The life and times of Prince Charles Stuart, Count of Albany, commonly called the Young Pretender. From the state papers and other sources

Front matter

B C381e

Ewald Life cc times of Prince Charles Stuart

191124

Preface

Some few years ago it fell within the course of my official work at the Record Office to make a calendar of the State Papers of the reigns of the first two Georges. As I approached the period of the Rebellion of 1745, the papers increased in interest, and it struck me that they could be made to throw a new light on the thrice-told tale of the last Jacobite insurrection. The documents before me, either from ignorance of their existence, or on account of the difficulties that in former days surrounded the examination of the State Papers, had never been consulted. Here and there some isolated paper had been made use of by historians and biographers, but the greater portion of the letters and examinations of witnesses was virgin soil. It was a mine well worth the working, and I delved amidst its unsunned treasures.

From the events of the rebellion to the hero of the enterprise was but a natural step. To my surprise, I found that nothing worthy to be called a biography of Prince Charles had been written. Works, it is true, calling themselves 4 Lives of the Young Pretender,’ were numerous ; but the information contained in their pages began and ended with the Rebellion of 4 The Forty-Five.’ Little beyond what was due to mere conjecture was known of the Prince’s early life and declining years;

PREFACE.

viii

these biographies were therefore scarcely more than mere histories of the Jacobite struggle. The best of the class is a Life of the Prince by one Karl Klose, a German, which appeared some thirty years ago. It is, however, very meagre ; nor, with the materials at the writer’s command, was it possible that it could be otherwise.

The materials for a biography of Prince Charles are to be sought in the Stuart Papers and the State Papers. The Stuart Papers are now lodged at Windsor Castle, and their contents, so far as they relate to the Chevalier de St. George and his son, have been made public by the late Earl Stanhope. Herr Klose has incorporated these papers in his Life of the Prince, and it is for that reason that his work is more complete than its predecessors. But the State Papers, in their way, are as important as the Stuart Papers, and connect, as much as, I fear, they ever can be connected, the various links in the chain of this Prince’s biography. It is because our national documents have never yet been consulted that no full Life of the Young Pretender has appeared. In the following pages I have endeavoured to fill up this gap in our historical biography.

The materials for the latter years of the life of Prince Charles are to be found among the State Papers of Tuscany preserved in the Public Kecord Office. Sir Horace Mann was then the English envoy at Florence, and he seems to have been most diligent in posting up the Government at home in everything which related to the Prince. His letters, bearing upon the life and conduct of Charles, were edited in 1845 by Earl Stanhope, then Lord Mahon, for the Kosburghe Club. To the world at large, the ‘ Decline of the Last Stuarts,’ the title of the work in which these letters appeared, is almost an un¬ known volume. It is not without reason that the charge has been brought against the Roxburghe Club that it only

PREFACE.

IX serves to multiply manuscripts, for it is with the greatest difficulty that its editions can be obtained by the public. So difficult did I find it to procure this ‘ Decline of the Last Stuarts,’ that at last I had to beg the loan of a copy from Lord Stanhope himself. The latter chapters of this biography are based on the valuable despatches of Sir Horace Mann. It will be seen that I have been able occasionally to supplement the information derived from the ‘ Decline of the Last Stuarts ’ by the letters of other envoys among the State Papers and elsewhere. Let me add, to avoid the charge of accepting authorities at second¬ hand, that though I refer to the work of Earl Stanhope, I have none the less examined the papers for myself. I have to thank the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs for permission to make this examination.

What the correspondence of Sir Horace Mann is to the latter part of the life of Prince Charles, the letters of John Walton are to the earlier portion. Walton was the agent of the English Gfovernment at Rome, and his letters, running through several volumes, have never before, to my knowledge, been made public. They will be found among the State Papers of the Italian States, preserved in the Public Record Office.

Thanks to the courtesy of the Marquis of Lansdowne, who placed several volumes of his MSS. at my disposal, I have been able to insert some additional matter respecting the subject of my biography. I have also to express my best thanks to Mrs. Erskine Wemyss, of Wemyss Castle, for kindly lending me the manuscript copy of Lord Elcho’s Journal, a favour not before accorded to any. To the Rev. Francis Hopkinson, LL.D., of Malvern Wells, I am also indebted for several important papers. Nor am I under less obligations to those kind but unknown friends who have helped me in my work by their answers to many

X

PREFACE.

queries, and not unfrequently by inclosing me some com¬ munication of no little historical interest.

