My life and experiences among our hostile Indians; a record of personal observations, adventures, and campaigns among the Indians of the great West, with some account of their life, habits, traits, religion, ceremonies, dress, savage instincts, and customs in peace and war

Front matter

university of

Connecticut

My life and experiences among our

Chapter I. My Boyhood And Early Home — School And College

DAYS — APPOINTED AS A CADET TO WEST POINT

MILITARY ACADEMY.

Looking Backward — Recollections of my Parents — Grandfather's Chimney Corner — The Old Home in Maine — Listening to Grandfather's Indian Tales — My Father's Death — Working as Man-of-all-Work for my Board — Attending the Village School — Entering Bowdoin College — Appointed as a Cadet to West Point — A Momentous Step — Going Forth into the World — Arrival at West Point — Warned to Dispense with my Silk Hat and Cane — " Stand Straight, Sir ! " — Reminiscences of West Point, . . .39

Chapter II. Chasing Indians Through The Everglades Of Florida

— INDIAN FIGHTERS WHO AFTERWARDS BECAME GREAT

MILITARY LEADERS IN THE CIVIL WAR.

The Story of Major Dade — Indian Campaigns in Florida — General Sherman's Early Indian Experiences — In the Heart of the Everglades — A Sudden and Unexpected Attack — Massacre of Major Dade and His Command — Viewing the Slain and Mutilated Bodies of Our Troops — Defeat and Flight of the Indians — My First Meeting with General George H. Thomas — Some of His Early Indian Experiences — His Own Account of a " Scout " against the Apaches — Pulling Arrows out of His Own Flesh — His Unwavering Loyalty to the Union, 59

Chapter III. Geaduating From West Point — My Marriage — First

CALL TO ACTIVE DUTY — BREAKING UP OUR

HOUSEHOLD.

My Graduation from West Point — A Memorable Year — My Marriage

— Settling our Home — First Sudden Call to Duty — The Consternation it Occasioned — Scattering of the Family — Ordered to Florida — A Renowned Indian Fighter — The Seminoles — Hiding in the Great Cypress Swamps — " Billy Bowlegs," the Chosen Seminole Leader — Raiding the Settlements — An Amusing Interpreter — Meeting Young Officers Who Were Afterwards Generals in the Civil War — Recollections of Them — A Crazy Soldier and an Unpleasant Episode — An Undignified Escape from Indians, . 73

Chapter IV

CAMPAIGNING AGAINST THE SEMINOLES — INCIDENTS AND EXPERIENCES OF MY ARMY LIFE IN FLORIDA.

Breakfasting with General Harney — " Mr. Howard, you will be my Chief of Ordnance " — Becoming Accustomed to my Surroundings

— A Pleasant Resort — Mustering Volunteers into Service — General Harney Relieved from Command — " We Haven't Lost any Indians " — Dislike of the Regulars for Indian Service — Chasing Indians from Place to Place — Seeking Peace — Ordered to Find " Billy Bowlegs " — A Journey into the Interior — New and Fresh Experiences — A Nap Better than a Toddy — Great Stature of the Seminoles — Their Physical Superiority over other Indians — Seminole Women — Making a " Good Peace," 86

Chapter V. Sketch Of My Military Career During The Civil War

— ATTITUDE OF OUR WILD INDIANS DURING

THAT PERIOD.

On Duty at West Point as Instructor in Mathematics — A Congenial Position — Thoughts of Entering the Gospel Ministry — Fall of Fort Sumter — Opening of the Civil War — Solving Some Personal Problems— I Become Colonel of a Maine Regiment — Rapid Promotion

— Active Military Service — Restless and Troublesome Indians — Condition of Affairs in the Indian Territory — Recruiting Indians for the Confederate Army — An Important Treaty — Effect of the Civil War on the Indian Question, 96

Chapter VI

GREAT UPRISING OF HOSTILE INDIANS IN THE NORTHWEST — THE TERRIBLE SIOUX MASSACRE IN MINNESOTA.

