The life of Charles Hodge ... professor in the Theological seminary, Princeton, N.J.

Preface

THE family of the late Dr. Charles Hodge have been assured, by those in whose judgment they have the most reason to confide, that a memoir of his life should be prepared. This was rendered probable by the fact that, although his life had been a quiet one, varied by few external events of general interest, yet it had been one of very remarkable literary activity, and of protracted and extended influence, involving an intimate association with many of the most interesting characters and events of the century. The totality of the phenomenon, including personality and achievement, was unquestionably very remarkable. It matters not whether the effect is to be attributed in the largest measure to natural, gracious, or providential endowments, the study of the causes combining to produce such an effect must be instructive. Behind every cause, whatever its nature, is the beneficent efficiency of God, and to him will be all the praise.

The subscriber undertook the work because he could secure the agency of none of those who would be more competent. That he is a son is an advantage, in so far as the relation secures special opportunities of information, and the strongest motives to diligence. It need, on the other hand, occasion no embarrassment, as he does not purpose to intrude upon others his opinions of, or his affection for his Father, but simply to gather and present materials through which his Father and his work may speak for themselves, and the opinions of the most competent among his contemporaries may be impartially reflected.

At the repeated and earnest solicitation of his children, my Father jotted down during the last year of his life some reminiscences of jv PREFACE.

his childhood and youth, and of his early friends. These I have recorded in the first and second chapters of this Memoir, preserving his order and language in the first person, but interpolating additional matter of the same kind, culled from the reminiscences of my Father's only brother, the late Dr. Hugh L. Hodge, of Philadelphia, dictated to his daughter-in-law, Mrs. Harriet Woolsey Hodge, during the winters of '70 and '71. I have preferred rather to fuse the new material with that of my Father, than to keep them mechanically distinct, and have marked the words of my uncle as his only in a few instances, when the propriety of doing so will be evident.

The other sources from which these memorials are drawn are : — A diary kept during his residence in Germany, from March, 1827, to May, 1828 :— meager notices of events and dates, preserved in connection with his daily record of the weather : — his published writings and his extant manuscripts : — his own letters, preserved by his mother, brother, and friends: — the letters of his correspondents: — estimates of his character and services, published during his life and since his decease, and especially the printed records of his Semi-centennial Celebration, April 24th, 1872.

The state of his letters and papers is accurately represented by what he said in response to an application from a daughter of one of his oldest friends: "Through my long life I have never destroyed and never preserved letters." With much care many interesting relics have been recovered from the mass, while doubtless much just as valuable remains undiscovered.

I am particularly indebted to my Father's pupils in Ireland and Scotland— Prof. Robert Watts, D. D., of Belfast, and Mr. Charles A. Salmond, of Arbroath, and to Rev. Professor Benjamin B. Warfield, and the Rev. Drs. Henry A. Boardman and Wm. M. Paxton, of America.

Princeton, N. J., August 19, 1880. A. A. Hodge.

Chapter I. With Extracts From The Reminiscences Of His Brother

Ancestry, Childhood, Mother, Brother, Teachers and Companions . . i-iq

Chapter II. Autobiography Continued

FROM HIS ENTERING THE COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY, SEPTEMBER, l8l2, TO HIS GRADUATION, SEPTEMBER, 1815.

Profession of religion — Revival — Class-mates and Teachers .... 20-38 CHAPTER III.

FROM HIS GRADUATION FROM THE COLLEGE, SEPTEMBER, 1815, TO HIS GRADUATION FROM THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SEPTEMBER, 1819.

Study in Philadelphia — -Journeys to Silver Lake and Virginia — Seminary life and friends — and letters to Mother and Brother 39-67

Chapter IV

FROM HIS GRADUATION FROM THE SEMINARY, SEPTEMBER 2J, 1819, TO HIS ELECTION AS PROFESSOR, MAY 24, 1 822.

Correspondence with Dr. Alexander, and with his Mother and Brother — Visit to New Haven, Boston and Andover^His licensure, teaching in the

Seminar}', and preaching at Lambertville and Ewing 68-91

V vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Chapter V

FROM HIS ELECTION AS PROFESSOR, MAY, 1 822, TO HIS DEPARTURE FOR EUROPE, OCTOBER, 1 826.

His election as Professor — Marriage — Birth and baptism of children — Studies and commencement of the Biblical Repertory — Resolution to go to Europe 92-103

Chapter VI

FROM HIS DEPARTURE FOR EUROPE, OCTOBER, 1 826, TO HIS RETURN TO PRINCETON, SEPTEMBER, 1828.

Letters to his wife, mother, and Dr. Alexander, relating to his voyage and residence in Paris — His journal, kept during his residence in Halle and Berlin — Letters from Drs. Alexander and Miller — His own letters relating to his visit to Switzerland, and return home via Paris, London, and Liverpool 104-201

Chapter VII

FROM HIS RETURN TO HOME AND WORK IN PRINCETON, SEPTEMBER, 1828, TO HIS TRANSFERENCE TO THE CHAIR OF SYSTEM- ATIC THEOLOGY, MAY, 1840.

Work as a professor and preacher — Correspondence with German friends — Children, family relations, and recreations — Correspondence with brother • — Death of mother — Politics —Lameness — His department of instruction reinforced by Mr. Hubbard and Professor J. A. Alexander— Gathering of professors and friends in study — The Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review — Its history, and estimate of its character and influence — The qualifications and success of Dr. Hodge as an editor and reviewer — His associates and principal contributors — His Commentary on Romans — His Constitutional History of the Presbyterian Church of the United States 202-284

Chapter VIII. The Disruption Of The Presbyterian Church (1834-1838)

The historical conditions out of which the conflict sprang — The several parties in the church — The true position of the " Princeton," or conservative ''party'" — Dr. Hodge's own statement of the principles on which he and his associates acted — The thorough agreement of all the Princeton men as to principles and measures — Misconceptions corrected— Dr. Hodge's

TABLE OF CONTENTS. vjj

relation to the "Act and Testimony " — His letters to his brother and to Dr. Boardman 285 — 320

Chapter IX

FROM THE CHANGE OF HIS PROFESSORSHIP, MAY, 1840, TO THE DEATH OF DR. ARCHIBALD ALEXANDER, OCTOBER, 1 85 1.

His transfer to the chair of Systematic Theology — His method and success in teaching — The " Way of Life" — Letters from Dr. A. Alexander, Bishop Johns, Ludwig, and Otto Von Gerlach — His articles in the Princeton Review— Slavery — Sustentation — Romish Baptism — His letters to his brother, and from Drs. Biggs and Johns — Friendship and correspondence with Dr. William Cunningham— Death of Professor Albert B. Dod — Marriage and departure of his children — Death of his wife — Disturbed health — Death of his senior colleagues 321 — 383

Chapter X

FROM THE DEATH OF DR. ARCHIBALD ALEXANDER, 1 85 1, TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE CIVIL WAR, l86l.

A member of the Boards of the Church — Trustee of the College of New Jersey— Methods of Teaching — Second marriage — Correspondence with his brother, politics — Dancing and card-playing — The baptism of the infants of non-professors — Commentaries — Articles in the Princeton Review (I.) On the General Assemblies — The relation of the Board of Missions to the Presbyteries — The constitutionality of our Boards — Commissions — The adoption of the Confession of Faith — Religious education, and the religious amendment of the Constitution of the United States — (II.) Free Agency, Inspiration, &c. — (III.) Presbyterian Liturgies — (IV.) "The Princeton Review and Cousin's Philosophy ' — (V.) Review of Bishop Mcllvaine on the Church — (VI.) His articles on the Church and Elder question — Correspondence with Dr. William Cunningham and Bishop Johns — The death of Drs. James W. and Joseph A. Alexander — Letter of Dr. R. L. Dabney — Election of his son, C. W. Hodge, as Professor of N. T. Literature, &c. — His great debate with Dr. Thornwell in the Gen. eral Assembly of 1861 384 — 448

Chapter XI

FROM 1 86l, AND THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE CIVIL WAR, TO 1 872, AND THE CELEBRATION OF DR. HODGE'S SEMI-CENTENNIAL.

His appearance and health — His occupations and recreation — The composition of his " Systematic Theology " — The Sabbath afternoon Conferences — The Civil War: correspondence with his brother — The assassination viJj TABLE OF CONTENTS.

of Lincoln : correspondence with his brother" — Letter to Dr. Robert Watts on the "Witness of the Spirit " — The relation of the Church to political questions, and the merits of the actual decisions by the General Assembly (O. S.) of questions growing out of the War — The case of the Rev. S. B. McPheeters, D. D. — The re-union of the Old and New School Presbyterians — The National Presbyterian Convention, Philadelphia, Nov., 1867 449-508

Chapter XIII. His Last Years

FROM 1872 TO HIS DEATH, JUNE 19, 1878.

His appearance and habit of mind — The object of general love, in his family, the Seminary, and among his students — The death of his brother, Dr. H. L. Hodge, of Philadelphia — Dr. William Goodell's biographical sketch of him — The visit of the General Assembly of 1872 to Washington — The Evangelical Alliance, New York, 1873 — Historical sermon, delivered at the re-opening of the Chapel of the Theological Seminary in Princeton, September 27th, 1874 — Latest correspondence and interviews with his friend, Bishop Johns — The appointment of his assistant and successor — His eightieth birth-day — His writings during these last years . 531-577

Chapter XV

DK. HODGE CONSIDERED AS A TEACHER, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, AND CHRISTIAN MAN, BY THE REV. DRS. BENJAMIN B. WARFIELD, WILLIAM M. PAXTON, AND HENRY A. BOARDMAN. GENERAL ES- TIMATE OF DR. HODGE'S SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY, BY PROF. C. P. KRAUTH, D. D 588-616

THE LIFE

CHARLES HODGE, D.D.

Chapter I. With Extracts From The Reminiscences Of His Brother

ANCESTRY— CHILDHOOD— MOTHER— BROTHER — TEACHERS AND COMPANIONS.

DURING the last years of the seventeenth and the first of the eighteenth centuries, William Hodge, and Margaret, his wife, lived in the north of Ireland. They were the parents of four boys and two girls, of whom two died in early childhood, and one surviving to maturity left no record. The father died January 4th, 1723, and the mother October 15th, 1730.

Soon after the death of their mother, the three remaining children, William, Andrew and Hugh, emigrated to America and settled in Philadelphia, where they became successful merchants and men of influence in the community. William had but one child, Mary, who in August, 1757, married Mr. William West, from whom are descended the Wests, Conynghams and Fraziers of Philadelphia, and the Stewarts of Baltimore. Hugh, the youngest of the three brothers, had but one child, a son bearing his own name, who graduated in the College of New Jersey, in Princeton, in 1773, and took his master's degree in course. Soon afterwards he 1 1 sailed for Europe, but the ship he sailed in was never heard of after leaving port.

His mother, Mrs. Hannah Hodge, known for many years in the family as Aunt Hannah, was recognized in all the city as a mother in Israel. She was born in Philadelphia, January, 1721, the daughter of John Harkum, of English descent. Her mother, whose maiden name was Doz, was the child of a Protestant who fled from France on account of the revocation of the Edict of Nantz, 1685, and afterwards with other French Protestants, was principally instrumental in founding the First Presbyterian Church, then standing on Market Street above Second, of which the Rev. Jedidiah Andrews was pastor. Although Hannah joined the church in 1736 or 7 she thought her true conversion occurred under the preaching of Whitefield, when her life became eminently consecrated to religious interests. When in 1743 the Second Presbyterian was formed out of the converts of Whitefield, she was one of one hundred and sixty communicants originally enrolled. In 1745, she married Mr. Hugh Hodge, who was a deacon in the Second Church from its foundation to the time of his death. They had a dry-goods store on the north side of Market Street above Second. Their house was the resort of clergymen and the centre of religious meetings. After her husband's death Mrs. Hodge, although left independent, retained the business in order that she might not curtail her charities. Dr. Ashbel Green, her pastor, afterwards President of Princeton College, entertained a sincere reverence for her, and concludes his memoir of her, printed in the Panoplist, vol. 2d, for the year ending June, 1807, with a glowing eulogium of his friend. "Solid sense, sterling integrity, sincere piety united with great humility, the love of truth and the abhorrence of hypocrisy were her chief characteristics. These gave her an influence among her Christian associates perhaps superior to that of any other individual." Her house was the home of several old and infirm ladies, supported in great measure

1 739-] HIS GRANDFATHER, ANDREW HODGE. 3

by her bounty; and here* also originated the weekly meeting for prayer and religious instruction observed still in the Second Church, and in most of the other Presbyterian Churches of the city. The house in which she lived was, by the will of her husband, left upon her decease to the Trustees of the College of New Jersey, for the education of candidates for the ministry. This endowment has continued to fulfil the pious design of its founders up to the present time, yielding an income varying from eight to fifteen hundred dollars annually; thus constituting with a few others the foundations of a system of endowments which has since attained magnificent proportions.

Aunt Hannah died December 17th, 1805, when I was eight years old. I was present at her funeral, and was standing with my cousin, John Bayard, rather older than myself, near the open coffin. We began to cry. We thought that was the right thing to do. But his mother came up, and giving us a little shake, said in an authoritative whisper, " Stop." The discovery that we were making ourselves ridiculous, instantly dried the fountain of tears. By such filaments the present generation is connected with the past.

Andrew Hodge, the second in order of age of the three immigrant brothers, born in Ireland, March 28th, 171 1, was my grandfather. He soon became a successful merchant, and acquired considerable property. His wharf, and store, and city residence in which he spent his life, were on Water Street, to the south of what is now termed Delaware Avenue. His country seat was on Mead lane, now Montgomery Avenue, and he possessed one of the only six carriages then in the city. He was active and influential in all the affairs of the Church and of the community, one of the

* " The crowd being often so great as to fill, not only the parlor and kitchen, but even the back garden, close up against Christ Church ground, and much to the offence of our Episcopal brethren, who called them f Those conventicles held by Mrs. Hodge.' "

founders of and a liberal contributor to the Second Church, and a member of its board of Trustees to the day of his death. In 1739 he married Miss Jane M'Culloch. Her brother Hugh was an elder in the Second Church, and a man of great goodness and influence, though remarkable for the great tenacity with which he held on to his own opinions. He never would consent to the assertion that the earth moves ; maintaining that it was contrary alike to his own observation and to Bible authority, as Joshua commanded not the earth, but the sun to stand still. His character is said to have been imbibed by our family, " O ! there is Uncle M'Culloch " having become quite a saying among the descendants of his sister.

The religious excitement which attended the preaching of Whitefield in this country about the middle of the last century, gave rise to two parties in the Presbyterian Church. Those who approved of the revival were called New Lights, and those who stood aloof or opposed to it, were called Old Lights. The pastor of the First Church, then the only Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia, together with a majority of the congregation were Old Lights, while a minority were on the other side. These latter were, at their own request, set off and organized into the Second Church, of which the celebrated Gilbert Tennent was the first pastor. Of this Andrew Hodge, Senior, was a Trustee, and his son-in-law, Col. John Bayard, and his brother-in-law, Mr. Hugh M'Culloch, were ruling elders. The Church edifice was erected on the corner of Third and Arch Streets. It was an oblong building. The shorter side on the east faced Third Street ; the longer side was on Arch Street. The steeple was on the west end, and the pulpit was on the north side. Subsequently the steeple was taken down and the tower included in the auditorium, and the pews were turned round to face the pulpit, which was placed at the west end. The Church in after years was removed to Seventh Street, near Arch, where it remained during the pastorates of Rev. Drs. Cuyler

1767.] DESCENDANTS OF ANDREW HODGE. 5

and Shields. The shifting of the population necessitating another removal, a lot was purchased at the corner of Twenty-first and Walnut, on which has been erected one of the most beautiful church-buildings in the city. My grandfather's pew in the original edifice on Third and Arch Streets was the front one in the middle aisle to the left hand of the preacher. The same pew, i. e., the same in relative position, has remained in the family ever since. It is now held by the great-grandson of the original occupant, Dr. H. Lenox Hodge, who is also a ruling elder in his ancestral Church.

These family details are of interest to those whom they concern. I wish, however, that those who come after me should know that their ancestors and kindred were Presbyterians and patriots.

Andrew Hodge and Jane M'Culloch were the parents of fifteen children, eight of whom died in infancy or early life. Their eldest child, Margaret, married John Rubenheim Bayard, of Bohemia Manor, Maryland, afterwards a Colonel in the Revolutionary army. After the war he settled in Philadelphia, but during the latter part of his life resided in New Brunswick, New Jersey. His sons were James A., who married the daughter of the Rev. Dr. Rodgers, New York ; Andrew, a merchant, and president of the Commercial Bank, Philadelphia; Samuel, clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States, and a resident of Princeton, New Jersey ; John M., who resided on the Millstone river, near to a village of the same name ; and Nicholas, a physician, who settled in Savannah, Georgia. His daughters were Jane, who married Chief Justice Kirkpatrick, of New Brunswick, N. J. ; Maria, who married Samuel Boyd, Esq., of New York; and Mrs. Samuel Harrison Smith, of Washington, D. C.

Agnes, the second child of Andrew Hodge, sr., married James Ashton, a twin-brother of her brother-in-law, Col. John R. Bayard, who was a surgeon in the revolutionary army, and was accidentallv killed in Charleston, South Carolina. Their children were John Hodge Bayard, who lived in Cumberland and died unmarried ; Jane, whom I remember as a portly lady, dressed in the simple habit of a Quakeress, which the stricter Methodists of that period adopted ; and James Ashton Bayard, jr., born July 28, 1767. He practiced law in Wilmington, Delaware, and in 1787 represented his district in the National House of Representatives. In 1804 he was chosen United States Senator, as successor to his father-in law, Governor Bassett, which position he retained until he was selected by President Madison as a Commissioner, together with Gallatin, Clay, and others, to negotiate a peace with Great Britain. His son, Richard H. Bayard, was United States Senator from 1836 to 1839, and again from 1841 to 1845. His second son, the third James Ashton Bayard in the direct line, was United States Senator for many years. And again the office has been continued in the third generation, in the person of the present Senator, Thomas F. Bayard.

A third daughter of Andrew Hodge, sr., married a gentleman from the West Indies, by the name of Philips. She left an only child, a daughter, who died unmarried.

A fourth daughter, Mary, married Major Hodgdon, a commissary in the revolutionary army. She lived to a great age, and left many children.

The sons of Andrew Hodge, sr., were John, a physician, who died at twenty-three years of age, and William, a merchant, who residing abroad was called by acquaintances on the Continent, " the handsome American." After the revolution he was employed in the secret service of his government, and falling under suspicion, was for a time confined in the Bastile, where he was well treated. He died when only thirty years old. Of James, the youngest son of Andrew, sr., it is only known that he died unmarried. Andrew, jr., graduated in Princeton College in the class of 1772, and married Ann Ledyard, half-sister of the traveler and author. He was a Captain in the Pennsylvania line during the revo-

1790.] HIS FATHER AND MOTHER. J

lution, and was present at the battle of Princeton, and used to boast that he had captured a cannon in " Stockton's woods." He lived to a great age, and left many children. I heard the old gentleman say that at the battle of Princeton a company from Delaware, formed a little in advance of his own, broke and ran at the first fire of the British. Its Captain, who was rather corpulent, came puffing by crying, " Run, Captain Hodge, run, Captain Hodge, we shall all be killed." The only answer I could get to the question " Did Captain Hodge run?" was a little laugh. He fell back, however, upon his treasure trove, " the cannon in Stockton's woods."

Hugh, the eighth child and fourth son of Andrew Hodge, sr., was my father. He was born in Philadelphia, August 20, 1755, graduated in the College of New Jersey in 1773, and studied medicine under the eminent doctor Cadwalader. He was appointed Surgeon, February 7, 1776, in the third battalion of troops raised in the Province oY Pennsylvania, in the service of the United Colonies. He was captured by the British, and held as a prisoner at Fort Washington, N. Y., but through the intervention of General Washington was liberated on parole. After engaging in mercantile pursuits with his brother Andrew, he returned to the practice of medicine, and soon secured an influential connection. The tradition of his fine person and attractive manners lingered among the latest survivors of his generation. He was a prominent actor in the terrible scenes occasioned by the memorable epidemics of yellow fever in 1793, and afterwards in 1795. And through the exposure incident to his labors on these occasions his constitution was impaired, and he died after protracted sufferings July 14, 1798, at the early age of forty-three. His pastor, Dr. Ashbel Green, said of him, in his eulogium, that " as a husband, father, brother, friend and citizen, none surpassed him."

His wife, my mother, was Mary Blanchard, of Boston. Her mother's name was Hunt, probably of English origin.

