A manual of forestry

Preface

Dr. W. ScHLicH, C.I.E., has allowed the present book to form Volume lY. of his Manual of Forestry. For this favour I have therefore to thank him, as well as for the kind advice and assistance he has always readily afforded me during the progress of the work. This treatise on Forest Protection, the full scope of which is explained in the Introduction, is an adaptation for English readers of the well-known German Foestschutz, by Dr. Richard Hess, Professor of Forestry at the University of Giessen, in Hesse Darmstadt, to whom I am most grateful for permission to utilize his book and its illustrative plates. I have found it at times necessary to deviate from the original, especially in the chapters on Forest Offences and Rights and Forest Insects, so as to render them more serviceable for English readers. I have also, wherever practicable, exemplified the subject-matter from Britain and India, so that the book might be specially useful to British and Indian foresters.

Mr. B. H. Baden Powell, C.I.E., Instructor in Forest Law at the Royal Indian Engineering College, and late Judge of the Chief Court of the Punjab, has very kindly revised Chapters III. and IV. of Part I., which deal with Forest Offences and Rights, and has rewritten the pages on forest property and the general account of forest rights, so as to make them concordant with English law. My own knowledge of insects is too inadequate to enable me to deal properly with Part II., Chapters IV. to VIII. which treat of Forest Insects ; I have therefore submitted my translation of this portion of the Forstschutz to Mr. W. F. H. Blandford, F.Z.S., lecturer on Entomology at the Royal Indian Engineering College, and I here express my great obligation to

VI PEEFACE.

him for revising these chapters and rewriting many pages of them, so as to make them more distinctly applicable to British insects. While those portions of the work of Dr. Hess which deal with insects unknown in the British Isles have been largely abridged or entirely omitted, it has not been found possible or advisable to remodel the chapters on insects from an entirely British point of view. The scientific names of the insects referred to have been altered, wherever this was required, so as to conform with the nomenclature adopted in the best modern systematic works on British entomology.

Dr. H. Marshall Ward, F.B.S., has very kindly looked over Part III. which deals with forest weeds and fungi, in which he has made some corrections. The scientific names of the forest weeds follow Hooker's and Bentham's British Flora, 189'2, and those of the fungi, R. Hartig's Lehrbuch dee Baum- KRANKHEiTEN, being nearly all the same as those adopted by Dr. Hess.

My colleague Dr. F. E, Matthews, F.I. C, has very kindly assisted me wherever any special knowledge of chemistry was required, as in the last chapter dealing with the effects of acid fumes on trees, and also in correcting proofs of the whole book. I have to thank Mr. J. W. Sowerby, of the Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park, for information supplied regarding the effects of London smoke on the growth of trees.

Miss E. Ormerod has kindly placed at my disposal three plates (tigs. 135, 136, 137) from her "Manual of Injurious Insects; " Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.R.S., has lent me a plate (fig. 233), taken from the Gardeners' Chronicle ; and Dr. H. Marshall Ward two plates (figs. 258 and 259), taken from his Croonian lecture, and published in Vol. 47. of the Proceedings of the Royal Society.

Due reference will be found in the footnotes to the authors

whose works I have consulted.

W. R. FISHER.

Coopers Hill College, May 1st, 1895.

Section II. — Minor Produce

2. Bark

3. Turpentine, resin, and gums .

4. Leaves and branches of forest trees

5. Fruits of forest trees (collection)

(pannage)

6. Grass and herbage (gi-ass-cutting)

„ (pasture)

7. Forest litter

8. Dead branch-wood .

9. Stones, gravel, sand, &c.

10. Other produce .

11. Game and fisheries .

PAGE

Chapter III. Protection Against Birds

Section I. — General Account . .

,, II.— Capercaillie, Grouse and Pheasants ,, III. — Pigeons and Doves .... „ IV. — Jays and Nutcrackers ,, v. — Finches and other Small Birds

VI. — Woodpeckers

84 86 95 96 97 99 99 101

102 103 107 108 109

120 121 122 12-3 124 126

X

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Chapter IV. Foeest Insects (general Account)

I'AGK

Section L — Classification 132

II. — Distribution III. — Life-History IV. —Number

V. — Useful Forest Insects

. 136 , 137 . 141

. 141 . 142

VI.— Injurious Forest Insects

2. Preveiitive rules (Protection of insectivorous birds, &c. ) . . . 144

3. Hemedial measures .......... 152

Chapter V. Insects Useful To Forests (special Account)

Order I. — Coleoptera

,; II. — Hymenoptera ....

,, III. — DiPTERA

,, IV. — Neuroptera .... ,, V. — Orthoptera (Pseudoneuroptera) ,, VI. — Hemiptera

158 162 171 172

174 174

Chapter VI. Injurious Forest Inspxts (special Account Of

COLEOPTERA).

Family I. — Scarab^eid^e.

1. Melolontha vulgaris (Common cockchafer) ....

2. M. hipi)ocastani .........

3. Bhizotrogus solstitialis (June cliafer) .....

Family II. — Buprestid.s).

. 177 . 184 . 185

1. Agrilua viridis 186

2. Other species 188

Family III.— Elaterid^e (Click-beetles)

,, IV. — Lymexylonid.5!.

Lymexylon navale . ' . . '

. 189

. 190

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

XI

PAGE

Family V. — Anobiid^.

Xestobkim tessdatum

Family VI.— Cuuculionid-e (Weevils).

1. AiJoderiLS coryli

2. Bhynchitcs hetulcK

3. Strophosomus coryli .

4. Balanimis nucum (Nut-weevil)

5. Orchestes fagi ....

7. CryptorrhyncJms lapathi .

8. Hylobius abietis (Pine-weevil) .

9. Pissodes notatics 10. Other species ....

Family VII.— Scolvtid^ (Bark-beetles). («) Subfamily Toinicini.

1. Tomicus typographies

2. T. amitinus

3. T. chalcographus

4. T. scxdcnf.aius .

0. T. laricis

6. T. bidantatus .

7. T. acuminatus .

8. Trypodendron linctdum

9. T. domestiaim 10. Xyleborus dispar

{b) Subfamily Hvlesiiiini.

1. Hylastes p)alUatits

3. Hylurgus piniperda (Pine-beetle)

5. Hyhsinus fraxini (Ash-bark beetle)

6. H. vittatiis ....

7. £f. crenatiis ....

(c) Subfamily Scolytini.

1. i'coZi/^ti-? (te/!r«ctor (Elm-bark beetle)

2. 5. intricatus ......

Family VIII.— Cerambycid^ (Longicorn.s).

1. Sapcrda carcharias (Large poplar longicorn)

2. .S'. populnea (Small poplar longicorn)

Family IX.— CHRYSOMELiD.a: (Leaf-beetles).

1. Melasoma ■poimli (Red poplar-leaf beetle) .

2. Phratora vltcllincc (Willow-beetle) .

248 250

252 253

255 256

Xll

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VII. LEPIDOPTERA {Hekrocero, Moths)

Family I. — Sesiid^,

1. Sesia apiformis (Hornet clearwiiig-motb)

Family II.— Cossid^.

1. Cossus lignipcrda (Goat-nioth) ....

2. Zenzera cesculi ("Wood leopard-moth)

Family III.— Bombycid^e.

1. Gasiropacha pini (Pine-raoth) .

2. Bomhyx neustria (Lackey-moth)

3. Dasj/chira 2)udibunda (Pale tussock moth)

4. Porthesia chrysorrhc&a (Brown-tail moth) .

5. Liparis nwnacha (Black-arches or Nun moth)

Family IV.— NocTUiDiE (Night-moths).

1. Panolis piniperda (Pine noctua)

2. A(jrotis vcstigialis .....

Family V. — Geometkid^ (Loopeis).

1. Bupalus piniarius (Pine looper-moth)

2. Cheimatohia hrumata (AVinter-moth)

Family VI. -Tokteicid.e (Leaf-roller moths).

1. Earias chlorana (Green willow leaf-roller)

2. Tortnx viridana (Oak-leaf roller)

3. Eetinia buoliana (Pine-shoot tortrix)

4. IL tiirionana .....

5. P. resinella .....

6. Pccdisca ntfimitraiui

7. P. occultana .....

PAGE

. 260

262 264

265 272 274 278 280

288 290 292

Family A'II. — Tineid^e.

1. Hyponomcxda yaddla

2. Prays curtiseUus (Asli-t«'ig moths) .

3. Cohophora laricella (Larch-miner moth)

294 296

309 310 311

Chapter VIII. Other Orders Of Destructive Insects

{(() Hymenoptera.

Family I. — TEXTHKEDixiuiE (Sawflies).

1. Lophyrua pvii (Fine sa.\\i].y) , .....

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI 11

PAGE

Family II. — Urocerid^ (Wood- wasps).

1. Sirexjuvenciis (Steel-blue wood-wasp) ...... 320

2. S. gigas (Yellow wood-wasp) ....... 322

Family III. — Cynipid^ (Gall-wasps).

(b) Diptera.

Family I. — Cecidomyiid^ (Gall-gnats).

1. Cecidomyia saliciperda (Willow gall-gnat) 324

(c) Hemiptera. \ Family I. — APHiDiDiE (Plant-lice).

1. Ghermes ahietis (Spruce-gall Aphis) ...... 325

2. Chermes Jaricis (Larch Aphis) ....... 327

Family II. — Coccica; (Scale-insects).

1. Lecanhim racemosum ......... 329

(d) Orthoptera.

Family'- I. — Gry'llid^e (Crickets).

1. Gryllotalpa vulgaris (Mole-cricket) ...... 329

Family II. — Acridiid^ (Locusts).

(e) List of Trees "with the Insects -which attack them.

PAKT III.

PEOTECTION AGAINST PLANTS.

Chapter I. Protection Against Forest Weeds

Section I. — General Account.

1. Definition 3U

3. ftility of certain weeds . . . . . . . . .347

4. Damage done by forest weeds ........ 348

Section II.— Special Account.

1. List of foi'est weeds .......... S.'iS

2. Light-demanding weeds 355

3. Half-shadebearing weeds 359

XIV

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Skctiox II. — Special AccorNT {continued).

4. Shadebearing weeds .

5. Weeds of wet peaty soil

6. Climbing plants

7. Parasitic phanerogams

8. Weeds acting as hosts to injurious fungi

9. Classification of weeds in order of in juriousness

PAGE

Chapter II. Protection Against Fungi

Section 1. — General Account.

1. Position of fungi in vegetable kingdom

.

. 374

2. Classification and importance 375

3. Mode of life 376

4. Distribution 379

Section II.— Frxoi attackino Conifers.

1. Agaricns mcUoiis .......... 382

2. Tramdcs radkipcrda

. 385

3. T. Plni

. 387

4. Fungi causing red or white-iot

. 389

5. Pcridcrmium Pint (corticola) (Pine-blister

. 390

6. Cccoma Pinitorquum

. 392

7. Cceo'iiia Laricis (Larch needle-rust) .

. 395

8. Fungi causing witches' broom .

. 395

9. yEcidinvi datinum (Silver-fir canker)

. 395

10. Nectrm Gucurhitida ...

. 399

11. Peziza Willkommii (Larch-blister) .

. 401

12. Pcstalozzia Hartigii ....

. 404

13. Pcridcinaium Pini {acicola)

. 404

14. ^cidium ahietinum

. 405

15. ^. columnare

. 405

16. Chrysomyxa Ahictis

. 406

17. Hystcruim Pinastri

. 407

IS. H. macrosporium ....

. 409

19. H. ncrviscquium ....

. 410

20. Trlchosphccrla parasitica ....

. 411

21. ^Ecidium strohiUnum ... . .

. 412

1) Trees.

1 . Rosellinia querciim ....

2. Polyporm sul2)hurcus

. 414

3. Other wound-parasites

. 415

4. I^'ectria ditissima ....

. 416

5. N. cinnabarina .....

. 417

6. Phytophthora omnivora ....

. 419

7. Rhytis7na accHmim ......

. 420

S. Mclampsora Hartigii

. 421

TABLE OF CONTEXTS. XV

PAET lY.

PEOTECTIOX AGAINST ATMOSPHEEIC INFLUENCES.

CHAPTER I.

PROTECTION AGAINST FROST.

PAGE

Section I. — Frozen Plant-Organs.

1. External appearance ......... 425

2. Explanation of the action of frost on plants ..... 426

4. Register of severe frosts ......... 433

Section IX. — Frost-crack 435

,, III. — Frost-canker 439

,, lY. — Uprooting of Seedlings by Frost ' 439

CHAPTER II.

PROTECTION AGAINST INSOLATION.

Section I. — Duoitght.

1. Appearance and cause of injury ....... 443

3. Register of dry years ......... 447

Section II. — Bark-scorching 450

,, III. — Heat-crack 454

Chapter IV. Protection Against Forest Fires

Section I, — Fobest Fiees CArsED by Human Agency. page

2. Kinds of forest fires .......... 540

4. Register of fires .......... 544

6. Rules for extinguishing forest fires ....... 552

7. AVatcliing site of fire ......... 555

Section II. — Effect.s of Lightning on Trees 556

PAET VI.

PEOTECTION AGAINST CEETAIN DISEASES.