John Knox, the hero of the Scottish reformation

Front matter

^y OF Pf^mfS s^fotoeiCAL

John Knox, the hero of the Scottish

reformalion,

Preface

'O have omitted John Knox from a series of Heroes of the Reformation would have been an unpardonable exclusion ; and the year accepted by British and American Churches (whether rightly or wrongly) for the Quater-centenary commemoration of his birth, appeared to be the most appropriate time for the issue of this volume. The author acknowledges his indebtedness to earlier labourers in the same field ; and his sources are given in the accompanying list. In that list (apart, of course, from what was written during or soon after the Reformer's own century), three works are of special value. The Life of Knox, by Rev. Dr. McCrie, published nearly a century ago, signally revived the interest not only of Scotland but of Christendom in the Reformer, and vindicated his name from many uniiist.j,mputations. Ten years ago. Professor Hume Brown gave to the world two substantial and scholarly volumes which contain almost all of importance that is known about Knox, including much that

VI

Preface was unknown to Dr. McCrie. Most valuable of all is the monumental edition of Knox's Works, with learned introductions, notes, and appendices, by the late David Laing, LL.D. (1846-1864). Through this magnum opus the reader is able to form an independent judgment, from original sources, of the Reformer's character, history, and influence. The aim of the present writer has been, in the limited space at his disposal, to describe those portions of the career of Knox which are most likely to be of general interest ; to place his life-work in its historical setting; to facilitate for students the consultation of original authorities; and to present a picture of the ['Reformer which, without concealing his infirmlities, would help to vindicate his right to enrolment alike among the foremost heroes of the Reformation, and among the greatest and noblest of Scotsmen. In the revision of proofs, the writer's esteemed colleague. Professor Nicol, along with the editor himself, has been most helpful. To Mr. Pittendrigh Macgillivray, R.S A., and to others, the author and publishers are indebted for permission to reproduce several illustrations. Kind friends in various scenes of Knox's ministry have contributed many photographs. The schol-

Preface vii

arly minister of Guthrie has rendered efficient service in the preparation of the Index. It is a disputed question how far one is justified, when quoting Knox, in modernising the spelling. To retain uniformly the original form of the words is not only inconvenient for many readers, but is sometimes even misleading; as when the Reformer writes of certain "pure" men, meaning not innocent but poor. The author, accordingly, has modified the spelling in most cases, retaining occasionally, however, archaic forms where such retention appeared to add to the significance.

H. C.

Aberdeen, April, 1905.

Contents

PREFACE I. • • ^

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF WORKS CITED WITH

INFLUENCES ALIENATING SCOTLAND FROM ROME PRIOR TO THE TIME OF JOHN KNOX

Chapter I Birth And Education Of Knox Early Religious

ENVIRONMENT AND ECCLESIASTICAL POSITION

I. — Date of Knox's birth: divergent testimonies. II. — Place of birth : diversity of opinion. III. — Parentage of Knox. IV. — Boyhood and education at Haddington. V. — Contemporary Reforming movement in Scotland; Preaching

X Contents

and martyrdom of Patrick Hamilton. VI. — Probable influence of Hamilton's testimony and martyrdom over Knox; Professional employment. VII. — Long reticence and reserve of Knox regarding the Reformation movement; The probable causes of his reserve: (i) Academic influence of Major; (2) Hierarchical repression and persecution; (3) Patriotic reluctance of Knox to identify himself with an unpatriotic party. Additional Note on the date of Knox's birth ...... 22-48

Chapter II The Reformation In Scotland Between 1 543

AND 1546: PARTICIPATION OF KNOX IN THE

MOVEMENT

1543-1546

I- — The Protestant movement after the death of James V. under the Regent Arran; John Knox and Thomas William, the Regent's chaplain. II. — Recantation of Arran and restoration of Cardinal Beaton to power. III. — George Wishart: his preaching, martyrdom, and influence over Knox. Additional Note on the alleged complicity of George Wishart in the conspiracy against Cardinal Beaton . . . 49-67

Chapter III

KNOX AT ST. ANDREWS HIS CALL TO THE REFORMED

MINISTRY HIS CAPTURE BY THE FRENCH AND

EXPERIENCE IN THE GALLEYS I 546-1 549

I. — Assassination of Cardinal Beaton — Knox's resort to the castle of vSt. Andrews. II. — Knox and Rough; Formal call to the ministry. III.