Of the printed books that I have consulted the fol¬ lowing is a list : — The Lockhart Papers ; The Culloden Papers ; The Stuart Papers^ Macpherson’s Original Papers ; The Tales of a Grandfather ; Chambers’ History of the Rebellion of 1745 ; 4 The Forty-Five,’ by Earl Stanhope ; Burton’s History of Scotland ; The Chevalier Johnstone’s Memoirs ; The Waverley Novels ; Dr. King’s Political Anecdotes ; The Pretenders and their Adherents, by Jesse ; Bishop Forbes’ Jacobite Memoirs ; Thompson’s Memoirs of the Jacobites ; Home’s History of the Rebel¬ lion ; Memoirs of John Murray of Broughton ; The Jaco¬ bite Ballads of Scotland ; The Letters of Horace Walpole ; Coxe’s Pelham ; A. Hayward’s Essays ; and Articles in the Quarterly Review, Revue des Deux Mondes, Scottish Episcopal Magazine, and Caledonian Mercury.

London, May 1875.

Chapter I. Pagb

Birth of the Prince — Marriage of the Chevalier de St. George with the Princess Clementine — An ill-fated race — John Walton — Lord Blandford’s account of the Pretender — The Pretender’s mode of life — Proposal to send Charles into Scotland — Suggestion of the confessors — Birth of Henry, Duke of York — James and his favour¬ ites — The Countess of Inverness — Separation of the Princess from her husband — She retires into a convent — The scandal that ensued— Interference of the Vatican — The Queen of Spain re¬ monstrates — Representations of the Jacobites — Obstinacy of James — Reconciliation — Death of George the First— An ill-assorted union . . . . . . .1

CHAPTER n.

THE FIRST CAMPAIGN.

Education of Charles — His abilities above the average — Lord Dunbar — The Prince a favourite of the Pope — Siege of Gaeta — The Baptism of Fire — Courage of Charles — Duke of Liria — Death of the Princess Clementine — The musical talent of the Prince — He visits the chief Italian cities — Is entertained at Bologna, Parma, Piacenza, Genoa, Milan, and Venice — English interference with his reception at Florence — Mr. Fane — Returns to Rome — Ambi¬ tion of the Prince — His character drawn by the Jesuit Cordara . 24

Chapter III. Intrigue

Spirits of the Jacobite party revive — Bishop Atterbury — A plot — Disappointment of the Jacobites — Maria Theresa — Murray of Broughton — Murray’s opinion of the Prince — Charles and Henry

CONTENTS.

xii

PAGE

compared — Lord Elcho — Scotch Jacobites form themselves into an Association — Intrigue to obtain French aid — Secret departure of Ci.arles from Rome — Travels in disguise to France — Lord Semple — Takes Lodgings at Gravelines — His letters to his father — Retreat of the French fleet — Mortification of the Prince — War between England and France — Determination of the Prince to go over to Scotland — The Council of Seven disapprove of his in¬ tention — The ‘ Elizabeth ’ and ‘ La Doutelle ’ — He sails for Scot¬ land — His letter to his father informing him of his resolution—

The crew ignorant of his presence . . . ,39

Chapter IV. The Raising Of The Standard

Engagement between the 1 Elizabeth ’ and the 1 Lion ‘ La Doatelle’ anchors off Erisca — Macdonald of Boisdale refuses his adherence — * La Doutelle ’ sails for the mainland — Interview with Clanrauald— The Seven Men of Moidart — iEneas Macdonald — Sir Alexander Macdonald of Sleat and Macleod of Macleod hold themselves aloof — Condition of the Highlands — List of the Clans — The Black Watch — Proclamation of Charles — Anthony Walsh — Defeat of Captain Scott — The Standard raised — Speech of the Prince to his followers — The Highland chiefs remonstrate with Macdonald and Macleod . . . . . .64

Chapter V. On The March

The Duke of Newcastle — His egotism, incapacity, and timidity — Critical condition of England — Tne Government in Scotland — Conflicting opinions concerning the landing of the Prince — The fears of the Duke of Newcastle — Sir John Cope — The march to Stirling — Coldness of Cope’s reception — Counter-proclamation of the Prince — Lord Lovat’s wily policy — The pass of the Corryarrack — Retreat of Cope — March south of the Prince — Lord George Murray — The Duke of Perth — The Clans halt at Perth — Sanguine letter of Charles to his father — Description of the Highlanders — The halt before Edinburgh . . . . .81