Trouble with the Indians on the Border — Uneasy Savages of the Northwest — Threatened Outbreak of the Sioux — Red Iron's Eloquent Speech — The Great Uprising — The Crafty and Notorious Chief Little Crow — A Reign of Terror, Murder, Rapine, and Pillage — Indiscriminate Slaughter of White Men, Women, and Children — • Settlers Banding Together for Defense — A Resolute White Leader — A Fearful Onslaught — Bloody Campaign Against the Sioux — Defeat of Little Crow — Trial of Five Hundred Hostile Indians — Execution of Thirty-eight of them upon One Scaffold — Where and How They Were Buried — Death of Little Crow, . . .105

Chapter VII

ASSIGNED TO DUTY AMONG THE BLOODTHIRSTY APACHES — MY ARRIVAL IN ARIZONA.

A New Field of Labor — " Grant's Peace Policy" — The Fierce and Murderous Apaches — A Roaming and Warlike Tribe — Cochise, the Notorious Apache Chief — An Elusive and Dangerous Foe — Their Sudden Descents on Scattered Settlements — Slaying Every White Man Far and Near — My Arrival at Fort Yuma — No Rain for Three Years — A Six-mule Ambulance — " Dismal Jeems " — An Extraordinary Driver — Comical Dignity of an Indian Chief — ■ Vanished Pomp and Pride — Appearance of the Yumas — Arizona Sand Storms, 120

Chapter VIII

CAMPAIGNING IN ARIZONA — JOURNEYING ACROSS THE "AL- KALI DESERT " — LIFE AMONG THE PIMAS AND MARICOPAS.

Disagreeable Effects of Alkali Dust — A Ration of Raw Onions — " Oh, Pshaw! The General Would Eat a Boiled Crow! " — A New Way of Obtaining Self-Control — Trailing the Apaches — Tales Told by " Dismal Jeems " — A Dry and Barren Country — My Pima Indian Interpreter — Civilizing Wild Indians with a Melodcon — A Man with a Remarkable History — A Queer Missionary — " Let the Parson Preach ! " — Religious Service in a Frontier Saloon — Oddly Constructed Houses — A Missionary Bride, .... 131

Chapter IX

IN AND AROUND TUCSON — INTENSE FEELING AGAINST THE INDIANS OF ARIZONA — A TRAGIC INCIDENT.

A Typical Frontier Character — A Much Armed Sheriff — A Walking Arsenal — Among the Papagoes — Indians Who Embraced the Roman Catholic Religion — A INIexican Dancing Party — An Attractive Indian Maiden — A Harmless Flirtation — Ludicrous Mistake of my Aid-de-Camp — " Good Pigs, Senorita ! " — Hospitality of an Army Post — Trying the White Man's Ways — My Mexican Half-breed Interpreter — Capable but Dirty — My Devoted Friend, Chief " Santo " — Outrageous Attack on Indians While Feasting and Dancing — Wounding Little Boys and Girls, .... 143

Chapter X

MEETING GENERAL CROOK — INDIANS PLEADING FOR THE RETURN OF THEIR CHILDREN — HOW A MO- MENTOUS QUESTION WAS DECIDED.

A Great Indian Fighter — General Crook's Attitude Toward the Indians

— Roads Infested by Hostiles — The White Flag — Hungry and Tired of Fighting — Lieutenant Ebstein's Experience — Results of Kind Ti-eatment — Dress and Ornaments of the Apaches — Endurance and Speed of Indian Runners — A Wonderful Journey on Foot

— Gathering of the Apaches — A Council Made up of Hostile Factions — Anxious Hours — Indians Present their Grievances — How I Matured my Plans — Praying for Guidance — A Wonderful Scene, 151

Chapter XI. Selecting A Delegation Of Wild Apaches To Visit

WASHINGTON — GREAT FEAR OF THE JOURNEY —

CALLING UPON THE PRESIDENT.

Close of the Great Council — A Visit from Tribe to Tribe — Midnight Visit to an Indian Camp — A Rough March — Arranging Details of the Journey to Washington — Getting the Party Together — Parting Scenes between Chiefs and their Families — First Lesson in the Use of Knives, Forks, and Spoons — Trust Begets Trust — Loud Murmurs in a Discontented Camp — First Glimpse of a Railroad — Indian Amazement and Curiosity — First Ride in the Cars — Crouching Upon the Floor in Abject Terror — Calling Upon the President — Opening their Hearts to Him, .... 163

Chapter XII. I Set Out To Find The Notorious Chief, Cochise

Great Assembly of Relatives and Friends to Meet the Returning Braves

— Chief Meguil and his Glass Eye — Some Astonished Indians — Following the White Man's Ways — Determined Efforts to Find Cochise — " Snake, General, Snake ! " — Close Call from a Rattlesnake — Meeting with " Tom Jeffords " — " He's a Bad Egg " — Agrees to Take Me to the Camp of Cochise — Starting on the Journey— A Strange and Suspicious Group — Threatened by Angry Miners — Adventure with a Desperate Prospector — Following an Apache Trail — Communicating Signs by Smoke — Arrival at Cochise's Stronghold — Meeting One of His Wives, . . . 177

Chapter XIII. Scouting For The Apache Chief, Cochise — Entering

HIS MOUNTAIN STRONGHOLD — FIRST NIGHT

IN A WILD CAMP.

Setting Out to Find Cochise — "General, Aren't You Doing Wrong?"

— Marching Under a Cloudless Sky — A Camp Without Water — An Offer of Whisky in Place of Food — A Midnight March — An Ideal Camp — Little Savage Guides — In an Apache Camp — No Word from Cochise — " Will it be Peace ? " — " He is Coming ! "

— The Apaches Prepare to Receive their Chief — Arrival of Cochise — " This is the Man " — His Appearance — A Long and Interesting Interview — Some Startling Questions — A Midnight Scare — My Retvirn Through a Dangerous Country, . . 19G

CHAPTER XIY.

MY EXPERIENCES IN A WILD APACHE CAMP —FAREWELL

TO COCHISE.

Getting Acquainted with Cochise — A Dance of Welcome — Becoming Conduct of Indian Women — Apache Mothers — Inviting Cochise to Dinner — Some Ludicrous Table Manners — Eating from my Plate and Drinking from my Cup — A Sudden and Startling Alarm

— Cochise Becomes Intoxicated, Unruly, and Violent — Disquieting Rumors — Managing Rough and Troublesome Customers — A Strange Ceremony and Weird Performance — An Embarrassing Offer — A Chief Covets my Mules — Offers to Exchange Two of His Wives for Them — Farewell to Cochise, . . . . • 212

Chapter XV

ASSIGNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF THE COLUMBIA, EMBRAC- ING ALL THE NORTHWEST — THE MODOCS AND THE MODOC WAR.

An Arduous Task — Ordered to Report to General W. T. Sherman — Assigned to the Department of the Columbia — A Field Embracing Oregon, W'ashington, Idaho, and Alaska — My Arrival at Portland, Oregon — The Modocs and their Chief, " Captain Jack " — Causes that Led to the Modoc War — Old Hostilities Revived — Attempting to Arrest the Leaders — The Modoc Strongholds in the Lava Beds

— Massacre of General Canby and of Dr. Thomas — Defeat and Capture of the Modocs — " Scar-faced Charlie " — End of the Modoc Campaign, 226

CHAPTER XYI.

THREATENED HOSTILITIES — A TRIBE THAT CAUSED TERROR TO THE WHITE PEOPLE OF THE NORTHWEST.

Twenty-five Distinct Tribes of Indians in my New Field — The Nez Perces — Their Dress and Appearance — Decoration of Their Horses

— Fondness for Bright Colors and Picturesque Attires — Fanciful Dress of the Children — The Famous Nez Perce Chief Joseph — An Indian Feud — Chief White Bird and His Band — Indian "Dreamers" and " Tooats " — A Lazy Interpreter — A Message from Chief Joseph — A Dignified Procession — A Ceremonious Call

— Clinging to Old Haunts — " We Want Nothing from You " — Efforts to Avert the War, 232

CHAPTER XYII.

MY ARRIVAL AT FORT LAPWAI — GROWING DISCONTENT AND

INSOLENCE OF THE INDIANS — FEARS OF

AN OUTBREAK.

An Important Indian Council — Happy " Medicine Men " — A Picturesque Indian Procession — A Suspicious Gathering — A Fear-inspiring Song — My Plain Talk to Chief Joseph — His Reply — " They Treat me like a Dog " — Growing Excitement — Defiant Attitude of the Hostiles — Ominous Signs — Efi'orts to Conciliate the Indians— An Immediate Uprising Threatened — A Fierce Rejoinder

— "I am the Man " — An Obstinate and Angry Indian — Thrusting a Mischiefmaker out of the Council — Averting the Crisis — A Distrusted Indian Chief, 246

CHAPTER XVIII.

AMONG THE COLUMBIA RIVER INDIANS — INCIDENTS AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCES — " CUT-MOUTH JOHN."

Up the Columbia River — Smohollie, a Pompous Indian of Important Manner — Standing on His Dignity — Treating Him with Indifference — Changing His Mind — Sending for an Interpreter — Renegade Indians — Wild and Fierce to the Last — The " Skookum- House " — An Insubordinate Old Chief — United Against the Whites

— An Odd Character — A Sea-sick and Disgusted Indian — " Cut- Mouth John " — How He Acquired His Name — Introducing Himself to Me — His Dirty and Comical Uniform — A Ludicrous Spectacle— Trying to be a White Man 258

CHAPTER XIX.

BIDDING ADIEU TO MY FAMILY FOR WHAT PROVES TO BE A

LONG ABSENCE — ON THE VERGE OF A BLOODY

INDIAN WAR.

Chief Joseph's Bad Conduct — Robbing a Missionary's House — Miraculous escape from Bloody Hands — Resting in Comfort, Peace, and Hope — My Fourteen " Commanding Officers " — An Old Comrade of the Civil W^ar — Chief Joseph's Unconverted Heart — Guarding Against Indian Treachery — Release of Old Skemiah from the " Skookum-house " — His Grievances and Plea to go Back to the Reservation — Bidding Adieu to my Family — It Proves to be a Long One — On the Verge of a Bloody War, .... 267

CHAPTER XX.

OPENING OF HOSTILITIES — BATTLES OF WHITE BIRD CAN- YON AND THE CLEAR WATER.

A Disquieting Message — Starting for the Front — Rendezvous of Chief Joseph and the Hostiles — Discovering the Indian Camp — Guarding Against Surprise — Murdering a Husband in the Presence of His Wife — Women and Children at the Mercy of Savages — Indescribable Brutalities — The Battle of White Bird Canyon — Slaughter of the Troops — Death of Lieutenant Theller — Defeated by the Indians ^- Burial of Our Slain Comrades — A Forced March

— An Indian Ambuscade — Battle of the Clear Water — Flight of the Indians — Preparation for a Long Chase, .... 277

CHAPTEE XXI.

PURSUIT AND DEFEAT OF THE INDIANS — SURRENDER OF CHIEF JOSEPH.

Marching through a Rough Country — Word from General Gibbon — An Experienced Scout and Frontiersman — The Fleeing Indians Turn Back Upon Me — A Vicious Night Attack — Half-breed Bucking Ponies — Arrival in the National Park — Murdering a Party of Visitors — Lost in the Forest — " The Howard Road " — Unwearied and Relentless Pursuit of the Indians — An Adroit Indian Chief — Running the Gauntlet — The Surrender, 290

CHAPTER XXII.

STARTING FOR ALASl^A — EXPERIENCES WITH ALASKAN CHIEFS AND TRIBES.

Reservation Indians of Puget Sound — Evil Results of Dissolute White Men Mingling with Indians — Indians as Coal Miners — Wonderfully Picturesque and Varied Scenery — Arrival at Fort Wrangel — Some Dejected Indians — Listening to their Grievances — Influence of Strong Drink — Presenting a Tribe with the Dead Body of their Chief — A Dance of Satisfaction — A Pantomime Show — Begging for a Teacher — Hideously-painted Faces - — Sitka Indian Chiefs — Extreme Poverty and Vicious Indulgence — Brief Sketch of Colonel Guy Howard's Career, ...... 301

CHAPTER XXIII.

OUR JOURNEY TO ALASlvA CONTINUED —A VISIT TO THE

CHILCATS, THE SUMDUMS, AND OTHER

PACIFIC COAST TRIBES.

Pacific Coast Indians — Their Domestic Life — A Patient Indian Sufferer — A Contrary Old Woman — " Sitka Jack " — Among the Chilcats — A Faithful Watcher — Home of the Sumdums — Icebergs, Glaciers, and Picturesque Sceneiy — Celebrating the Battle of Bunker Hill — Describing the Battlefield of Gettysburg — Homeward Bound — A Methodist Missionary's Home — Religious Service in an Indian Village — How it was Conducted — Publishing Mar- - riage Banns — Extraordinaiy Changes in Indian Life — A Skeptical Officer — Ascending the Columbia River^ 310

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE STORY OF MARCUS WHITMAN — THRILLING ACCOUNT OF HIS PERILOUS OVERLAND JOURNEY.

The Story of Doctor Whitman's Life — The Remarkable Journey of Four Flathead Indians — The Quest for " The White Man's Book of Life " — A Brave Methodist Pioneer — Open Hostilities of the Great Fur Companies — Starting on a Perilous Journey — His Return and Marriage — Organizing Another Expedition — Dangerous Journey for Brides — Toils and Privations of Frontier Missionary Life — Instigating a Massacre — An " Indiscreet Conversation " — Whitman's Remarkable Journey to Washington — Unspeakable Hardships — Mutterings of the Coming Storm, . . . .321

CHAPTER XXV.

A FRONTIER TRAGEDY — THE COLD-BLOODED MASSACRE OF MARCUS WHITMAN AND HIS FAMILY.

Scene of the Brutal Massacre — Unsuspecting Settlers Engaged in Peaceful Avocations — Hovering and Watchful Indians — Sudden Appearance of Indians at an Open Door — Dr. Whitman Asked to Come into the Kitchen — The Deadly Tomahawk — Fighting for Life — Ghastly Scenes — "Oh, the Indians! the Indians! " — The Infamous Murderer " .Joe Lewis " — Death of Dr. Whitman — Heroic Efforts of His Wife to Save His Life — Discovering the Hidden Children — Dreadful and Heartrendinng Scenes — " We Will Now Bum ! " — Assassination of Mrs. Whitman — Desperate Struggles for Life — Escape of the Few Survivors, 337

CHAPTER XXVI.

CAMPAIGNING ON THE UPPER COLUMBIA — EXPERIENCES

WITH MOSES, WAR-CHIEF OF THE SPOKANES —

HIS OWN NARRATIVE.

Moses, the War-Chief of the Spokanes — His Personal Appearance — A Diplomatic Indian — Some Hostile Threats — Fears of an Outbreak — My Letter to Chief Moses — His Reply — The Gathering War Clouds — Efforts to Pacify Moses — Starting for His Camp — Moses and Sixty Painted Warriors Advance to Meet Me — Hunting for the Murderers of the Perkins Family — Arrest of Moses and His Imprisonment — The Story of His Experiences Narrated by Himself — " Our Hearts are One," 346

CHAPTER XXYII.

ADVENTURES AMONG THE BANNOCKS — A MIDNIGHT WAR DANCE AND ITS SEQUENCE.

The Bannocks — Their Good Mounts and Equipment — A Shocking Incident — My Bannock Scouts — Mysterious Disappearance of Twenty Horses — How I Made the Indians Recover Them — A Distrusted Chief — An Exciting Midnight Scene — War-Dance of the Bannocks

— An Uneasy Night in Camp — Demanding Permission to Kill Three of My Scouts — Getting the Best of the Bannocks — Execution of an Indian — Surrounding the Indians — Fair Promises but Hollow Hearts — Plans for Revenge — An Old Indian Legend — Looking Forward to a Resurrection, 365

CHAPTER XXYIII.

PREPARATIONS FOR ANOTHER CAMPAIGN — OPENING OF THE PI-UTE AND BANNOCK WAR.

The Noted Pi-Ute Chief Egan — An Indian Princess and Her Interesting History — An Anxious Night in Camp — Some Wakeful Hours — Fresh Troubles with the Bannocks — The Discontented Pi-Utes — The Promised Resurrection of Indians — Anticipating an Outbreak

— The Lava Beds of the Modocs — A Desolate and Sterile Region

— An Ideal Place for Ambush — Preparations for Another Campaign — Constant Murders and Outrages — Weakening an Indian's Courage — Terrified and Fleeing Settlers — The Wary Chief Buffalo Horn — An Indian Woman's Loyal Service, . . . .377

CHAPTER XXIX.

IN ACTIVE FIELD SERVICE AGAIN — SARAH WINNEMUCCA'S

REMARKABLE RIDE — NEARING THE INDIAN

STRONGHOLD.

Planning the Campaign — Active Field Service — Sarah Winnemucca's Ride — The Story She Brought — Fresh From the Hostile Camp — Incidents of Sarah's Remarkable Journey — Scenes Along a Bloody Trail — " Who Are You ? " — Climbing Steep and Rocky Mountains on Hands and Knees — "Oh, Sarah, You Have Come to Save Us ! " — An Old Indian Chief's Advice — Escaping from the Hostile Camp — Followed by the Bannocks — Some Brave Women and their Escort — A Strong Force of Indian Warriors, . . . 389

CHAPTER XXX.

INCIDENTS AND HARDSHIPS OF AN INDIAN CAMPAIGN — THE

BATTLE OF BIRCH CREEK — FLIGHT OF THE

INDIANS.

A Chosen Indian Leader — Panic in an Indian Camp — Indian Women for Guides — Alarming Rumors — The Battle of Curry Creek — Camp of the Renegades — An Innocent-looking Log — Pulling an Old Indian Squaw Out of It — Pursuing the Indians — Picking up a White Man's Scalp — A Couple of Unreliable Guides — A Steep Descent of Four Miles — Finding a Column of Pack-mules — A Word of Warning — Locating the Indians — Getting Ready for Battle — How a Soldier Feels Before a Battle — Indians Abandon Their Stronghold — " Come on, You White Dogs ! " . . .398

CHAPTER XXXI.

A LONG AND EXCITING CHASE — THE ENGAGEMENTS THAT

FOLLOWED — THRILLING INCIDENTS OF

THE CAMPAIGN.

Stumbling Upon Fresh Indian Trails — Catching Up With the Hostiles

— " See the Enemy ! " — Indian Tactics in Battle — A Brutal Cayuse Chief — The Murder of Chief Egan and His Companions — Searching for Indian Hiding-places — Six Hundred Indian Prisoners — Charging the Indians Across a River — Murder of a Nez Perce Scout — A Remarkable Death Scene — Surprising a Crowd of Indians — Breaking up Indian Camps — A Burly White Ruffian

— Efforts to Provoke a Quarrel W^ith Me — Sarah Winnemucca's Criticisms — Death of Mattie, 407

CHAPTER XXXII.

AMONG THE SHEEP-EATERS— CAMPAIGNING IN "THE LAND OF THE SEVEN DEVILS."

A Visionary Old Dreamer — Some Alarming Reports — Getting Ready to Take the Warpath — A Select Company of Indian Scouts and Sharpshooters — Campaigning in a Fearfully Rough Country — Pursuing a Band of Marauding Horse-thieves — Defeat of Our Troops — Five Days of Terrific Forced Marches — Stumbling Upon an Indian Ambuscade — Completely Surrounded by Indians — Setting Fire to the Grass and Timber — Heroic Efforts of the Troops to Extricate Themselves — A Bannock Spy Who Played Me False — Teaching Captive Indians — Escape of the Bannock Spy, , .421 3

CHAPTER XXXIII.

AMONG THE SPOKANES — I AM WELCOMED BY QHIEF LOT — INSTANCES OF INDIAN GRATITUDE.

The Spokanes — A Filibustering Indian — Chief Lot — Preparations for a Wedding — An Indian Bride — Listening to Indian Songs — Trying to Build "a Bona-fide White Man's House " — A Queer Piece of Architecture — Religious Service With the Spokanes — Indian Confessions — Shedding Tears of Contrition — A Dissenting Old Indian Woman — " Sit Down, My Girl, Sit Down ! " — Chief Lot's Confession — My Indian Escort — Unexpected Appearance of Lot — His Journey of Five Hundred Miles to Bid Me Good-bye — "You Must Not Go! " 434

CHAPTER XXXiy.

PERSONAL EXPERIENCES AMONG THE CROWS — SECRET HELPERS OF OUR FOES.

The Crow Reservation — An Ingenious Plot — Meeting a Delegation of Mounted Crows — Fraternizing with Our Indian Scouts — A Crow Escort — A Tribe of Thieves — Finding Bodies of White Men — Marriage Customs of the Crows — Their Dress and Personal Appearance — Religious Belief — Looking Forward to a Coming Messiah — Settlers' Opinion of the Crows — " Thieves, Marauders, and Murderers " — Justly Entitled to Their Reputation — Bad Feeling Between the Sioux and Crows — A Nomadic Tribe — Full of War and Revenge — Incidents of Life Among the Crows — A Reign of Terror — Driving Them from Their Reservation, . . . 443

CHAPTER XXXV.

LIFE AMONG THE FLATHEADS — THEIR PECULIARITIES AND CUSTOMS — OUR INDIAN RESERVATION METHODS.

Plea of Chief Carlos — On the Lolo Trail — Friendly Emissaries and Good Spies — A Diplomatic Tribe — My Two Flathead Messengers

— How They Were Dressed — Method of Flattening the Head — Efforts to Have the Practice Discontinued — A Tribal Peculiarity

— How the Flatheads Lived — Their Homes in the Bitter Root Valley — Generally Friendly to the Whites — Old Indian Trails — A Drunken and Terror-inspiring Indian — Settlers' Dread of Indian War — Work Preferable to Starvation — Eagerness to Adopt the White Man's Ways, . 448

CHAPTER XXXVI.

LIFE AND EXPERIENCES AMONG THE WARLIKE SIOUX — SOME DANGEROUS CHARACTERS.

My New Field of Duty — The Fierce and Warlike Sioux — Some of Their Influential Chiefs — Interviewing the Brules — Indian Police

— Fine Physical Specimens of Indians — The Wife of Lone Wolf

— Honoring My Arrival at the Rosebud Agency — Attending the Omaha Dance — A Characteristic Indian Performance — Getting Ready for the Sun Dance — The Country Inhabited by the Sioux

— In the Bad Lands — How the Sioux were Fed and Clothed — Their Delight in War and Pillage — The Mischief -making Dreamers

— Dangerous Character of Sitting Bull, 457 '

CHAPTER XXXVII.

THE MESSIAH CRAZE AMONG THE SIOUX — INDIAN DREAMERS AND THE GHOST DANCE — FRONTIER TRAGEDIES.

The Messiah Craze — The Real Message and How it Originated — Urged to Wild Frenzy by the Dreamers — " We Will Always be Indians " — White Men's Broken Promises — Bad Influence of Land Boomers and Speculators — "Indians are Coming!" — How Indian Wars Were Often Started — Causes of the Great Sioux Outbreak — Big Foot's Band of Warriors — The Battle of Wovmded Knee Creek — Indiscriminate Slaughter of Indians — Death of Lieutenant Casey — The Horrors of Indian War — Another Side of the Story — Murder of Few Tails, 467

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

IN THE COUNTRY OF THE CHEYENNES — MASSACRE OF CUSTER AND HIS COMMAND — A FRONTIER TRAGEDY.

The Fierce and Warlike Cheyennes — Chief Black Kettle — Brutal Massacre of Southern Cheyennes by White Troops — Retaliating on White Settlers — The Notorious Chief Sitting Bull — Dull Knife, the Cheyenne Chief — The Cheyennes and Sioux Join Forces — Annihilation of General Custer and His Command — A Tragedy that Shocked the Civilized World — General Terry's Account of the Battle — A Desperate and Bloody Fight — Horny Horse's Story of the Battle — Narrative of Chief Red Horse — Chief High Wolfe and His Necklace of Human Fingers — Appearance of Custer's Battlefield— Mutilating the Dead Bodies of Soldiers, . . . 487

CHAPTER XXXIX.