Contents xi

Knox's testimony and work at St. Andrews. IV. — His capture by the French ; Servitude in a French galley and eventual liberation . . 68-87

Chapter IV John Knox In England The Pioneer Of Puri- Tanism

1549-1554

1. I. — Ecclesiastical condition of Scotland at the time

of Knox's restoration to liberty; His settlement in England. II. — Knox at Berwick; Public ministry. . III. — Knox at Berwick; Private life and relations. IV. — Knox at Newcastle; Testimony against the Mass. V. — Appointment to Royal chaplaincy and offer of a bishopric — Knox's influence in the Church of England. VI. — Knox in England under Mary Tudor; Eventual escape to the Continent . 88-117

Chapter V Knox On The Continent Of Europe A Leader And

PASTOR OF BRITISH PROTESTANT EXILES

LITERARY ACTIVITY 1554-1559

I. — Significance of Knox's continental life and work; His mindfulness of home. II. — Knox at Dieppe; His first visit to Switzerland. III. — Knox at Frankfort; Conflict with Anglicans. IV. — Knox at Geneva prior to his first return to Scotland in 1555. V. — Ministry at Geneva after his return from Scotland in 1556. VI. — Temporary interruption of Genevan pastorate in 1557. VII. — Latest ministry at Geneva; His departure. VIII. — Service of Knox to French Reformed Church at Dieppe in 1559. Additional Note: Knox on Predestination . 1 18-155 xii Contents

CHAPTER VI KNOX's FIRST RETURN TO SCOTLAND

1555-1556 .

I. — Brightening of the ecclesiastical horizon in Scotland. II. — Knox's arrival in Scotland in the autumn of 1555; Withdrawal of Protestants from attendance at Mass. III. — Evangelistic 4- ministry of Knox during the winter and spring of i555~56- IV. — Citation of Knox by the Hierarchy in May, 1556 ; The issue. V. — Letter of Knox to the Regent Mary and its reception. VI. — Other literary "work of the Reformer during this period. VII. — Departure of Knox from Scotland in July, 1556; Burning of Knox in efBgy ...... 156-174

Chapter VII

THE SCOTTISH REFORMATION MOVEMENT BETWEEN KNOX's DEPARTURE FROM SCOTLAND IN 1 556 AND

HIS FINAL RETURN IN 1559 THE REFORMER'S

CONTRIBUTIONS IN HIS ABSENCE TO THE PROGRESS OF THE CAUSE

1556-1559

I. — Increasing strength and self-reliance of the Reformers; Policy of aggression; Knox's letter from Dieppe; The First Covenant; Introduction of a Reformed Book of Common Praj-er; Petition of the Lords of the Congregation. II. — Decreasing friendliness of the Regent towards Protestants, issuing in antagonism; Marriage of Mary Stuart and the Dauphin; Its effect on the Regent's ecclesiastical policy. III. — Increasing boldness of the Hierarchy as the result of the Regent's attitude — Renewal of persecu-

Contents xiii

tion; Martyrdom of Walter Milne. IV. — Growth of popular sentiment against Romanism and against the French alliance. V. — Knox's "Appellation to the Estates" and "Address to the Commonalty." VI. — The Protestation before Parliament in November, 1558. VII. — Open alliance of the Regent with the Hierarchy, and precipitation of the conflict by the interdict and citation of Protestant preachers ....... 175-195

Chapter VIII Final Return Of Knox To Scotland The Closing

CONFLICT AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REFORMATION

1559-1560

I. — Knox's return to Scotland; Proclamation of the preachers as outlaws. II. — Knox preaching at Perth; The "Rascal Multitude." III. — Sermon of Knox at St. Andrews; Temporary truce. IV. — Knox in St. Giles' ; Protestant manifesto; Temporary compromise between %

Reformers and Regent. V. — Knox preaching ^^*r

throughout Scotland, and negotiating with Eng- , -_/x land. VI. — Renunciation of allegiance to the Regent under Knox's guidance. VII. — Knox with the Reformers at Stirling ; Fresh negotiations with England through Maitland of Lethington. VIII. — Knox at St. Andrews; Open alliance between England and the Scottish Reformers. IX. — The English in Scotland; The Scottish band. X. — Siege of Leith; Death of the Regent ; Treaty of Leith. XL— The Parliament of 1560 and its ecclesiastical enactments; Knox and the Reformed Confession of Faith . 196-234 xiv Contents