Chapter VI. The First Victory

Consternation of Edinburgh — Defenceless condition of the town _

Appeal of the Lord Justice Clerk— The loyal Clans should be armed— Gardiner’s and Hamilton’s dragoons — The 1 Canter of Coltbrigg ’ — Agitation of the capital — Proposals to surrender —

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Summons of tlie Prince — Loan of Lord Elcho — Reported arrival of Sir John Cope — Capture of Edinburgh — Conduct of the Lord Provost — Lament of the Lord Justice Clerk — The Prince enters Holyrood — His reception — Condition of the rebels — The march to meet Cope — The halt before the attack— The suggestion of Anderson — The battle of Prestonpans —Death of Gardiner — Retreat of Cope — Letters of Cope and the Prince on the engage¬ ment — Gladsmuir ...... 106

Chapter VII. The March South

Anxiety of the Government — Horace Walpole — Preparations of the Ministry — Festivities at Edinburgh — The English Jacobites told to be ready — Edinburgh threatened by the Castle — Interference of the Prince — His humanity — The Proclamation — Refutes the the charge of the Whigs — Reasons assigned for accepting foreign aid — Trimming policy of Lord Lovat — Treasury of the Prince at a low ebb — Disagreements between Charles and his Council —

Help requested from France — Resolve of the Prince to march into England — Declaration drawn up by the Jacobites — The Clan regiments and their commanders — Desertion in the rebel army — Marshal Wade deceived — The Clans lay siege to Carlisle — The Mayor of Carlisle — Summons of Charles — The rebels retire from Carlisle — Delight of the Mayor — His joy soon turned into bitter¬ ness — Surrender of Carlisle — Colonel Durand’s account of the surrender — Infamous conduct of the militia — Satire unjust upon the Mayor — Triumphant entry of the Prince into Carlisle . 133

Chapter VIII. Advance To Derby

Perplexity of Wade — He marches to Hexham, then retires upon New¬ castle — Instructions to the Lord-Lieutenants — A seditious paper — A ieud between Murray and Perth — Fickleness of the Jacobites in the North — The rebels reach Preston — Coldness with which their cause was regarded by the English — Letter of the Prince to an adherent — The Duke of York writes to his brother — Incapa¬ city of Wade — Lord Tyrawly — The Duke of Cumberland — Expectations of his Royal Highness— The new regiments — Pro¬ clamation to the people of Manchester — Scene on the Mersey — - Tactics of Lord George Murray — Arrival at Derby — Alarm of London — M. Gautier — Condition of the Clans — Letters from Alick Blair and Henry Bracken — Advice of Lord George — A hot dis¬ cussion-— Resolution taken to retreat — Thomas Drake — The retreat a grave mistake ...... 160

XIV

CONTENTS.

Chapter IX. The Second Victory

TAGS

Disappointment of the rebels — Manchester entered — Plot to assassi¬ nate the Prince — The march out of England — Advance of the Duke of Cumberland — Wade’s movements — Alarm of the Duke of Newcastle — The Duke of Cumberland begged to return for the protection of London — The engagement at Clifton — The Duke’s account of the skirmish — Siege of Carlisle — Its surrender — Arrival of the Clans at Glasgow — Increase in the number of the rebels— Siege of Stirling Castle — Dissensions in the camp of Charles — Memorial of the chieftains — Reply of the Prince — Resignation of Wade — His incapacity — General Hawley — Expe¬ dition of Gossett — Approach of Hawdey — The battle of Ealkirk — Hawley’s letter — His speech to the informers — Duke of Cum¬ berland supersedes Hawley- — Arrival of his Royal Highness at Holyrood . . . . . . . .182

Chapter X. The Beginning Op The End

Murmurs amongst the Clans — Siege of Stirling Castle resumed — Advice of Lord George Murray to retreat — Reply of the Prince- - His objections to retire — The retreat — Pursuit of the Duke of Cumberland — The Prince at Moy Castle — Lord Loudoun — Sur¬ render of Inverness — Loudoun’s account of it — Fidelity of the Highlanders — Indignation of the Duke — Surrender of Fort George — Siege of .Blair Castle — Timidity of Lord Crawford — - Precarious condition of the Prince — Desires aid from France — Mission of Sir James Stewart — Capture of Fitzjames — Assumed gaiety of the Prince — The spirit of chieftain aDd vassal — Divided state of the camp — Condition of the men — Advance of the Duke upon Inverness ....... 205