GENERAL MACKENZIE'S FIGHT WITH THE NORTHERN CHEY-

ENNES — A NIGHT ATTACK ON AN INDIAN CAMP —

A STORY OF TERRIBLE SUFFERING.

" The Bravest Tribe of Indians on this Continent " — Crazy Horse and His Band of Sioux — Dull Knife and His Fierce Cheyennes — Indian Scouts and Allies — Searching for Camps of Hostile Indians — Sitting Bear and His White Flag — MacKenzie's Search for the Cheyenne Village — Campaigning with the Thermometer Thirty Degrees Below Zero — Night Attack on the Unsuspecting Cheyennes

— Death of Lieutenant McKinney — Relics of the Custer Massacre

— Unparalleled SuflFerings of the Indians — Women and Children Frozen to Death — End of a Bitter War, . . . .510

CHAPTER XL.

SQUAW MEN — HOME LIFE OF WHITE MEN WHO HAVE MAR- RIED INDIAN WOMEN — INCIDENTS.

White Men Who Marry Indian Women — Results of Intermarrying with Indians — Effect of Such Marriages upon Indian Women — An Indian Wife's Efforts to Please Her White Husband — The Squaw Man's Loss of Self-respect — A Shipload of Marriageable White Teachers — Story of an ex-Governor Who Married an Indian Woman — A Cultured Frenchman and His Indian Wife — A Squaw Man's Children — Proud of Their Indian Blood — Indian Half-Breeds — Story of a Government Official Who Married an Indian Women — Living the Life of a Squaw Man, . . . 524

CHAPTER XLI.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AMERICAN INDIANS — THE SIGN LAN- GUAGE — CEREMONIAL DANCES — A NECKLACE OF HUilAN FINGERS.

The Sign Language — Its Origin — How Indians of Different Tribes Converse with Each Other — Curious Methods of Communication — Ceremonial Dances — The Scalp Dance — A Secret Performance

— Elaborate Preparations for the Dance — Wands with Dangling Scalps — A Weird Performance — Frenzied Condition of the Dancers

— Nervous Excitement of Spectators — Medicine Bags and Totems

— A Necklace of Human Fingers — Captain Bourke's Story of its Capture — A Buckskin Bag filled with the Right Hands of Papooses — Gruesome Ornaments made of Human Bones, , . 534

CHAPTER XLII.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AMERICAN INDIANS, CONTINUED —

THEIR STOLIDITY, SECRETIVENESS, AND HUMOR

— INDIAN SPIES — CURIOUS STORY

TOLD BY A KIOWA.

How Indians Conceal their '•Real Feelings and Intentions — Thievery as a Profession — Attempt of »atanta, a Kiowa Chief, to Kill General Sherman — His Narrow Escape from Death — Satanta's Fate — The Instinct of Revenge — Expertness of Indian Spies — Surpassing the Feats of White Men — Indian Sense of Humor — Laughing at the Queer Looks and Ways of White Men — Making Merry over Whiskers — Bald Heads Versus " Forked Tongues " — Story of the Giant Sinti and the Prairie Dogs — A Good Specimen of Indian Fiction — Boisterous Hilarity of Indians — The Spirit of Gambling — Barbarous Crvielty When Intoxicated, . 549

CHAPTER XLIII.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AMERICAN INDIANS, CONTINUED — ORATORS AND ORATORY — EXPERT HORSEMAN- SHIP—SURPRISES AND AMBUSCADES — FUTURE OF OUR INDIANS.

An Indian Council Attended by the President of the United States — Characteristic Indian Oratory — Indian Gestures — Peculiarities of tlieir Sijeeches — Indian Horses and Horsemanship — Method of Breaking and Training Colts — Severe Cruelty to Animals — " Bucking " Ponies — A Lesson Learned from the Indians — Indian and White Riders Compared — Organizing an Attack on a Wagon Train — Averting a Threatened Disaster — Curious Way of " Trying to Please Me " — Looking Back to Early Days — Retrospection — Looking Forward to the Future with Hope and Confidence, ........... 561

AMONG OUR HOSTILE INDIANS.

MY LIFE AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCES AMONG OUR HOSTILE INDIANS.