A manual on lime and cement : their treatment and use in construction

Front matter

W-% M/\NUAL

OF

IME AND CEMENT

Preface

A REVIEW of a book on Portland Cement ended with these words : The latest information on a dry and dusty subject." The adjectives may seem somewhat disparaging of the subject, yet the writer was evidently a man of far wiser discernment than to intend giving encouragement to aspiring souls who consider such information as insignificant detail, not worthy of serious attention. Those engaged in constructive work can hardly fail to recognise the importance of a thorough knowledge of cementing materials : it needs no proof, and may be briefly summed in the paraphrase, " No good cement, no good building."

The present book is an endeavour to present to its readers a useful manual, derived from the principal vi

PREFACE.

authorities, on the subject of limes and cements, and it is hoped that they may not find in it much that will have to be un-learned. The pages are purposely not cumbered with footnotes or with more references than seem to be needed. The improvement of the book will not be neglected.

The author is greatly indebted to a colleague. Dr. F. E. Matthews, F.I.C, for his kind assistance in revising the chemical portions, for important suggestions, and for his careful supervision of the proof sheets ; to Prof. McLeod, F.R.S., and to others, for valuable information and suggestions.

A. H. HEATH.

The Royal Indian Engineering College, Cooper's Hill.

Chapter 1

Definition of lime and cement— Rocks furnishing lime — Slaking of lime — Use of mortar— Properties of pure lime mortar and of hydraulic lime mortar — Substances conferring the property of hydraulicity on pure limes — ^Pozzolana — Trass — Santorin earth — Volcanic ash of the Vivarais district — Aden — Catania — Influence on pure lime of soluble silica— Tests for hydraulicity— Sale of lime and sand ..

CHAPTER n.

Lim.estones used for production of lime — The upper, the gray, and the lower chalk beds — Chalk marl — The oolitic limestones — The lias limestones — The magnesian limestones — The carboniferous limestones — Gypsum — Selenitic lime — The calcination of limestone — Blast furnace slag cement ; its manufacture and use — Chaux de Teil — Ciment Grapier — Chalk and lias limes in France — Roman cement — Keene's and Martin's cement — Parian cement — Lime, &c., in India — Use of surkhi —Volcanic ash from Aden — Molasses — Sugar syrup viii

CONTENTS.

Chapter III

Portland cement — Definition — Analysis of average sample — Locality of cement works — Analysis of chalks — of clays — Proportions of chalk and clay — Analysis of clay, slurry, and cement — Process of manufacture of cement — Reduction of chalk and clay to liquid mud — Drying and calcining the mud — Temperature of calcination, and its products — Ransome*s kiln — Stokes' continuous calcination process — The Dietsch kiln — The phenomena of burning Portland cement — Influence of acid lining of kiln — Influence of temperature — Unloading the kiln and selection of the clinker — Grinding of clinker — Storage of cement powder — Packing of cement for delivery — French burr millstones — High temperature of ground powder — Edge runner and roller grinding mills— Appearance of calcined clinker — Periodical testing of liquid mud — Methods of testing — Proportion of ingredients of Portland cement— Magnesia in cement — Detection of magnesia in cement — Influence of soluble silica in Portland cement — Of alumina — Proportions of silica and of alumina in Portland cement — Chemical changes in the setting of Portland cement — Notes on treatment on some set cements-— Uses of Portland cement

Chapter IV

Tests for Portland cement — Aeration — Storage — Selection, of samples for testing — -Mixing of cement mortar — Moulding of briquettes for testing — Shape of briquettes — Immersion of briquettes — Testing of briquettes — Test loads — Unwin's formula for ascertaining approximate tensile resistance — Standard sand — Periodical slurry tests — Statement of average composition — Objection to test of mortar briquettes — Hot-water bath — Deval system of hot-water immersion — Test loads for briquettes subjected to hot-water bath — Test for fineness of grinding — Sieves used — French and German sieves — Thickness of wire — Specific gravity or density test — German tests — A French specification — American practice in cement testing

CONTENTS.

ix

— Simple tests without use of tensile stress machine — Adhesion test — Mann's adhesion test and machine — Stevenson's transverse bending test — Test of pats of cement in hot water — Contraction test — Expansion test — Prussian test for constancy of volume — Adulteration of cement — Acceptance and storage of cement — Rejection and removal of cement 79

Chapter V

Consideration of tests of Portland cement — Weight and fineness of grinding — Examination of Portland cement mortar under a microscope — Testing by tensile stress — Ratio between tensile and compressive resistance — Objection to use of sandmortar test briquettes — Density test— Diminution of density with age — Schumann's method — Chemical analysis : its value and capability — Influence of silica and alumina — Quick-setting Portland cement — Needle test for setting — Vicat's needle test — German needle test — The re-burning of damaged cement.. 105

Chapter VI

Lime and cement mortar — Ingredients of mortar — The mixing of mortar — Proportion of water— Of sand — Reasons for the use of sand — Quality of sand — Various natural sands — Artificial sands — Effect of lime on grains of sands — Granulated slag — Crushed cinder — Proportion of sand used — Quantity of water — Grouting — Larrying — Blue lias lime mortar — Mortar-mixing by hand — By machine — Edge runner mills — Grinding the sand — The lime — Any siliceous addition — French mixing cylinder — Strength of lime mortar — Use of cement mortar — Use of loamy and of fine sand — Addition of sugar syrup — Proportions of sand and water — Mortar in sea- water — Impermeable mortar — Mortar-mixing in time of frost — Plastering — Cement facing and pointing of joints — Cement and lime mixed mortar — Strength of cement mortar — Adhesion of cement mortar .. 116

b

CONTENTS.

Chapter VII. Page

Concrete — Stones, sand, and cement — Volume of interstices — Dense and open textured concrete — Proportion of sand to be separately specified — quality and sizes of stones used — River and pit ballast — Broken bricks, &c. — Burnt clay, &c. — Preparation of granulated slag — Mixing of concrete — Hand mixing — Measuring ingredients — Mixing gang — Proportion of ingredients — Quantity of water used — Thin walls of concrete for houses, &c. — Poor concrete for pockets — Concrete for a bridge — For sewers, culverts, &c. — Watertight coating to poor concrete — Effect of age on Portland cement concrete — Machine mixing of concrete — Stoney*s — Carey and Latham's — Lee and Co.'s — Messent's mixers — Other mixers — Coignet's mixer — Beton Coignet — Blue lias lime concrete in sea water — Liability to expand — General proportions 139

Chapter VIII

Cement concrete in sea-water — An instance of deterioration — Proportions of concrete — Quality of cement used — Correct proportion of concrete — Analysis of sea- water — Action of water on lime compounds — Action of water and of lime compounds on concrete — Action of sulphates, magnesium salts, &c. — Action of sea-water percolating through concrete — Theoretical composition of indurated Portland cement — Precautions in using Portland cement concrete in sea-water — Concrete tank for ammoniacal liquor — Watertight coating to concrete — Plastic concrete — Use of sea- water — Remedial measures for decaying concrete — Deposition of concrete — Resistance of concrete to transverse bending — Tipping of concrete— Thickness of layers — Packing and ramming of layers — Uniformity of construction — Incorporation of layers — temporary gaps in concrete — Scum on surface of concrete — Contraction and expansion of concrete — Concrete paving — Concrete walling, plastering and facing — Open joints in concrete retaining walls and in paving — Concrete walling for houses,

CONTENTS. xi

PAGE

for arches and for floors — Strength of concrete — Deposition of concrete in water through a tube, in a skip, in monolithic work or in moulded blocks, and in bags — Concrete in framework — Concrete blocks and block setting cranes — Concrete hollow cylinders, their use and method of sinking — Weight of concrete— Effective weight in water — Cavities in deposited concrete exposed to waves — Useful memoranda i66

Appendix

I. Manufacture of kankar lime — Nature of kankar deposit — Kilns for burning — Fuel used — Description of kilns, air flues, &c. — Charging the kiln — Proportions of fuel and kankar — Duration of burning — Grinding the calcined lime — Deterioration of ground lime — Admixture of surkhi — Quality of surkhi — Use of kankar lime under water — Kankar lime concrete 189

II. Test to ascertain amount of lime in a limestone — Apparatus required — Method of testing — Formula to ascertain weight of carbonic acid — Table of pressure of aqueous vapour .. 199

INDEX 205

DIAGRAM SHOWING construction of Kankar Lime Kilns,

LIME AND CEMENT.