Chapter XI. The End

Complaints of the Duke of Cumberland — Conduct of the rebels — The Duke quits Aberdeen — The passage of the Spey — The halt at Nairn — The march of the rebels to the attack — The retreat — Charles and Lord George Murray — Advice of Lord George — Position of both armies before the battle— Jealousy of the Mac¬ donalds — Culloden — Futile charge of the Highlanders — Conduct of the Macdonalds — Results of the battle — Statement of Lord Flcho investigated — Found to be false — Courage of the Prince —

The future uncertain— The gathering at Murligan — The gather¬ ing at Ruthven — Melancholy of J ames . . . .226 xv

Chapter XII. Revenge

lolclness of the rebellion — Sentiment of the Duke of Cumberland —

His hatred of the Jacobites — Quarter given to none— Ill-usage of the prisoners — The State Papers of this period — The Jacobite witnesses— Murray of Broughton— His capture and subsequent confessions — Lord Kilmarnock — Lord Cromarty — Lord Ba-lmefino — Their trial — And fate — Charles Ratcliff — Lord Lovat — Vengeance of the Government — The Act of Indemnity — Destruc¬ tion of the feudal authority . ... . . 249

Chapter XIII. The Fugitive

uterview with Lord Lovat — The halt at Invergarry — Ned Burke- — Reply of Charles to address from the gathering at Ruthven — Donald Macleod — The island of Benbecula — Scalpa — The scene at Stornoway — Dangerous position of the fugitives — A deserted spot — Distressed condition of Charles — South Uist — The Prince visited by his friends — Hugh Macdonald of Balshair — A sad parting — Hemmed in — Plora Macdonald — O’Neal’s narrative —

Betty Burke — Lady Clanranald — Preparations for the flight , 209

Chapter XIV. Hunted Down

he escape — Observed by the militia sentries — Mugstat — Terror of Lady Margaret — Macdonald of Kingsburgh — His offer — Arrival of the Prince at Kingsburgh — Lady Kingsburgh — A luxurious rest — Jacobite devotion — Fate of Kingsburgh — The parting with Flora Macdonald — Raasay — Lands again at Skye — Disguised as a servant — John Maekinnon — Malcolm Macleod — Chased by the militiamen — Coldness of old Clanranald — Macdonald of Morar — A critical moment — Donald Cameron to the rescue — The Seven Men of Glenmoriston — Their hospitality — End of the Highland wanderings — Departure for France — ‘ Prince Charlie ’ . . 28"

Chapter XV. Under Protection

he landing in Brittany — Letter to Henry — Anxiety of James — The greeting between Charles and Louis — Reception of the Prince at Versailles — Report as to his marrying — Cardinal Tencin — Visit

a

XVI

CONTENTS.

PAGE

of Charles to Madrid — Letter to his father detailing the failure of his mission — 'Spanish coldness — The Duke of York created a cardinal — The ceremony on the occasion — Speech of the Pope —

The Prince informed of the honour by James — Estrangement between Charles and Henry — Eeud between father and son— Extract from Walton’s despatches „ . . 3(16

Chapter XVI. The Treaty Of Aix-la-chapelle

Condition of France — The treaty of peace — Stipulation of England —

The protest of the Prince — His indignation with the French Court — His dissipated life — Causes medals to be struck — Remark of the Prince de Contr — Desired by the French ministry to quit France — Persistently refuses — Impolitic nature of his proceed¬ ings — His conduct admired by the Parisians — Dilemma of Louis — Obliged to resort to force — Arrest of Charles- — His imprison¬ ment — Statement of Puysieux — Indignation of the Parisians— Dufresnoy’s sarcasms — The Prince hurried across the frontier — Arrives at Avignon — There takes up his abode . , , 321

Chapter XVII. Under A Cloud

Miss Walkenshaw — Joins the Prince at Avignon — Remonstrances of the English Government — The love of the Prince for boxing —

Feud between him and the Archbishop — The Infan'a Don Philip — The Prince compelled to leave Avignon — His movements wrapped in secrecy — Bad faith of France — First visit of the Prince to London — Dr. King — Charles embraces Protestantism — Character of the Prince — His fatal love for drink — Contrast between his past and present conduct — His mind affected . 338

Chapter XVIII. Still In Seclusion

The second visit to London — Account of the visit by Hume — Charles and Miss Walkenshaw — The third visit to London — Statement of Philip Thieknesse — Mission of Macnamara — Reply of the Prince to the request of the Jacobites — Bad taste of the reply — Retirement of the Prince to Basel — Account of Charles by the English envoy at Berne — Lord Marischal and the Prince — Miss Walkenshaw abandons her lover and takes refuge in a con vent —

Lord Llcho — Conduct of the Prince — Rumour of presence of the Prince at the coronation of George the Third . . ..350

CONTENTS.