Chapter IX Knox And The Organisation Of The Reformed Scottish Church

1560-1561

I. — The First Book of Discipline as the ideal embodiment of the Church's polity. II. — Provisions regarding ecclesiastical office-bearers and Church government. III. — Regulations regarding ritual ; The Book of Common Order. IV. — Arrangements as to ecclesiastical discipline. V. — Provisions for the education of the young. VI. — Proposals regarding the Church's patrimony. VII. — Reception of the Book of Discipline by Church and State. VIII. — Public discussion soon after the Reformation between representatives of the Old Faith and the New. IX. — Knox's literary labour, domestic trouble, and political anxiety during the first year of the Reformed Church 235-260

Chapter X Knox And Queen Mary

1561-1563

I. — The return of Mary Stuart to Scotland in 1561; The danger to the Reform cause. II. — The attitude of Knox towards the Court and towards the celebration of Mass at Holyrood. III. — Knox's first interview with Queen Mary; His reply to her charges and complaints. IV. — Four subsequent private interviews. V. — Trial of Knox for treason at Royal instigation ; His acquittal; Continued mutual antagonism. VI. — General review of Knox's attitude towards the Queen ...... 261-289

Contents xv

Chapter XI Knox And The Protestant Statesmen Of Scotland

PRINCIPLE VERSUS EXPEDIENCY

1561-1565

I. — Divergence between Knox and Protestant statesmen as to Reform policy prior to Queen Mary's return to Scotland. II. — Continued divergence after the Queen's return, occasioned by (i) the question of the Holyrood Mass, (2) the' combination of political with religious aims on the part of Protestant statesmen, (3) the powers claimed by Knox for the General Assembly, (4) the Reformer's public references to the Queen. III. — Crisis of divergence at the time of Mary's first Parliament; Temporising policy of the Protestant statesmen denounced by Knox as a relapse from Christ. IV. — Fruitless attempt to arrive at a common understanding ; Questions discussed at a private conference of moderate and thorough supporters of the Reformation. V. — Personal estrangement between Knox and Moray; Its detrimental influence 290-303

Chapter XII

KNOX DURING THE PERIOD OF THE TEMPORARY DE- PRESSION AND EVENTUAL RATIFICATION OF PROTESTANTISM 1565-1568

I. — Marriage of the Queen to Darnley and her liberation from Protestant control. II. — Attitude of Knox towards the Royal marriage; Claims of the General Assembly ; Sermon of Knox before Darnley. III. — Incipient Catholic reaction and exile of Protestant statesmen ; The Church appoints a Fast and commissions Knox to plant xvi Contents

new Kirks. IV. — Compact of Darnley and Lennox with Protestant statesmen against Rizzio; Rizzio's assassination; Was Knox implicated? V. — Apparent reconciliation of Mary with Darnley; Flight of the Protestant conspirators; Knox in Ayrshire. VI. — Ascendency of Bothwell; Knox's return to public life; The Reformer in St. Andrews; General approval of the later Helvetic Confession; The Reformer in Edinburgh; Protest of General Assembly against re-instature of Archbishop Hamilton. VII. — Knox in England; Remonstrance against the deprival of EngHsh Puritans ; Visit to his sons at Berwick. VIII. — Murder of Darnley — Remarriage, imprisonment, and com- tA/'^'*\' pulsory abdication of Mary; Knox's relation to the Revolution. IX. — Co-operation of Knox with Murray ; Parliamentary ratification of the Protestant establishment in December, 1567 . 304-333

Chapter XIII

LAST YEARS OF KNOX's LIFE POLITICAL, ECCLESIAS- TICAL, AND PERSONAL TROUBLES — RESIDENCE AT ST. ANDREWS 1568-1572

I. — Political trouble; Rival parties; Assassination of Moray; Knox's lamentation. II. — Ecclesiastical trouble ; Secession of influential Protestants to Queen's party; Selfish attitude of Regent's party towards the Church. III. — Personal trouble; Apoplexy; Controversy; Anonymous attacks upon Knox. IV. — Withdrawal to St. Andrews; Physical infirmity; Pulpit labours; Literary work. V. — Introduction of a modified Episcopacy into the Church ; Concordat of Leith; Knox's attitude and procedure. Additional Note on Catholic Calumniators of Knox . ..... 334-358