Chapter I. Definition; Pure Limes; Fozzolana, Etc

1. Lime, used as a cementing material for constructive purposes, is obtained from natural limestone, to which in some cases is added a siliceous, or silicoaluminous, substance.

The term "lime" is generally used to denote limestone material possessing cementing properties to a moderate degree only, while " cement " is reserved for the most energetic and strongest cementing substances ; CO and in the limestone materials the difference is mainly one of degree and not of kind.

2. The rocks utilised for the production of cement- ^ ing limes are mainly composed of calcium carbonate ^ (carbonate of lime, CaCOs), or of carbonate of lime rH and silicate of alumina ; in some instances a proportion of magnesia is present in combination. The use of these magnesian limestones is generally confined to the locality where they are abundantly found, and where better limes cannot be easily procured.

B

LIxME AND CEMENT.

3. The lime cementing material is prepared by subjecting the natural limestone, in lumps of convenient size, to the action of heat until it is calcined, carbon dioxide (CO2) being driven off, as well as all combined moisture. The resultant calcium oxide (lime) is reduced to a fine powder, and is mixed with water to form a stiff paste, which is placed between the surfaces to be cemented together. Calcination causes a loss of weight which may amount to nearly one-half that of the raw stone. The loss of carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) from a pure limestone (CaCOa) is 44 per cent. ; and that from a magnesian limestone may be still larger. Calcined lime for building purposes can be purchased either in the lump or in a powdered state, and is called quick or caustic lime. Pure calcium oxide has the peculiar property of slaking ; when lumps of it are sprinkled with water, combination takes place readily, the lime swells to nearly double its former bulk (in the ratio of 27 to 47), and the chemical action is so intense that a considerable amount of heat is developed, and steam will be generated. The lumps of lime then fall almost instantaneously into a fine powder called slaked lime (CaO, H2O). A cubic foot of ordinary building lime in lumps will make about cubic foot of slaked lime powder. This fine powder is quite dry, if the proper proportion only of water has been added, about ^ by weight, or as 18 to 56. Slaking is a rapid chemical combination of calcium oxide and water, forming a hydrated oxide, or calcium hydrate, from which the water can be separated only at a red heat.

4. This property of slaking is most marked with the

PURE LIME.

purer calcium oxide. When silicate of aluminium (clay) is present in small quantity, the action is less intense and slower ; it decreases with the increase of the silicate^ until a proportion is reached at which the slaking may, for all practical purposes, be said to cease. Such aluminous limestones, after calcination, must be reduced to a powder by artificial means, such as grinding between millstones, or by crushing.

5. The powdered lime is used as an adhesive and cohesive body by mixing it with just as much water as will yield a stiff paste ; this paste is inserted between the surfaces of the two bodies to be cemented together, completely filling the space, and is then left undisturbed to harden into a substance resembling a limestone. When a good cementing lime has set, and hardened, the coherence between the particles of lime, and their adherence to the surfaces of the two bodies, should be so complete that, in breaking the united mass, the line of fracture should pass indifferently through cementing substance and cemented body.

Pure Lime.

6. The chemical change occurring during the process of hardening of pure lime is mainly due to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. When this absorption takes place in the presence of moisture, the conversion of the hydrate into a carbonate is accompanied by a crystallisation, the crystals adhere closely to one another and to any rough surface with which they are in contact. This

B 2

LIME AND CEMENT.

is the setting, and induration, of the pure lime mortar.

In pure limes the process of conversion is slow, especially when the area of surface of the lime paste, exposed to the direct action of the air, is small compared with the bulk ; and, when the surface is converted, the carbonate forms a coating which hinders the ingress of air to the interior of the mass. Hence in a large mass of materials cemented together with pure lime, the hardening of the central portion may be delayed for a long period, if not entirely stopped. The thickness of the film of carbonate formed on an exposed surface may be from J to J of an inch in the first year, and the increase lessens in each succeeding year.

Moreover, the crystalline form of pure calcium carbonate is soluble in water containing carbonic acid, and consequently will be gradually washed away if exposed to rain. Hence these pure limes are fit for use only in the form of thin coatings to rough surfaces of solid structures, having a maximum of surface exposed to the air, and at the same time under protection from the weather.

