The Jesuits, 1534-1921; a history of the Society of Jesus from its foundation to the present time

Front matter

THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY cop. a

Chapter I

The Name — Opprobrious meanings — Caricatures of the page Founder — Purpose of the Order — Early life of Ignatius — Pampeluna — Conversion — Manresa — The Exercises — Authorship — Journey to Palestine — The Universities — Life in Paris — First Companions — Montmartre First Vows — Assembly at Venice. Failure to reach Palestine — First Journey to Rome — Ordination to the Priesthood — Labors in Italy — Submits the Constitutions for Papal Approval — Guidiccioni's opposition — Issue of the Bull Regimini — Sketch of the Institute — Crypto-Jesuits 1-35

Chapter II

Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Italy — Election of Ignatius — Jesuits in Ireland — " The Scotch Doctor "

— Faber and Melanchthon — Le Jay — Bobadilla — Council of Trent — Lafnez, Salmer6n, Canisius — The Catechism — Opposition in Spain — Cano — Pius V — First Missions to America — The French Parliaments

— Postel — Foimdation of the Collegium Germanicum at Rome — Similar Establishments in Germany — Clermont and other Colleges in France — Colloque de Poissy. 36-71

Chapter III

Xavier departs for the East — Goa — Around Hindostan — Malacca — The Moluccas — Return to Goa — The Valiant Belgian — Troubles in Goa — Enters Japan — Returns to Goa — Starts for China — Dies o£E the Coast

— Remains brought to Goa — Africa — Congo, Angola, Caffreria, Abyssinia — Brazil, Nobrega, Anchieta, Azevedo — Failure of Rodriguez in Portugal — 72-95

yii viii Contents

Chapter IV

Ignatius — Lafnez — BorRia — Bellarmine — Toletus — paob Lessius — Maldonado — Suirez — Lugo — Valencia — Petavius — Warsewicz — Nicolai — Possevin — Vieira

— Mercurian 9^'33

CHAPTER V The English Mission Conditions after Henry VIII — Allen — Persons — Campion

— Entrance into England — Kingslcy's Caricature — Thomas Pounde — Stephens — Capture and death of Campion — Other Martyrs — Southwell, Walpole — Jesuits in Ireland and Scotland — The English Succession — Dissensions — The Archpriest Blackwell — The Appellants — The Bye- Plot — Accession of James I —

The Gunpowder Plot — Garnet, Gerard 134-165

Chapter VI

After Xavier's time — Torres and Femandes — Civandono — Nunhes and Pinto — The King of Hirando — First Persecution — Gago and Vilela — Almeida — Uprising against the Emperor — Justus Ucondono and Nobunanga

— Valignani — Founding of Nangasaki — Fervor and Fidelity of the Converts — Embassy to Europe — Journey through Portugal, Spain and Italy — Reception by Gregory XIII and Sixtus V — Return to Japan — The Great Persecutions by Taicosama, Dailusama, Shogun I and Shogun II — Spinola and other Martyrs — Arrival of Franciscans and Dominicans — Popular eagerness for death — Mastrilli — Attempts to esteblish a Hierarchy — Closing the Ports — Discovery of the Christians. 166-196

Chapter VII

Manares suspected of ambition — Election of Aquaviva — Beginning of Spanish discontent — Dionisio Vdsquez — The " Ratio Studiorum " — Society's action against Confessors of Kings and Political Embassies — Trouble with the Spanish Inquisition and Philip II — Attempts at a Spanish

Contents ix

Schism — The Ormanetto papers — Ribadeneira sus- page pected — Imprisonment of Jesuits by the Spanish Inquisition — Action of Toletus — Extraordinary Congregation called — Exculpation of Aquaviva — The dispute " de Auxiliis " — Antoine Amauld's attack — Henry IV and Jean Chastel — Reconciliation of Henry IV to the Church — Royal protection — Saint Charles Borromeo — Troubles in Venice — Sarpi — Palafox 197-227

Chapter VIII

The Great Mogul — Rudolph Aquaviva — Jerome Xavier — de Nobili — de Britto — Beschi — The Pariahs — Entering Thibet — From Pekin to Europe — Mingrelia, Paphlagonia and Chaldea — The Maronites — Alexander de Rhodes — Ricci enters China — From Agra to Pekin

— Adam Schall — Arrival of the Tatars — Persecutions

— Schall condemned to Death — Verbiest — de Tournon's Visit — The French Royal Mathematicians — Avril's Journey 228-267

Chapter IX

Aquaviva and the Spanish Opposition — Vitelleschi — The " Monita Secreta "; Morlin — Roding — " Historia Jesuitici Ordinis " — " Jesuiticum Jejunium " — • " Speculum Jesuiticum " — Pasquier — Mariana —

" Mysteries of the Jesuits " — " The Jesuit Cabinet " — " Jesuit Wolves " — " Teatro Jesuitico " — " Morale Pratique des Jesuites " — " Conjuratio Sulphurea " — " Lettres Provinciales " — " Causeries du Lundi " and Bourdaloue — Prohibition of publication by Louis XIV

— Pastoral of the Bishops of Sens — Santarelli — Escobar — Anti-Coton — Margry's " Descouvertes " — Norbert 268-295

Chapter X

Chile and Peru — Valdivia — Peruvian Bark — Paraguay Reductions — Father Fields — Emigration from Brazil