• Contents xvii

CHAPTER XIV KNOx's LAST DAYS HIS DEATH CHARACTER AND

INFLUENCE 1572

I. — Return of Knox to Edinburgh ; Appointment of Lawson as his colleague. II. — Latest pulpit efforts; Massacre of St. Bartholomew; Induction of Lawson. III. — Knox on his death-bed; Death and funeral. IV. — Estimate of the Reformer's character. V. — His influence upon Scotland and other countries. Additional Notes on "John Knox's House" and "John Knox's Person and Family " .... 359-393

INDEX 395

ILLUSTRATIONS

• PAGE

Portrait of John Knox from Beza's Ikone's. 1 580

Frontispiece

Site of Knox's probable birthplace, in Giffordgate, Haddington. The tree was planted by the direction of Thomas Carlyle . . 24

Haddington Parish Church ("Lamp o^ Lothian"), in which Knox attended George Wishart on the occasion of the latter's last sermon, in January, 1546, a few hours before Wishart's arrest .... 58

Pulpit from which Knox preached in the Town

church of St. Andrews . . . .74 Now in the University Building.

Ruins of the Castle of St. Andrews ... 80

Ruins of the Castle of Berwick-on-Tweed . . 94

Church of St. Nicholas (now the Cathedral), Newcastle ......

From an eighteenth-century print.

Church of the Weissen Frawen ("White Ladies," Cistercian order) in Frankfort, where Knox officiated in 1554 .

From a print of the sixteenth century.

XX Illustrations

PAGE

L'Auditoire, Geneva, in which Knox and his

congregation worshipped, 1556-59 . . 134

Church of S. Pierre, Geneva . . . .136

Facsimile (on reduced scale) of Knox's letter to

Queen Elizabeth, 6th Aug., 1561 . . 144 From the original in the State Papers Office.

Reverse side of Knox's letter to Queen Elizabeth ........ 146

Rue d'^cosse, Dieppe . . . . .150

Several of the houses on the right existed in

Knox's time.

St. John's Church, Perth, where Knox preached

Now divided into East, West, and Mid Churches.

Interior of West Church, Perth, being part of the Church of St. John's, where Knox preached on nth May, 1559. The pulpit no longer exists, but its site is marked by the white cross in photograph . . . 200

The Town Church, St. Andrew, where Knox

From an eighteenth-century print.

Holyrood Palace as it was prior to 1650 . . 262 Pulpit from which Knox is believed to have

preached in St. Giles' .... 300

Now in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh.

Greyfriars' Church, Stirling, where Knox preached on the occasion of the Coronation of James VI., in 1567 .... 306 Now East and West Churches.

Illustrations xxi

PAGE

The Pulpit in the Greyfriars' Church, Stirling, from which Knox preached the sermon on the occasion of the Coronation of James VI.,

Now in a side-room of the church.

Facsimile of part of a page of MS. of Knox's Historic in the librarv* of Edinburgh University ; with a marginal note in ' Knox's handwriting . . . . . .320

St. Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh . . . 330

From the West.

Statue of John Knox, which is about to be

erected in St. Giles' .... 340

Edinburgh Castle, as it was before the siege of

1573 350

Ruins of the Cathedral of St. Andrews . .376 "John Knox's House," High Street, Edinburgh, 384

Room supposed to have been Knox's study in

"John Knox's House," Edinburgh . .386

Stone in Parliament Square, Edinburgh, marking approximately the place of Knox's grave in what was formally the Churchyard of St. Giles' ...... 393

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK

Compiled by the Editor

Acts of Parliament of Scotland [i 124-1707], The. London, 1844 sqq. 12 vols.

Adamnan: Vita S. Columhs. See Historians of Scotland.

AiLRED : Life of Saint Ninian. See Historians of Scotland.

Anonymous (James Lawson?) Eximii viri Johannis Knoxii vera extremicB vitce et obitus historia. See Thomas Smeton. Translated in Laing, Works of Jolui Knox, vi., 649- 660.

Aylmer, John: An harhorowe for faithfull and trewe subjectes against the late bloune Blaste concerning the governmit of Wemen. Wherein be confuted all such reasons as a straunger of late made in that behalf e, with a brief e exhortation to obedience. Strassburg, 1559.

Baillie, Alexander: True Information. Edinburgh, 1628.

Bain, Joseph: Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland. Edinburgh, 1881.

Balnaves, Henry: A briefe sommarie of the work by Balnaves on Justification. In Laing, H'. of K., iii., 13-28. The Confession of Faith, conteining how the troubled man should seeke refuge at his God thereto led by faith: with the declaration of the article of justification at length. The order of good workes, which are the fruites of faith: And how the faithful, and justified man, should walke and live, in the perfite and true Christian religion, according to his vocation. Edinburgh, 1 584. In Laing, W. of K., iii., 431-542.

XXIV Books Referred To

Bannatyne, George: Ancient Scottish Poems. Edinburgh, 1770.

Bannatyne, Richard: Memoriales of Transactions in Scotland, 1569-73. Ed. R. Pitcairn. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1836.

Bede: Ecclesiastical History. English trans., in Bohn's Antiquarian Library.

Bellesheim, Alphons: History of the Catholic Church of Scotland. Edinburgh, 1887-90. 4 vols.

Beza, Theodore: Volumen Tractatiomim Theologicarum. Geneva, 1570-82. 3 vols.

Book of Common Order {The); or, the form, of prayers and ministration of the sacraments, etc., approved and received by the Church of Scotla^id. Edinburgh, 1564 (In Laing, W. of K., vi., 274-333).

Book of Discipline See Buke.

Bower, Walter: Scotichronicon. See Historians of Scotland (under John of Fordun).

Briggs, Charles Augustus: American Presbyterianism. Its origin and history. Together with an appendix of letters and documents, many of which have recently been discovered. New York, 1885.

Brown, Peter Hume: John Ktwx : A Biography. London, 1895. 2 vols.

Buchanan, David: "Life and Death of John Knox "(prefaced to his edition of John Knox's Historic of the Reformatioun . . . of Scotland. Edinburgh, 1644. 2d ed., 1645).

Buchanan, George: The History of Scotlatid. Glasgow, Edinburgh, London, 1855. 6 vols.

Books Referred To xxv

Buke {The) of Discipline. Edinburgh, 1560. In Laing, W. of. K., ii., 183-259.

BuRNE, Nicol: The Disputation concerning the conirovertit headdis of religion, holdin in the realme of Scotland, the zeir of God ane thousand fyue hundreth fourscoir zeiris. Betwix the prcetendit ministeris of the deformed Kirk in Scotland, and Nicol Burne, Professor of Philosophic in S. Leonardis College, &c. Paris, 1 58 1.

Burnet, Gilbert: The History of the Reformation of the Church of England. Ed. N. Pocock, Oxford, 1865. 7 vols.

Burns, William : The Scottish War of Independence. Glasgow, 1874. 2 vols.

Burton, John Hill: History of Scotland. Edinburgh, 1867-70. 7 vols.

Oalderwood, David: The True History of the Church of Scotland. Ed. T. Thomson. Edinburgh: Wodrow Society, 1842-49. 8 vols.

Calvin, John : Opera. Ed. Baum, Cunitz, Reuss, Erichson, Berlin, 1900. 59 vols.

Carlyle, Thomas: On Heroes, Hero-worship and the Heroic in History. London, 1840. Many editions.

Carlyle, Thomas: Inaugural Address at Edinburgh, April 2d, 1866 ("On the choice of books"). Edinburgh, 1866.

Chalmers, George: Caledonia. London, 1807-24. 3 vols.

Confessioun {The) of Faith professit and belevit be the Protestantis within the realme of Scotland. Edinburgh, 1561. In Laing, W. of K., ii., 93-154.

Contra Collatorem. See Prosper.

Cook, George: History of the Reformation in Scotland. Edinburgh, 1881. 3 vols.

Cowan, Henry: The Influence of the Scottish Church in Christendom. London, 1896.

Cramond, William: The Truth about George Wishart. Montrose, 1898.

Cunningham, John: The Church History of Scotland. Edinburgh, 1859. 2 vols. 2d. ed., 1882.

xxvi Books Referred To

Dempster, Thomas: Historia ecclesiastica gentis Scotorum. Ed. D. Irving. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1829.

Desmarquets, M.: Memoires chronologiques . . . de Dieppe. Dieppe, 1785.

Diurital of Remarkable Occurrents {A) . . . since the Death of King James IV., till . . . 1575. Ed. T. Thomson. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1833.

Drysdale, A. H.: History of the Presbyterians in England, their Rise, Decline, and Revival. London, 1889.

Dunbar, William: " Visitation of St. Francis "; " Friar of Berwick"; "Fly ting." See The Poems of William Dunbar. Edinburgh: Scottish Text Society, 1884.

Duval, Guillaume et Jean: Histoire de la Reformation a Dieppe, 155 7- 1657. Ed. Emile Lesens. Rouen, 1878-79. 2 vols.

Fleming, David Hay: Mary Queen of Scots from her Birth to her Flight into England. London, 1897.

Forbes, Alexander Penrose: Saint Ninian and Saint Kentigern. See Historians of Scotland.

Forbes, Patrick: A Full View of the Public Transactions in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. London, 1740-41. 2 vols.

FoRDUN, John of: Chronicle of the Scottish Nation. See Historians of Scotland.

FoxE, John: Acts and Monuments. Ed. George Townsend. London, 1843-49. 8 vols.

Froude, James Anthony: History of England. London, 1856-70. 12 vols. (Many editions).

Gairdner, James: The English Church in the Sixteenth Century, from the Accession of Henry VIII. to the Death of Mary. London, 1903.

Gregory L, Pope: Epistles. Eng. trans, of selected epistles by James Barmby, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. 2d series, vol. xiii. The Epistles on Image Worship in Marseilles are ix., 105 (p. 23) and xi., 13 (p. 53).

Grub, George: An Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, from^ the Introduction of Christianity to the Present Time. Edinburgh, 1 861. 4 vols.

GuiBERT, Michel Claude: Memoires pour servir ii V Histoire de la Ville de Dieppe. Dieppe, 1878. 2 vols.

Books Referred To xxvii

Haddan, Arthur West, and Stubbs, William. Ed. of Henry Spelman's Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents. Oxford, 1869-78. 4 vols.

Hailes, David Dalrymple: Annals of Scotland. 3d ed. Edinburgh, 1819. 3 vols.

Hamilton, Archibald: De confusione CalviniancB sectcB apud Scotos EcclesicB nomen ridicule usurpantis dialogus. Paris, 1577.

Hamilton Papers, The. Letters and Papers illustrating the political relations of England and Scotland in the XVI. Century. Formerly in the possession of the Duke of Hamilton, now in the British Museum. Ed. Joseph Bain. Edinburgh, 1890-92. 2 vols.

Hardy, Samuel: Histoire de V Eglise Protestante de Dieppe. Paris, 1897.

Henry, Paul: Das Leben Johann Calvins. Hamburg, 1835-44. 3 vols. Eng. trans, by Henry Stebbins, London, 1 85 1. 2 vols.

Herkless, John: Cardinal Beaton. London, 1891.

Historians (The), of Scotland. Edinburgh, 1871-80. 10 vols. Vols, i., iv., John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation. Ed. W. F. Skene, 187 1, 1874. Vols, ii, iii., ix., Andrew of Wyntoun, Metrical Chronicle. Ed. D. Laing, 1872, 1879. Vol. v., Lives of Saint Ninian [by Ailred] and of Saint Kentigern [by Jocelyne]. Ed. A. P. Forbes, 1874. Vol. vi., Life of Saint Columba, written by Adamnan. Ed. W. Reeves, 1874. Vols, vii., x.. The Book of Pluscarden, being unpublished continuation of Fordun's Chronicle, by M. Buchanan. Ed. Felix Skene, 1877, 1880. Vol. viii., Thomas Innes, Critical Essay on the Aitcient Inhabitants of Scotland. Ed. George Grub, 1879.

"History of the Estate of Scotland from 1558-1560." In Wodrow Miscellany. See Laing, David.

Hodge, Charles : The Constitutional History of the Presbyxxviii Books Referred To

terian Church in the United States of America. Part I., 1705- 1741. Part II., 1741-1788. Philadelphia, 1839-40. 2 vols

HuRAUT, Etienne: John Knox et ses relations avec les eglises reformces du Continent. Cahors, 1902.

Jocelyne: Life of Saint Kentigern. See Historians of Scotland.

Keith, Robert: The History of the Affairs of Church and State in Scotland from the beginning of the Reformation to 1^68. Edinburgh, 1734. Reprinted by the Spottiswoode Society, Edinburgh, 1844-50. 3 vols.

Kerr, Samuel: Where John Knox was Born. Edinburgh, i860.

Knox, John: History of the Reformation. Ed. David Laing. See Laing, Works of Knox. Quoted uniformly as Knox, H. of R.

Laing, David: The Works of John Knox. Edinburgh: Wodrow Society, 1846-64. 6 vols. (Quoted uniformly as Laing, W. of K.).

Laing, David: The Miscellany of the Wodroiv Society, containing Tracts and Original Letters Chiefly Relating to the Ecclesiastical Affairs of Scotland during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Edinburgh: Wodrow Society, 1844.

Laing, James: De vita et moribus atque rebus gestis hcreticorum nostri temporis . Paris, 1581.

Lang, Andrew: History of Scotland. Edinburgh, 1900- 1904. 3 vols.

Law, Thomas Graves: New Testament in Scots. London, 1901.

Lee, John : Lectures on the History of the Church of Scotland from the Reformation to the Revolution Settlement. Ed. William Lee. Edinburgh, i860. 2 vols.

Lees, James Cameron: St. Giles', Edinburgh. Ch(Urch College aitd Cathedral from the earliest times to the present day. Edinburgh, 1889.

Lesley, John: History of Scotland, 1436-1561. Edinburgh, 1830.

Books Referred To xxlx

(Leslie): The historie of Scotland, wryttcn first in Latin

. . translated into Scottish. Edinburgh: Scottish Text Society, 1885-95. 2 vols.

Livre des Anglois a Genbve. Ed. J. S. Bum. London, 1331. Ed. also by A. F. Mitchell (see below). Also by H. B. Racket in the " Bibliotheca Sacra." (Andover, Mass.) Vol. for 1862.

LoRiMER, Peter: Precursors of Knox; or. Memoirs of Patrick Hamilton. . . . Alexander Alane or Alesitts, . . . and Sir David Lindsay, of the Moup. Edinburgh, 1857. 2d ed., i860.

LoRiMER, Peter: The Scottish Reformation. London and Glasgow, i860.

Lorimer, Peter: John Knox and the Church of England. London, 1875.

Louden, David: The History of Morham. Haddington, 1889.

Luther, Martin: Brief wechsel. Best ed. E. L. Enders. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1884 sqq. Luther's letters will be found translated into modem German in vols, xxia and b., oi the Walch edition of Luther's writings, published by the Concordia Publishing House. St. Louis, Mo., 1903-5.

Lyndsay, Sir David: The Poetical Works. (Contains his " Complaynt of the Papyngo," " Ane Pleasant Satyre of the Thrie Estaites in commendation of vertue and vituperation of vice," and " The Tragedie of the Cardinal!.") Ed. George Chalmers, London, 1806, 3 vols.; David Laing, Edinburgh, 187 1, 3 vols.; Early English Text Society, London, 1863, sqq.

McCrie, Thomas: The Life of John Knox. Edmburgh, 181 2. Many editions, best by Thomas McCrie, the younger. Edinburgh, 1855.

McCrie, Thomas: Life of Andrew Melville. 2d ed. Edinburgh, 1824. 2 vols.

McCrie, Thomas (the younger): Sketches of Scottish Church History. Edinburgh, 1841, n. e., 1875.

Major, John: A History of Greater Britain, as well Englatui as Scotland. Trans, by A. Constable. Edinburgh : Scottish Historical Society, 1892.

XXX Books Referred To

Major, John: Quartus sententiarum [of Peter Lombard]. Paris, 1509, n. e., 1519.

Major, John : Commentary on Matthew {in quatuor Evangelia expositiones). Paris, 1529.

Marsden, John Buxton : The History of the Early Puritans from the Reformation to the opening of the Civil War in 1642. London, 1850.

Marteilhe, Jean: Autobiography. Trans, from the French. London: R. T. S., 1866 (later editions).

Martine, George: Reliquiae Divi Andrece; or. The State of the . . . See of St. Andrews. St. Andrews, 1797.

Mathieson, W. L.: Politics and Religion: A Study in Scottish History from Reformation to Revolution. Edinburgh, 1902. 2 vols.

Matthew Paris: Historia Anglorum. Eng. trans. English history, I2jj-I2yj. In Bohn's Antiquarian Library.

Melanchthon, Philip: Opera in "Corpus Reformatorum," i. Halle, 1834.

Melville, James: Memoirs of his oivn Life; 1549-93. Ed. T. Thomson. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Olub, 1827.

Miller, David: The Lamp of Lothian; or, The History of Haddington. Haddington, 1844.

Miller, Robert: John Knox and the Town Council of Edinburgh. Edinburgh, 1898.

Milligan, George: The English Bible. A Sketch of its History. Edinburgh, 1895.

Mitchell, Alexander Ferrier: The Scottish Reformation. London, 1900.

Moncrieff, James: The Influence of Knox and the Scottish Reformation on England. London (Y. M. C. A. Lectures), i860.

Monipennie, John: The abridgement or summarie of the Scots Chronicles. Edinburgh, 1633. 2d ed., 1650.

Munimenta Alme Universitatis Glasguensis. Glasgow: Maitland Club, 1854. 4 vols.

Murray (afterwards Aust), Hon. S. (Mrs.): A Companion and Useful Guide to the Beauties of Scotland &c. London, 1779-1803. 2 vols.

Nau, Charles: The History of Mary Stewart, from the

Books Referred To xxxi

Murder of Riccio until her Flight into England. Edinburgh, 1883.

National MSS. of Scotland, Facsimiles of. Southampton, 1867-71. 3 parts.

Perry, George Gresley: History of the Reformation in England. London, 1886.

Petrie, Alexander: A Compendious History of the Catholick Church from . . . 600 to 1600. Hague, 1662.

Pinkerton, John: History of Scotland. Edinburgh, 1797. 2 vols. '

PiTSCOTTiE (properly Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie): The History and Chronicles of Scotland. Ed..A. J. G. Mackay. Edinburgh: Scottish Text Society, 1899.

Phiscarden, Book of. See Historians of Scotland.

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. See Transactions.

Prosper, of Aquitaine: Liher contra Collatorem (against Q,a.ss\a.n' sCollationes Patrum). Ibid.

Registre des Bourgeois, of Geneva. Preserved in Geneva.

Robertson, Joseph: Statuta {Concilia Scotice Ecclesice ScoticancB statuta — 1 225-1 559.) Ed. Joseph Robertson. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1866.

Rogers, Charles: Life of George Wishart. Edinburgh, 1876.

Rogers, Charles : Genealogical Memoirs of John Knox and of the Family of Knox. London: Grampian Club, 1879.

Row, John : The History of the Kirk of Scotland, 1558-1639. Edinburgh, Wodrow Society, 1842.

Ruthven, Patrick: A Relation of the Death of David Rizzio. London, 1699.

Sadler Papers {The State Papers and Letters of Sir Ralph Sadler. Ed. Arthur Clifford. Edinburgh, 1809. 2 vols.).

ScHAFF, Philip: History of the Christian Chtirch. Vol. vii. The Swiss Reformation. New York, 1892.

XXX ii Books Referred To

Skelton, John: Maitland of Lethington and the Scotland of Mary Stuart. Edinburgh, 1887. 2 vols.

Skene, William Forbes: Celtic Scotland. Edinburgh, 1876-80. 3 vols.

Smeton, Thomas: Ad virulentum Archibaldi Hamiltonii ApostatcB dialogum, de confusione Calviniance SectcB apud Scotos . . . orthodoxarespondia . . . Adjecta est vera historia extrcmcB vitcu et obitus Johannis Knoxii. Edinburgh,

Smith, Wm., and Cheetham, Samuel: Dictionary of Christian Antiquities. London: John Murray, 1875-80. 2 vols.

Spalding Club (The new) Miscellany. Aberdeen, 1890.

Spottiswoode, John: History of the Church of Scotland. Edinburgh: Spottiswoode Society, 1847-51. 3 vols.

Stalker, James: John Knox, his Ideas and Ideals. London and New York, 1904.

Stark, John: The Picture of Edinburgh. Edinburgh, 1806. Sixth edition, 1834.

State Papers published under the authority of His Majesty's Commission. London, 1830 sqq.

Stebbing, Henry: Life of Calvin. See Henry, Paul.

Stephen, Thomas: The History of the Church of Scotland, from the Reformation to the Present Time. London, 1843-45. 4 vols.

Stevenson, Robert Louis: Familiar Studies of Men and Books. London, 1882.

Story, Robert Herbert: The Church of Scotland, Past and Present. London, 1890-91. 5 vols.

Strype, John: Ecclesiastical Memorials. London, 172 1. 3 vols. (The Clarendon Press ed. of his works, Oxford, 1812-24. ig vols.)