The purest natural limestones contain some insoluble silicates of iron and alumina, varying in quantity from I to 6 per cent Less pure limestones may contain from 15 to 30 per cent, of similar impurities, and are materially affected thereby ; they slake more slowly, and with less intense chemical action, the increase in bulk and the heat generated are less than are found with pure limes.

7. Some natural limestones contain a sensible pro-

HYDRAULIC LIME.

portion of clayey matter (silicate of alumina). When \ such a limestone is calcined, reduced to powder either by slaking or by grinding, and used as a cement, it is found to be independent of direct contact with the air for the development of the property of hardening, and, moreover, the indurated body is insoluble in water. Clay is a hydrated aluminium silicate, and when calcined together with calcium carbonate, there is formed calcium silicate and calcium aluminate. This compound body, ground to a fine powder, and moistened with water, becomes hydrated; and, slowly re-arranging its particles, becomes a compact indurated insoluble mass, quite independently of atmospheric agency. These limes therefore are well suited for use as cementing bodies for all constructive purposes ; and when the aluminium silicate attains a certain percentage, the cement paste will harden readily even when submerged in still water, and will be perfectly insoluble. Such limes are termed hydraulic limes, and are of great value to the engineer.

If the aluminous limestone does not contain, or is not mixed with, sufficient clayey matter for the complete conversion, after calcination, of the caustic lime into these silicates, a certain amount of the lime will be left uncombined, which when exposed to moisture will become a soluble hydrate and be liable to be washed away. The oxide will also expand in the process of hydration, a result which may be harmful.

8. Limes containing about 8 to 12 per cent, of suitable clayey matter are termed moderately hydraulic. When water is added to the calcined lumps, they

LIME AND CEMENT.

break up to a small extent, and heat but little, the slaking is incomplete. When used as a cement the paste or mortar sets under still water after the lapse of 1 5 to 20 days, but never becomes hard. It hardens satisfactorily when used for building above ground.

Limes containing 15 to 18 per cent, of clay may be termed hydraulic. Slaking begins about an hour after the wetting of the calcined lumps, and is incomplete ; the increase in bulk is small. A cement paste sets after 6 to 8 days' immersion in still water, and finally hardens to the consistency of a soft stone.

Eminently hydraulic limes contain from 20 to 30 per cent, of clayey matter. The action of slaking in these limes is delayed, and the lumps of calcined lime do not readily crumble into powder, sometimes not at all. A mortar paste hardens on the third or fourth day of immersion in still water, and continues to harden for a long period ; after the lapse of a month it is hard enough to resist the action of running water.

9. The property of hydraulicity may be conferred on pure limes by the admixture of substances containing soluble silicates. A volcanic ash, called pozzolana, (consisting of about 50 per cent, of silicic acid, 16 of alumina, 12 of oxide of iron, 9 of lime, and small portions of other substances), added to pure lime, confers hydraulicity, and the resultant mortar may be used in engineering construction. Smeaton used Aberthaw infra-lias lime, and pozzolana shipped from Civita Vecchia, in the construction of the Eddystone lighthouse in 1756-9.

Pozzolana is found near Pozzuoli, on the west of

POZZOLANA.

Naples, at other places on the flanks of Mount Vesuvius, and probably at other ancient volcanic craters in the district between Naples and Rome ; it is a volcanic ash. It is partly powder, partly coarse grained, or like pumice stone scoriae or tufa stone, and the colour ranges from white, whitish gray, blackish gray, brown, to violet red. The best is said to be the white to blackish gray.

It is largely used in the district, and in Rome ; sometimes it is mixed with a pure lime only, sometimes the fine powder is mixed with sand in equal bulk. About 30 parts of lime are mixed with 70 parts (by volume) of pozzolana, consisting of both powder and small stones, which serve instead of sand ; the mortar is used for brickwork. The mixture of equal bulk of sand and pozzolana powder can be used for hydraulic work.

Pozzolana differs much in quality, analyses give the following range of composition : —

From

_ Average

47*7

.. 10 „ 15 ..

0 „ 4 ..

3*9

Sesquioxide of iron

.. 7 „ 29 ..

.. 10-3

7*7

.. 5 15

.. 4*2

0 „ 5 ..

2-5

.. 0 „ 9 ..

7-0

The silica in pozzolana readily gelatinises when treated with weak acid, and is in a condition to combine with caustic lime on its hydration, forming a durable silicate.

LIME AND CEMENT.

10. A similar volcanic ash is found in the Eifel district, between Bonn and Andernach, on the west bank of the Rhine, and is called " trass and another volcanic ash used in the Mediterranean is known as Santorin earth, from the cresent-shaped island of Santorin, in the Greek Archipelago, situate about 75 miles north of Crete. These substances are probably molten lava blown out of a crater, in the form of dust and small scoriae, by violent gaseous explosions. Trass is largely used in Holland in fresh-water and marine submerged engineering work ; and Santorin earth has a great reputation for conferring hydraulicity on rich limes.

Analyses of trass from Andernach give proportions as follows : —

1 ,> 7 5 „ 5

2 „ II

} 8 „ 15-5

Similar volcanic ash is stated to be procured in central France (the Vivarais district) ; also at Aden (Red Sea) ; and doubtless at many other centres of ancient and modern volcanic activity.

A summary of an investigation into the properties of the volcanic ash of the Eifel district is to be found in Proc. Inst. C.E., vol. xcix. p. 407. The results are highly favourable to the use of such ash, containing a large proportion of soluble silica, with either Portland cement, hydraulic or rich limes.

Silica Alumina .

Magnesia Iron oxide Lime ..

Potash Soda

SANTORIN EARTH. 9

lOa. It is stated that in the neighbourhood of Catania, on the east coast of Sicily, and south of Mount Etna, there are beds of clay which have been covered by deep streams of molten lava, with the result that the clay has been burnt and converted into a small red gravel, or powder. This material, mixed with a little quicklime and water, furnishes a mortar which has been used for centuries with excellent results. The buildings in Catania are stated to be constructed of stones of lava cemented together with this mortar, which is also used as an external, and internal, plaster. The lava stones are stated to be small and irregular in shape, but so excellent is the mortar that house walls are built four and six stories high of this material, which is, in fact, a lava rubble concrete. It has also been used in the construction of a harbour breakwater extending for f of a mile out to sea, the small lava rubble being moulded into large blocks liberally cemented together with the mortar. It is possible that the clay beds were originally volcanic dust ejected from Etna, or are derived from the decomposition of igneous rocks.

Santorin Earth.

II. The island of Santorin is composed of basaltic and trachytic rocks, at many places covered to a depth of 50 feet with ashes and lava. The ashes constituting Santorin earth occur in the form of a coarse, sharpgrained powder of a light ash-gray colour, with small fragments of pumice stone, obsidian, and other volcanic products.

LIME AND CEMENT.

An average analysis of the earth is stated to be —

Lime 2 to 3 per cent.

Alumina 13 „ 16 „

Oxide of iron 3 ?? 5

Magnesia i „ 2 „

Potash, soda, &c 7 „ 8 „

A comparison shows that there is more silica in the Santorin earth than in trass, or pozzolana. It is mixed with lime and sand to form a mortan

For the Mole works at Fiume the proportions used were —

Cubic contents after mixing and setting.

6 cubic feet Santorin earth 3*42

2 „ slaked lime l 2'KS

I „ sea sand )

9 cubic feet 6* 00

The Santorin earth, in setting, contracts to the extent of o*57 of its bulk, hence the difference in volumes of the ingredients before, and after, the mixing and setting. This mixture was employed in moulding blocks which were not to be submerged till 24 to 36 hours after being made. If the mortar is to be used under water when newly mixed, more lime should be added. The above mixture would form a strongly cohesive mass in from six to eight days. For walls of moderate height and width, say 6 to 9 feet, the frames may be removed in from two to four weeks. In heavier works, with walls 24 feet thick, the frames are left in position for five or six months, as the setting of the interior of such large masses proceeds slowly.

SANTORIN EARTH, ETC.

II

Sharp-edged clean broken stone is the best for beton, and the Santorin earth should be washed free from earthy particles.

12. Finely powdered burnt brick, provided that soluble silica be present (that is, the bricks have been made of a plastic greasy clay and not of a sandy clay), will also confer this property of hydraulicity on pure limes. The burnt brick, or burnt clay, must be thoroughly and uniformly burned, at least to the point of incipient vitrifaction ; and the crushing must, be carried to the finest possible state of division ; the finer the particles, the more effective is the result of the admixture. The caustic lime must also be reduced by crushing, or by thorough slaking, to a similar degree of fineness. The subject is referred to in the Appendix, on the burning of lime and making of mortar in India. A method sometimes adopted consists in mixing together chalk and a plastic greasy clay in certain proportions ; the ingredients are dried and crushed to powder, and then mixed together. Sometimes they are reduced to a moist paste by grinding together in a mill, then the mixture is calcined ; this, however, is an imperfect method of making Portland cement, which is fully dealt with later on.

