS TO THE INFERIOR OLIVE .

CEREBELLAR PHYSIOLOGY

THE CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA .

THE EXTRAPYRAMIDAL Motor MECHANISM Corpora Striata, Nucleus Hypothalamicus, GT NN 171.

FIBRÆ PROPRIÆ OF THE CORD AND BRAIN STEM .

ASSOCIATION AREAS AND ASSOCIATION AND COMMISSURAL FIBERS OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE