The Johnstown flood : a thriving city of 30,000 inhabitants and many great industrial establishments nearly wiped from earth ... The above narrative is gathered from the accounts of correspondents, eyewitnesses, refugees ... and other sources ...

Front matter

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GF.NKRA]. VIP:W OF KIUNSTQWN. AS LEFT BY TllErFLOOD.

GENERAL VIEW OF JOHNSTOWN, FROM THE HILL AT THE NORTH.

Preface

The disaster at the Valley of the Conemaugh is so far beyond all experience, that it is difficult for the mind to grasp it. Johnstown, which was really an aggregation of seven or eight towns, with a population of 25,000 to 30,000 souls lay in a deep valley at the junction of the Conemaugh and Stony Creek. Early on Friday, the 31st day of May, a freshet in the latter stream broke away the boom above the town and swept down the mass of logs against -the inundated houses. This was followed in the afternoon by a far worse disaster, when the dam of the South Fork Lake broke and the mass of water swept down the valley, carrying everything before it. The logs and the wreckage piling against the bridge formed a partial dam, that raised the water still higher, and in a short 'time the whole town was submerged. Hundreds were drowned in their houses; others were swept along by the torrent and perished either by water or by fire among the debris. This terrible calamity filled the hearts of every citizen with grief and horror, and from all parts the globe are being sent contributions in money and goods of all kinds for the sufferers.

Our book will give to the reader a true and interesting narrative of this terrible calamity gathered from the best of sources, and is richly illustrated, the views being taken on the spot by the special artists of the publishers.

Chapter I

Introductory Remarks. A Similar Catastrophe never before Occurred in the United States. The Cause of the Calamity. The Uam of Conemaugh Lake. The Largest Reservoir of the World. Construction of the Unsafe Dam. Ignorance or Carelessness shown in the Construction. Location of Johnstown. Its Industrial Importance. The Lower Towns.

^ CHAPTER 11.

Difficulties Surmounted by Correspondents in Obtaining Intelligent Information about the Disaster. The First Reports were not Exaggerated. The P'acts bear them out, and are Even Worse. Another Account of the Dam that Broke. The Watchman’s Views.

Chapter III

A Graphic Description of the Valley of Death, by a Reporter who was among the First to Enter Johnstown after the Catastrophe. Death Everywhere. A Charnel House Twenty Miles Long. Sixty Acres of Burning Debris. The Loss of Life and Property. What a Reporter of the Public Ledger saw. The Horror of Fire added to that of Water. Bodies along the River Banks. Heartrending Scenes. Ruffianism. Scenes on Stony Bridge. In Johnstown. The Loss of Life.

Chapter IV

Impossibility of Obtaining a Fair Report of the Actual Losses. A Visit to the Dam that did it. The Water Gates Permanently closed. It was Built of Dirt and Rubble.

CONTENTS.

Chapter V

The Break of the Dam. A Spoiled Sensation. Paul Revere tion est, but many other Cases of Heroism. A Graphic Description of the Disaster. Railroad Employees Escape on a Locomotive. The Masses of Water Arrive at Johnstown. Terrible Destruction. A Once Prosperous City now Nearly Ruined. Johnstown Before and After the Disaster.

Chapter VI

The Gorge at the Bridge.-^ Description of an Eye Witness. Unheeded Warnings. Breaking of the Boom. Roasted to Death. Heroism and Self-sacrifice. Her Last Message. A Boy’s PNperience. Miraculous Escape. Refused to Desert Her Children.

CHAPTER VIL

Remarkable Stories of Escape. A Mother’s Efforts to Save Her Children. A 'I'errible Visitation. A Thrilling Narrative of the Flood. Race between Engine and Flood.

CHAPTER Vlll.

Destruction and Death Everywhere. The Day Express Disaster. The Pennsylvania Railroad’s Last Train.

CHAPTER IX.

After the Flood. A Proclamation by the Governor of Pennsylvania. ^ Conservative Estimate of the Losses. An Appeal for Aid. The Situation of the Conemaugh Valley. What Followed the Break of the Dam.

CHAPTER X.

Relief for the Afflicted from all Parts of tlie Globe. Unprecedented Calamity and Grand Charity. Arrival of Relief Trains. Great Energy Shown by the Sufferers.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XI.

The Orphans of the Flood will be cared for. At the Relief .Station. The Grand Army in charge of the Work of Receiving and Dispensing Supplies.

CHAPTER XII.

Johnstown People Crazed by their Sufferings. Governor Beaver of Pennsylvania Visits Johnstown. General Hastings in Command. Districting the Ruined Area. Several Stores Opened. Latest Estimate of Loss of Life. Passengers Lost from the Day Express.

CHAPTER XIH.

A New Ray of Hope. Rehabilitation. Merchants to get long Credit. Report of the Transportation Bureau. A Generous Offer made by Philadelphia Bankers. The Relief Committee.

CHAPTER XIV

Inundations and Destruction oi Life and Property in other parts ot Pennsylvania. The Bald Eagle Valley in Centre County. Muncy. The Juniata and the Susquehanna Valley. Lock Haven. Newport. Harrisburg. Renovo. Columbia. McKean County. Sunbury. Bedford.

CHAPTER XV.

The Flood at Williamsport. Loss of Life and Property. Thirty Persons Drowned. Damages to Buildings and Contents. Millions of feet of Lumber Carried Away. Sufferings Among the People, whose Houses were Destroyed by the Flood. The Bell’s Gap Road. Huntingdon County. 300 Houses Destroyed In the Cumberland Valley. Tyrone.

CHAPTER XVI.

Disasters and Floods Everywhere. Cumberland. Harper’s Ferry. Point of Rocks Inundated. The Potomac Floods. At Washington, D. C. Frederick and Port Deposit, Md. Lancaster and Shamokin, Pa. Richmond, Va. Etc.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVII.

The Countless Benevolence of the American People. The Clouds are Passing Away. From 5000 to 7000 People Perished during this Calamity. A Retrospect. The Reporters and the Telegraph Operators.

CHAPTER XVIIT.

Bacic to ilie Fated Valley. Up at the Mighty Dam. Homes Once ISFore. The Ej)idemic. The Commission at Hand. A Bank Open. Another Sabbath. The Red Cross Relief.

CHAPTER XTX.

Floods of History. Tn Holland and China. How France has Su tiered.

CHAPTER XX.

A Flood of Fire this time. Johnstown visited by a New Scourge. Twenty-five Houses Destroyed by Fire. Five Acres of Smouldering Debris mark the Work of the Flames. The Relief Work. An Important Rejiort. More than $2,500,000 Distributed. Another Johnstown Flooded. Broken Dams the cause of the Disaster,

THE JOHNSTOWN FLOOD.

Chapter I

Nothing in the history of the United States in time peace has ever approached the appalling catastrophe, vhich has spread such awful havoc through the thriving /alley of the Conemaugh on the afternoon of ETiday the 31st day of May, 1889, and has left such terrible horror md devastation. It only can be compared to the :errible devastation and loss of life caused by the earthquake at Lisbon or the breaking of the dam of the Vellow River (Ho-ang-Ho) in China and the returning af its waters to its old bed, then one of the richest districts of that rich part of China. Before this terrible catastrophe the valley of the Conemaugh was perhaps one of the happiest in the great State of Penn.sylvania.

THE CAUSE OF THE CALAMITY.

The cause of the fearful calamity was the breaking of H>e resevoir or dam, known as Conemaugh Lake, a body )f water about three and a half miles long, one and a quarter miles in width, and in some places 100 feet in depth. It was located on the mountain some three or four hundred feet above the level of Johnstown, and was of course a constant menace to that town, as it was said to hold more water than any reservoir in the United States. It is th^ property of a number of wealthy gentle-

TH^ JOlhXSTOWN FLOOD.

men of Pittsburg, members of the South Fork Hunting And P'ishing Club, and was given its late immense proportions in order to fit it for hunting and fishing purposes.

It appears that every possible precaution had been regularly taken to insure the safety of the reservoir, an inspection of it being made by a Pennsylvania railroad engineer once a month, these examinations showing that nothing less than some extraordinary convulsion ot nature could destroy the barrier that held the great body of water within its prescribed bounds. We are confronted with the appalling fact that the waters were too strong for the barrier, and that tearing it away they swept down with relentless and resistless fury upon the town below, carrying death and destruction with them to an unparalleled extent.

THE LARGEST RESERVOIR IN THE WORLD.

In order to understand the nature of this calamity it is necessary to describe the respective locations of the reservoir at Johnstown. The reservoir lies about 12 and a half miles northeast of Johnstown, and is the site of the old reservoir, which was one of the feeders of the Pennsylvania canal. It is the property of a number of wealthy gentlemen in Pittsburg, who formed themselves into the corporation, the title of which is the South Fork Fishing And Hunting Club.

This sheet of water was formerly known as Conemaugh Lake. It is from 300 to 400 feet above the level of Johnstown, being in the mountains. It is about three and a half miles long and from a mile to one and a quarter miles in width, and in some places it is 100 feet in depth.

THE JOHNSTOXX^N FLOOB.

It holds more water than any other reservoir, natural or artificial, in the United States. The lake has been quadrupled in size by artificial means and was held in check by a dam from 700 to 1,000 feet wide.

It is 90 feet in thickness at the base and the height is 1 10 feet. The top has a breadth of over 20 feet. Recognizing the menace which the lake has to the region below, the South Fork Club had the dam inspected once a month by the Pennsylvania railroad engineers, and their investigation showed that nothing less than some convulsion of nature would tear the barrier away and loosen the weapon of death. The steady rain of the past forty- eight hours increased the volume of water in all the small mountain streams, which were already swelled by the lesser rains earlier in the week.

THE UNSAFE CONDITION OF THE DAM.

Phigineering experts have fairly swarmed to this locality to examine the broken dam and the conditions which produced the catastrophe and conduced to making it such a gigantic, appalling calamity.

Among them were A. M. Wellington and L. P. Burt, of the New York Engineering News.

A reporter has had a long talk with these latter gentlemen, and from them has received a full description of the dam, its faults of construction and the probable reason for the breaking away of the waters of Conemaugh Lake.

The reports rendered by these experts substantially confirm The Evening World's dispatches regarding the insecurity of the dam structure.

Says Mr. Wellington: “ No engineer of known and

THE JOHNSTOWN FLOOD.

good standing could possibly have been engaged in the reconstruction of the old dam after it had been neglected in disuse for twenty odd years, and the old dam was a very inferior piece of work, and of a kind wholly unwarranted by good engineering practices of its day, thirty years ago.'

“l^oth the original dam and the reconstructed one were built of earth only, with no heart wall and rip-rapped only, on the slopes. True, the earth is of a sticky, clayey quality; the best of earth for adhesiveness, and the old dam was made in watered layers, well rammed down, as is still shown in the wrecked dam. But the new end was probably not rammed down at all ; the earth was simply dumped in like an ordinary railway filling. Much of the old dam still stands, while the new work cc .tiguous to it was carried away.

“ It nas been an acknowledged principle of dam building for forty years, and the invariable practice to build a central wall either of puddle or solid masonry, but there was neither in the old nor in the new dam. It is doubtful if there is another dam of the height of fifty feet in the United States which lacks this central wall. •

'' li^norance or carelessness is shown in the reconstruction, for the middle of the new dam was nearly two fer't lower in the middle than at the ends. It should have been crowned in the middle b}* all the rules and practise of engineering.

“ Had the break begun at the ends, the cut of the water would have been gradual and litMe or no harm would have resulted. And had the dam been cut at once at the ends when the water began running over the centre, the suddenness of the break migh^ been

THE JOHNSTOWN FLOOD.

checked, the wall crumbling away at least more slowly and gradually and possibly prolonged so that little harm would have been done.

“ There was an overflow through the rocks in the old dam, which, provided that the water must rise seven feet above the ordinary level before it would pass ovt 1 the crest of the dam. But, owing to the raising of tlie ends of the dam in 1881, without raising the crest, only five and a half feet of water was necessary to run water over the middle of the dam. And this .spillway, narrow at best, had been further contracted by a close grating to prevent the fish from escaping from the lake, while the original discharge pipe at the foot of the dam was permanantly closed when the dam was constructed. Indeed, the maximum discharge was reduced in all directions. The safety valve to that dangerous dam was almost screwed down tight.

“ There seems to have been no leakage through the dam, its destruction resulting from its running over at the top. The estimates for the original dam call for half earth and rock, but there is no indication of it in the broken dam. The riprap was merely a skin on each face, with loose spawls mixed with the earth. The dam was 72 feet high, 2 inches slope to a foot inside, lyi inches to a foot outside slope and 20 feet thick at the top. The fact that the dam was a reconstructed one after twenty years disuse, made it especially hard on the old dam to withstand the pressure of the water.’

Cyrus Elder, general counsel for the Cambria Iron Company, related some curious incidents as ii;di«-liVe of the distrust of the dam on all sides.

Mr. Elder is the father of George Elder, the engineer

THE JOHNSTOWN FLOOD.

of the Cyclone Pulverizer Company of New York, and lost his wife and only daughter in the flood. '

“ When the South Fork Fishing And Hunting Club, of Pittsburg, leased the lake of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, in i88i, and proposed to rebuild the old darn,” says Mr. Elder, “ the Cambria Iron Company was considerably exercised, and a competent engineer was employed to inspect the old dam and the plans for ; the reconstruction. He condemned several matters in j the way of construction and the plans were changed to meet his views, whereupon he reported that the new dam would be perfectly safe. ^

“ My son, George R. Elder, was at the Troy Polytechnic Institute at the time, and he sent to me a copy of a problem submitted to his class by the Professor. It was, of course, an hypothetical case, but it was quite evidently based on the plans and specifications for the South Fork ; dam. The class decided that the dam was safe.

“ But the President of my Company was still anxious, and, thinking that it would be a good idea to have some member of the Company inside the South P'ork P'ishing Club, set aside funds of the Company for the purchase of two shares in the Club. They were in the name of D. J. Morrell, and after his death were transferred to my name. They are still held by me, but are the property of the Cambria Iron Company.”

THE coroner’s JURY BLAMES THE CLUB.

Those who have always stood as members of the Club now declare that it is a thing of the past and no one will admit his membership.

Even the owners of cottages on the banks of the lit-

THE JOHNSTOWN FLOOD.

.e lake deny any interest in the Club. They are waitig legal action which will probably be taken against hem, and the cottages are unoccupied.

Coroner Hammer, of Westmoreland County, sitting 1 inquest upon the bodies found at Nineveh, took the jry to the dam, and a verdict is being prepared foi' he signatures of the jurymen, and it will throw the burlen of blame upon the South Fork Fishing And Hunting 31ub.

It throws the blame on the Club because of the ■ gross, if not criminal, negligence and carelessness in naking repairs from time to time.”

i It has been a question before the Coroner if the Penn* lylvania Railroad Company should not be held jointly esponsible with the Club, for the Company leased and ibandoned the dam and permitted it to fall out of repair.

THE LOCATION OF JOHNSTOWN.

Johnstown’s geographical situation is one that renders t peculiarly liable to terrible loss of life in the event of >uch a casualty as that reported. It is a town Duilt in a basin of the mountains and girt about by itreams, all of which finally find their way into the Alle* Theny river, and thence into the Ohio. On one side of i;he town flows the Conemaugh river, a stream which luring the dry periods of the summer drought can be 'eadily crossed in many places by stepping from stone to stone, but which speedily becomes a raging mountain ;orrent,'when swollen by the spring freshets or heavy summer rains.

On the other side of the town is the Stony creek, ivhich gathers up its own share of the mountain rains and whirls them along toward Pittsburg. The awful

THE JOHNSTOWN FLOOD.

flood caused by the sudden outpouring of the contents of the reservoir, together with the torrents of rain that had already swollen these streams to triple their usual violence, is supposed to be the cause of the sudden submersion of Johnstown and the drowning of so many of its citizens. The water, unable to find its way rapidly enough through its usual channels, piled up in overwhelming masses, carrying before it everything that obstructed its onward rush upon the town.

' Johnstown had a national bank, several savings institutions, printing offices which issue several daily and weekly papers, sixteen churches, several tanneries, flour, planing and woolen mills. The manufacture of wire, cement, fire-brick and leather is also carried on. The town also had a convent and an academy.

ITS INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE.

Johnstown, the centre of the great disaster, is on the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 276 miles from Philadelphia and 78 from Pittsburg. It is the headtpiarters of the great Cambria Iron Company, and its acres of iron works fill the narrow basin in which the city is situated. The rolling mill and Bessemer steel works employ 6,000 men. The mountains rise quite abruptly almost on all sides, and the railroad track, which follows the turbulent course of the Conemaugh river, is above the level of the iron works, which must have been inundated by the flood. The summit of the Allegheny mountains is reached at Gallitizin, about 24 miles east of Johnstown.

The people of Johnstown had been warned of the im- [)eiiding flood as early as i o’clock in the afternoon, but. not a person living near the reservoir knew that the dam

THE JOHNSTOW'N FLOOD.

had given way until the flood swept the houses ofT their foundations and tore the timbers apart. Escape from the torrent was impossible. The Pennsylvania Railroad hastily made up trains to get as many people away as possible, and thus saved many lives.

THE LOWER TOWNS.

Four miles below the darn lay the town of South Fork, where the South Fork itself empties into the Conemaugh river. The town continued about 2,000 inhabitants. It has not been heard from, but it is said that four-fifths of it has been swept away.

Four miles further down, on the Conemaugh river, which runs parallel with the main line of the Pennsylvavania railroad, was the town of Mineral Point. It had 800 inhabitants, 90 per cent, of the houses being on a flat and close to the river. It seems impossible to hope that any of them have escaped.

Six miles further down was the town of Conemaugh, and here alone was there a topographical possibility of the spreading of the flood and the breaking of its force. It contained 2,500 inhabitants and must be alnrost wholly devastated.

Woodvale, with 2,000 people, lay a mile below Conemaugh, in the flat, and one mile further down were Johnstown and its cluster of sister towns, Cambria City, Conemaugh borough, with a total population of 30,000.

On made ground, and stretching along right at the river verge, were the immense iron works of the Cambria Iron And Steel Company, who have ;$5, 000.000 invested in their plant.

Besides this there are many other large industrial establishments on the bank of the river.

Chapter II

The correspondents, who were dispatched to the Concinaugh Valley, as soon as the news of the terrible disaster horrified the public, found it impossible to gather a clear and intelligible description of the catastrophe from eye witneses. They all agree, that they heard a terrible crashing sound and then all of a sudden tliey saw a wall of water seventy feet high rushing with lightning speed down the valley, destroying everything in its trail.

The great damage to Johnstown was largely due to the rebound of the flood after it swept across. The wave spread against the stream of Stony creek and passed over Kernsville to a depth of 30 feet in some places. It was related that the lumber boom had broken on Stony creek, and the rush of tide down stream, coming in contact with the spreading wave, increased the extent of the disaster in this section. In Kernsville, as well as, in Hornerstown across the river, the opinion was expresscd,that so many lives would not have been lost had the people not believed from there experience with former floods that there was postively no danger beyond the filling of cellars or the overflow of the shores of the river. After rushing down the mountains from the South Fork dam, the pressure of water was so great that it forced its way against the natural channel not only over Kernsville and Hornerstown, but all the way up to Grubbtown, on Stony creek.

By the terrible flood the communications by rail and wire were nearly all cut off and many citizens, who on

THE JOHNSTOWN FLOOD.

Saturday, June ist. read about the terrible disaster first believed, that the reports about the destruction of life and property were greatly exaggerated either through the excitement bordering on insanity, engendered by this appalling calamity, or by the desire to be sensational, a thing, which we often find in newspaper reports. In this case though there was not the least exaggeration ; on the contrary, the facts, substantiated later on by responsible men, and by the different aid committees, sent there by charitable and benevolent ^organizations from^neighboring cities, fully justified these reports, and in most cases were much more distressing and appalling than according to the first reports. The first reports gave the number of lives lost at 1 0,000 to 12,- oco, and if all the missing are supposed to be dead this number will be correct, although it can fairly be assumed that many of the people saved, in their consternation and fright, which bordered on the unsettling of their reason, have strayed away and will turn up at some other place. The exact number of the victims of this dreadiful disaster probably will never be known. Bodies have been found beyond Pittsburg, which in all probability were carried to that place from Johnstown and its suburbs. The terrible holocaust at the barricade of wrecks at the bridge of the Pennsylvania Railroad below Johnstown, where hundreds of men, women and children, who were saved from the waves were burned to death, caused a terrible loss of life. The loss of property was first guessed at 25 to 30 millions of dollars, to-day it is estimated at double of that amount.

ANOTHER ACCOUNT OF THE DAM THAT BROKE.

On the Monday after the catastrophe there came to

THE JOHNSTOWN FLOOD.

Johnstown a man, who had scarcely more than a dozen rags to cover his nakedness. His name is Herbert Webber, and he was employed by the South Fork Club as a sort of guard. He supported himself mostly by hunting and fishing on the Club’s preserves. By almost superhuman efforts he succeeded in working his way through the forest and across flood, in order to ascertain for himself the terrible results of the deluge which he saw start from the Sportsman’s Club’s lake. Webber said that he had been employed in various capacities about the preserve for a considerable time.

He had repeatedly, he declared, called the attention of the members of the Club to the various leakages at the dam, but he received the stereotyped reply that the masonry was all right; that it had been “built to stand for centuries,” and that such a thing as it giving way was among the impossibilities. But Webber did not hesitate to continue his warnings. Finally, according to his own statement, he was instructed to “ shut up or he would be bounced.” He was given to understand that the officers of the Club were tired of his croakings and tliat the less he said about the dam from thence on the better it would be for him.

Webber then laid his complaint before the Mayor of Johnstown, not more than a month ago. He told him that the .spring freshets were due, and that, if they should be very heavy, the dam would certainly give way. Webber says that the Mayor promised to send an expert to examine the dam then, and if necessary to appeal to the State. Somehow the expert was not chosen, the appeal was not made at Harrisburg, and the catastrophe ensued.

THE JOHNSTOWN FLOOD.

For three days previous to the final outburst, Webber says, the water of the lake forced itself through the ! interstices of the masonry, so that the front of the dam resembled large watering pot. The force of the water was so great that one of these jets squirted full thirty feet horizontally from the stone wall. All this time, too, the feeders of the lake, particularly three of them, more 1 nearly resembled torrents than mountain streams and I were supplying the dammed up body of water with quite 3,000,000 gallons of water hourly.

! At 1 1 o’clock last Friday morning, Webber says, he I was attending to a camp about a mile back from the dam, when he noticed that the surface of the lake [seemed to be lowering. He doubted his eyes, and made a mark on the shore, and then found that his suspicions were undoubtedly well founded. He ran across the country to the dam, and there he saw, he declares, the water of the lake welling out from beneath the foundation stones of the dam. Absolutely helpless, he was compelled to stand there and watch the gradual i development of what was to be the most disastrous flood of this continent.

i THE DAM COMMENCES TO BREAK.

I According to his reckoning it was 12.45 when the stones in the centre of the dam began to sink because of the undermining, and within eight minutes a gap of twenty feet was made in the lower half of the wall face, through which the water poured as though forced by' machinery of stupenduous power. By one o’clock the toppling masonry, which before had partaken somewhat of the form of an arch, fell in, and then the remain-

THE JOHNSTOWN FLOOD.

der of the wall opened outward like twin-gates, and the great storage lake was foaming and thundering down the valley of the Conemaugh.

Webber became so awestruck at the catastrophe that he declares he was unable to leave the spot until the lake had fallen so low that it showed bottom fifty feet below him. How long a time elapsed he says he does not know before he recovered sufficient power of observation to notice this, but he does not think that more than five minutes passed. Webber says that had the dam been repaired after the spring freshet of 1888, the disaster would not have occurred. Had it been given ordinary attention in the spring of 1887, the probabilities are that thousands of lives would not have been lost. To have put the dam in excellent condition would not have cost ^5,000. Carelessness — which, in the minds of an intelligent coroner’s jury might be termed criminal — ■ was the sole cause of the deluge.

Chapter III

The New York Sun of June 4th, contained a very interesting and truthful graphic dispatch from its reporters at Johnstown. They were among the first to enter Johnstown after the catastrophe. To do so they had to travel in a roundabout way fully a thousand miles, and finally reached their destination by chartering a special train. One of the correspondents telegraphed as follows :

“ The time has not yet come to write the story of the disaster that has turned the sparkling Conemaugh that rippled so pleasantly through the beautiful valley into a river of horror in a valley of death.

“No man, nor any corps of men, with every facility that can be devised, will ever be able to write a story that shall fully tell of the awful visitation that has made the valley one vast charnel house, twenty miles long and half a mile wide, and that has stained the bright mountain stream a color that not all the water that can flow between now and eternity can ever wash out.