Her father, Joseph Blanchard, was a descendant of the French Huguenots. She was born in Boston in 1765, and passed her earliest years amidst the excitements preparatory to the rebellion of the Colonies against the authority of Great Britain. Of course her opportunities for education were comparatively few, but such as they were she employed them well, and early manifested a great taste for reading, often retiring from the fire-side circle to a cold room, in the depth of a Boston winter, and there enveloped in a blanket, read and committed to memory passages from Pope and Dryden, which she could repeat in after life. The physician of her family was the celebrated Dr. Joseph Warren, afterwards Major-General Warren, who fell at Bunker Hill, one of the first of his country's martyrs. Her recollections of him were always very vivid, as she often sat on his lap listening to his enthusiastic discourse upon the exciting controversies of the day. She was the youngest of several children. The descendants of some of her brothers remain in Boston to the present time, while those of others are in the extreme south-west. Her brother Samuel married a niece of the Hon. Timothy Pickering, a Colonel in the revolutionary army, and afterward was Secretary of War, under Washington. Her favorite nephew, Francis Blanchard, was father of the first wife of the distinguished Mr. Winthrop, of Boston. Her parents died when she was young, and her brothers and sisters, being for the most part married, she came to Philadelphia to reside with her brother, John Blanchard, about 1785, at twenty years of agejand was introduced to our family through letters to Maj. Hodgdon.

After a courtship, protracted by the failure of his mercantile enterprises, she was married to my father in 1790, by Rev. Dr. Green, and went to housekeeping in the dwelling-house on the west of the store-house, on Water street below Race, belonging to the estate of his father, Andrew Hodge, sr., then recently deceased. On December 19th, their first child was born, a daughter, whom they named Elizabeth.

JET. o.] HIS BIRTH. g

She was a healthy and promising child, until in August,

1793, she was suddenly carried off by yellow fever. Their second child was Mary, born September 1st, 1792, and their third child was a little boy named Hugh, born August 24,

1794. When her little boy was about a year old, after many years of absence, my mother revisited her home in Boston, leaving her little ones in Philadelphia. Very shortly the little Mary sickened with measles, of which fact, of course, the mother was instantly informed. She immediately left Boston in the mail stage, and after traveling three days and three nights she arrived home to find that Mary was dead, and Hugh also was dying of the same disease. Thus was she left again childless. Their fourth child, Hugh Lenox Hodge, was born June 27, 1796, the year after the death of his little namesake brother. The family at this time, because of the supposed insalubrity of Water street, removed to a house on the south side of Arch street above Fourth, the third door from Christ Church burying-ground. Here at midnight, in the last moments of the 27th or the first moments of the 28th of December, 1797, I, the fifth and last child, was born. Aunt Hannah used to inquire for " that strange named child, Charles," as it was a new name in the family. My father died the 14th of July the next year, leaving my mother a widow in very limited circumstances, with two infants respectively two years and six months of age.

It is no marvel that mothers are sacred in the eyes of their children. The debt they owe them is beyond all estimate. To our mother, my brother and myself, under God, owe absolutely everything. To us she devoted her life. For us she prayed, labored and suffered. My grandfather's property yielded her for some years a comfortable income. But as it consisted principally of the Water (Arch) Street wharf, with its docks, and the warehouse and dwellings by which, on three sides, it was surrounded, its proceeds depended on the state of commerce.

IO AUTOBIOGRAPHY. [1832.

As the non-intercourse act and embargo which preceded the war of 18 12, and the war itself, led to the suspension of commercial business, our mother's income was almost entirely cut off. This was at the time we were preparing for college. Instead of putting her children off her hands, and leaving them to provide for themselves, by sacrificing all she had, by the most self-denying economy, and by keeping boarders, she succeeded in securing for them the benefits of a collegiate and professional education, at her expense, and without loss of time. She lived long enough to see both her sons settled in life and heads of families.

It is a tradition in the family that in her youth she was distinguished for personal beauty. A gentleman from Boston, after age and illness had produced their inevitable effects, exclaimed, " Can that be the beautiful Mary Blanchard, of Boston?" In the eyes of her children she continued beautiful to the end. Her large blue eyes never lost their light of intelligence and love.

Although thus devoted to the support and education of her children, she was always active in promoting the welfare of others. Her son Hugh has recorded his recollection of trudging by her side through the snow many squares to assist, with other ladies, in the distribution of soup and groceries to the destitute, either as donations, or at wholesale prices. She was one of the founders, and to the time of her death, an active promoter and Directress of the " Female Association for the Relief of Widows and Single Women of reduced circumstances," which still continues, after eighty years, one of the most useful, as it was one of the earliest of the many benevolent institutions of Philadelphia.

Having been an invalid for several years, early in April, 1832, she took a slight cold, which did not seem to be of any importance for two or three days. But this was unexpectedly followed by pulmonary congestion and slight delirium, so that she expired on the fourteenth of that