Chapter XIX. A Titular King

Illness of the Chevalier de St. George — His death— Funeral obsequies 1 AGB of the Chevalier — Wish of Charles to return to Home — Letter of Cardinal Albani — Claim of Charles to be recognised as a sovereign — Conduct of the English Government — Refusal of Home to recognise the title of the Prince — Reconciliation of the brothers — Entrance of the Prince into Rome — His mimic courtintoxicated habits of the Prince — Grief of his brother thereat —

Lord Elcho applies for his debt to be repaid — Is refused — Sketch of the Prince, drawn by the English Envoy at Naples — Intro¬ duction of Charles to the Pope — Abandons his secluded habits —

His health fails — Takes the baths at Pisa — Is compelled to quit Florence — YTisits Paris ...... 364-

Chapter XX. Marriage

Aversion of the Prince to marriage — Tactics of the French Court — Louisa, Princess of Stolberg — She accepts the Prince — Their marriage — Their arrival in Rome — The ‘ Queen of Hearts ’ — Querulous conduct of the Prince — Quits Rome — The silly story that an heir was born unto him — The Prince takes up his abode at Florence — His pride and seclusion — Becomes a patron of the drama — His hatred of the French — A confirmed toper — A miser¬ able union ....... 382

Chapter XXI. Uno Cavaliere Servente

Alfieri — His dissipated life — Resides in Florence — Becomes enamoured of the wife of Charles — His description of the Princess — Friend¬ ship between the two — Jealousy of Charles — Brutal conduct of the Prince — Escape of the Princess to a convent — Fury of Charles — Letter of Cardinal York to the Princess — She enters Rome — Resides in the Orsoline — Alfieri follows her — Confession of Charles — Culpable conduct of those who advised the Princess — Alfieri ordered to quit Rome — Poverty of Charles — The King of Sweden — The Prince and Princess amicably divorced . . 397 xviii CONTENTS.

Chapter XXII. The Last Op The Line

The Duchess of Albany — She takes up her abode with Charles — They enter Florentine society — Mr. Greathead — Departure for Rome — Kindness of Cardinal York — Comte de Vaudreuil— Death of the Prince — His character — Description of his daughter — Her death — Alfieri and the royal widow — Last years of Louisa — Cardinal York — His reverses — Cardinal Borgia — The last of the Stuarts befriended by the English Government — Sir John Cox Hippesley — Lord Minto — Extinction of the line — Monument to the Stuarts at St. Peter’s .

APPENDIX .

PAGU

THE LIFE

OF

PRINCE CHARLES STUART.

CHAPTER I. ’TVas thus iu early bloom of time

Under a reverend oak,

In sacred and inspired rhyme An ancient Druid spoke,—

‘ An hero from fair Clementine Long ages hence shall spring.

And all the gods their power combine To bless the future king.’

The year 1720 was rapidly drawing to its close when an event occurred at Rome which had long been expected. After a weary travail of six days, the Princess Clementine, or, as she was styled by her adherents, the Queen of England, was safely delivered of a son. In order to silence the voice of calumny it was deemed advisable that certain members of the Sacred College should be present to attest the reality of the birth. Each kingdom sent a Cardinal as its representative. Their Eminences Paolucci and Barberini appeared for the Holy See ; Gualtieri as Protector of England ; Sacripanti as Protector of Scotland ; Imperiali as Protector of Ireland • Ottoboni as Protector of France ; Aquaviva as Minister of Spain ; and Pan fili as Senior of the Cardinal Deacons. In addition to these lofty personages the chamber was thronged with ladies whose names and titles had for centuries been recorded in the Libro d’Oro.

Kneeling at a prie-dieu near the couch was the husband. In the tall, thin, and not inelegant figure, the high narrow

LIFE OF PRINCE CHARLES STUART.