13. On the Continent these expedients are still adopted to a limited extent, in Great Britain they are

Broken stone Santorin earth Slaked lime Sand

Cubic feet. 19

17-50 6-31

1-65 used at Pola, per cubic yard.

LIME AND CEMENT.

rarely used, owing to the comparative cheapness of, and the excellent results obtained from, Portland cement. In distant countries, where neither good natural limes, nor Portland cement, are to be easily procured, these mixtures of the purer limes and the various natural silicates may be used with advantage. The addition of soluble silicates to a cement, or lime, appears to be always beneficial.

Silica, when heated to bright redness in the presence of potash, soda or some alkaline salts, acquires this soluble form. The addition of alkaline soluble silicate and water probably induces a progressive reaction between the silica and the caustic lime, forming a hydrated colloidal calcium silicate (gelatinous silicate of lime), which will solidify and indurate. An interesting hypothesis is suggested by Dr. Matthews, that the alkaline constituents of a cement, or of a mixture of pozzolana, &c., and caustic lime, may play an important part in facilitating the transference of silica to the lime, and the subsequent formation of the gelatinous silicate of lime. The proportion of alkalies in pozzolana, Santorin earth, &c., is noteworthy.

The chemical action induced by the mere mechanical admixture of these silicates is probably imperfect when the process of calcining the mixture is omitted. There is always a certain amount of risk attending the use of a mechanical mixture, due to the possibility of imperfect subsequent combination ; the mixing must be perfect, and the ingredients must be in an extremely fine state of division to secure good results. In many instances it may prove to be a

TESTS FOR HYDRAULICITY.

good method to mix powdered quicklime with the silicate of alumina, or siliceous volcanic ash, and to calcine the compound. The lime then undergoes a second calcination in contact with the silicate, and the chemical combination during hydration takes place under favourable conditions.

Tests for Hydraulicity.

14. Berthiers test for hydraulicity is stated as follows : the stone is to be powdered, and then sifted through a fine silk sieve to reject coarse particles. Ten grammes of the fine dust are put into a capsule, and by degrees dilute hydrochloric acid is poured on while stirring continually with a glass or wooden rod till effervescence ceases. Evaporate the solution, by gentle heat, to a paste ; then mix with half a litre of water and filter, the clay will remain in the filter. Desiccate as perfectly as possible, and weigh. For magnesia, add lime water to some of the above solution so long as any precipitation takes place. Collect precipitate as quickly as possible on a filter, then desiccate and weigh. (See Arts. 19, 20, 55.)

A practical test is to calcine 2 or 3 cubic inches of the limestone in a crucible, crush the calcined lumps to a fine powder, make into a stiff paste with water, and mould in the hands into a ball, which is at once immersed in water. If the lime be hydraulic, the ball will harden to resist the pressure of the finger in about 24 hours, or less ; if eminently hydraulic, in an hour or two.

LIME AND CEMENT.

Sale of Lime and Sand.

1 5. In the London district chalk lime is sold by weight and by measure. About 2 cubic yards of ordinary chalk lime in lump make a ton weight ; and 16 heaped bushels in the lump make a cubic yard, and 14 heaped bushels of ground lime powder; this proportion is variable.

A measure of lump lime, a London yard, or load, of lump lime is 27 cubic feet, and contains a very little more than 21 striked bushels. A cubic foot is about 0*78 of a striked imperial bushel, and this bushel is 1-283 cubic feet. A hundred of lime is 100 pecks, or 25 bushels. The bushel measures used for lime and cements have sometimes a local value, and also a trade value ; the latter is often a given weight of the particular cement ; it is best to refer only to the imperial striked bushel.

The London yard of lump lime is from 21 to 22 striked bushels, and makes 18 striked bushels of ground lime (nine 2-bushel bags). A small surplus, for waste, is often allowed in the measure. The local Winchester striked bushel is 2105*42, or 2256, cubic inches capacity.