forehead, the cold eye, the shapely nose, the full weak lips, and the long oval face, one recognised the man whom foes called the Pretender, friends the Chevalier de St. George, and subjects TCinv James the Third. A romantic incident had ushered in the marriage the issue of which was now occasioning such excitement. The wife of the Chevalier, by blood a Sobieski, and grand-daughter of the Victor of Vienna, had been one of

o O ^ '

the wealthiest heiresses in Europe. Her hand was courted by many, and would have been a prize to the noblest. In an evil hour, dazzled by the prospect of a crown, she was wooed and won by the head of the House of Stuart. To James the alliance was in every way desirable, but political enemies did their best to frustrate his wishes. The Court of St. J ames’s, averse to any prosperity that might fall to its rival, at once entered into negotiations with the Court of Vienna to prevent the marriage. Hearing of this opposition the parents of the bride proposed that the Princess should he secretly conducted to Bologna, and there be united to the man of her choice. The lovers approved of the suggestion, and the future Queen of the Jacobites, accompanied by her mother, hastily set out from Poland to cross the Alps. But the Emperor of Germany, whose policy it then was to stand well with England on account of his pretensions to Sicily, which were supported by our fleet, being informed of their purpose, gave orders for the arrest of the fugitives, and at Innspruck they were seized and confined in a neighbouring convent. For his share in this affair, the father, Prince James Sobieski, was deprived of Lis government of Augsburg and imprisoned

In despair at this unexpected opposition, both James and Clementine now regarded their union as an impossibility. But at this crisis a devoted adherent of their cause, like a cleus ex machind, came to the rescue.

One Charles Wogan, who had nearly lost his life in the year T 5, devised a plan whereby the parted couple might he united. In the name of Count Cernes, who he gave out was returning with his family from Loretto to the Low Countries, he obtained a passport from the Austrian ambassador. Armed with this important document, two friends of his, a Major Misset and his wife, passed themselves off as the pretended Count and Countess ; Wogan represented the brother of the Countess, whilst the Princess, when freed from her prison, was to appear as the sister of the Count, a character very well acted in the meantime by a smart maid of Mrs. Misset’s.

On the evening of April 27, 1719, .the party arrived at Innspruck, and took lodgings near the convent. As fortune would have it, a servant attached to the person of the Princess, who appears to have been somewhat of a gay Lothario, had received permission from an accommodating porter to bring a young woman into the cloister as often as he liked, and conduct her out whenever he thought proper. The first thing, there¬ fore, that had to be done was to render the amorous domestic favourable to the plot. A handsome bribe speedily secured his services, and made him warmly support any effort that should he attempted. It was now arranged that Jenny, Mrs. Misset’s maid, should be introduced into the cloister through his agency, and the Princess issue from its walls in her stead. So far all had gone well, but here a piece of natural timidity on the part of Jenny nearly defeated the plot. The young woman had only been partly let into the secret, and when she heard that she was to assist in the abduction of so illustrious a personage as a Princess, and to be left as it were in pawn for that lady’s disappearance, she not unreasonably demurred, and declared that she would have nothing further to do with the rescue. But bright promises, a few pieces of gold, and a fine suit of damask belonging to her mistress gradually restored her courage, and set her scruples at rest. And so one dark stormy night, under cover of a blinding fall of snow, the maid was introduced into the cloister, where she quickly exchanged clothes with the Princess, and assumed her character. A carriage was in waiting, into which the bride-elect entered, and along bad roads, ren¬ dered all the more dangerous by the miserable weather, and past the sleepy polizei, the party pushed on till the Austrian frontier was left behind.

A few days afterwards Bologna was safely reached, when the Princess quitted her incognita. The marriage took place shortly afterwards by proxy, James being then intriguing in Spain. Many happy omens were drawn by the Jacobites from this successful escape — omens which, like most of those that prognosticated good to the Stuarts, were never fulfilled. For this act Wogan was knighted by the Pope. We do not hear what became of Jenny.1

To return to the young mother. As soon as the happy event became known throughout Borne, congratulations poured in on all sides. The Castle of St. Angelo fired salvoes

1 Narrative of the Escape of the Princess Clementine. By Charles Wogan. London : 1722.

b 2

LIFE OF PRINCE CHARLES STUART.

artillery. Tlie Pope, who had been engaged in offering up special prayers before the altar of St. Thomas for the health of the Queen, and had provided consecrated baby-linen to the value of six thousand scudi, attended at the palace in person to bestow his blessing. Members from the Sacred College and the Spanish Court came in a body with welcome presents of scudi and doubloons. By a special grant, the residence of the Holy Apostles, now the Palazzo Muti-Papazurri, was made over to James, together with a handsome sum for furnishing. Medals of silver and bronze, bearing on one side the busts of James and Clementine, and on the reverse a mother and child, with the motto Spss Britannia}, were struck in numbers to commemorate the event. It was said by the Jacobites that a new star had made its appearance in the heavens, and that a violent storm had raged throughout Germany, committing fearful havoc, at the precise moment of the Prince’s birth.