— Social and religious prosperity of the Reductions —

X Contents

Martyrdom of twenty-nine missionaries — Reductions paob in Colombia — Peter Claver — French West Indies — St. Kitts — Irish Exiles — Father Bath or Destriches — Montserrat — Emigration to Guadeloupe — Other Islands — Guiana — Mexico — Lower California — The Pious Fund — The Philippines — Canada Missions — Br^beuf, Jogues, Le Moyne, Marquette — Maryland — White — Lewger 296-342

Chapter XI

Colleges — Their Popularity — Revenues — Character of education: Classics; Science; Philosophy; Art — Distinguished Pupils — Poets: Southwell; Balde; Sarbievius; Strada; Von Spee; Gresset; Beschi. — Orators: Vieira; Segneri; Bourdaloue. — Writers: Isla; Ribadeneira; Skarga; Bouhours etc. — Historians — Publications — ■ Scientists and Explorers — Philosophers — Theologians — Saints 343-386

Chapter XII

Pupils in the Thirty Years War — Caraflfa; Piccolomini; Gottifredi — Mary Ward — Alleged decline of the Society — John Paul Oliva — Jesuits in the Courts of Kings — John Casimir — English Persecutions. Luzancy and Titus Oates — Jesuit Cardinals — Gallicanism in France — Maimbourg — Dez — Troubles in Holland. De Noyelle and Innocent XI — Attempted Schism in France — Gonzalez and Probabilism — Don Pedro of Portugal — New assaults of Jansenists — Administration of Retz — Election of Ricci — The Coming Storm 387-423

Chapter XIII

State of the Society — The Seven Years War — Political Changes — Rulers of Spain, Portugal, Naples, France and Austria — Febronius — Sentiments of the Hierarchy — Popes Benedict XIV; Clement XIII; Clement XIV. . . 424-441

Contents xi

Chapter XIV

Early life — Ambitions — Portuguese Missions — Seizure of pagh the Spanish Reductions. Expulsion of the Missionaries

— End of the Missions in Brazil — War against the Society in Portugal — The Jesuit Republic — Cardinal Saldanha — Seizure of Churches and Colleges — The Assassination Plot — The Prisons — Exiles — Execution

of Malagrida 442-477

Chapter XV

The French Method — Purpose of the Enemy — Preliminary Accusations — Voltaire's testimony — La Vallette — La Chalotais — Seizure of Property — Auto da i6 of the Works of Lessius, Sudrez, Valentia, etc. — Appeal of the French Episcopacy — Christophe de Beaumont — Demand for a French Vicar — " Sint ut sunt aut non sint "

— Protest of Clement XIII — Action of Father La Croix and the Jesuits of Paris — Louis XV signs the Act of Suppression — Occupations of dispersed Jesuits — Undisturbed in Canada — Expelled from Louisiana — Choiseul's Colonization of Guiana 478-503

Chapter XVI

The Bourbon Kings of Spain — Character of Charles III — Spanish Ministries — O'Reilly — The Hat and Cloak Riot

— Cowardice of Charles — Tricking the monarch — The Decree of Suppression — Grief of the Pope — His death

— Disapproval in France by the Encyclopedists — The Royal Secret — Simultaneousness of the Suppression —

— Wanderings of the Exiles — Pignatelli — Expulsion by Tanucci 504-529

Chapter XVII

GanganeHi — Political plotting at the Election — Bemis, Aranda, Aubeterre — The Zelanti — Election of Clement XIV — Renewal of Jesuit Privileges by the new Pope — Demand of the Bourbons for a universal Suppression — ' The Three Years' Struggle — Fanaticism of Charles III xii Contents

— Menaces of Schism — Motiino — Maria Theresa — paqb Spoliations in Italy — Signing the Brief — Imprisonment of Father Ricci and the Assistants — Silence and Submission of the Jesuits to the Pope's Decree 530-554

CHAPTER XVIII Summary of the Brief of Suppression and its Supplementary

Document 555-576

Chapter XIX

Seizure of the Gcsd in Rome — Suspension of the Priests — Juridical Trial of Father Ricci continued during Two Years — The Victim's Death-bed Statement — Admission of his Innocence by the Inquisitors — Obsequies — Reason of his Protracted Imprisonment — Liberation of the Assistants by Pius VI — Receipt of the Brief outside of Rome — Refused by Switzerland, Poland, Russia and Prussia — Read to the Prisoners in Portugal by Pombal

— Denunciation of it by the Archbishop of Paris — Suppression of the Document by the Bishop of Quebec — Acceptance by Austria — Its Enforcement in Belgium — Carroll at Bruges — Defective Promulgation in Mar>-land. 577-603

Chapter XX

Failure of the Papal Brief to give peace to the Church — Liguori and Tanucci — Joseph II destroying the Church in Austria — Voltaireanism in Portugal — Illness of Clement XIV — Death — Accusations of poisoning — Election of Pius VI — The Synod of Pistoia — Febronianism in Austria — Visit of Pius VI to Joseph II — The Punctation of Ems — Spain, Sardinia, Venice, Sicily in opposition to the Pope — Political collapse in Spain — Fall of Pombal — Liberation of his Victims — Protest of de Guzman — Death of Joseph II — Occupations of the dispersed Jesuits — The Theologia Wicehurgensis — Feller

— Beauregard's Prophecy — Zaccaria — Tiraboschi — Boscovich — Missionaries — Denunciation of the Suppression in the French Assembly — Slain in the French Revolution — Destitute Jesuits in Poland — Shelter in Russia 604-635

Contents xiii

Chapter XXI

Frederick the Great and the " Philosophes " — Protection of page the Jesuits — Death of Voltaire — Catherine of Russia — The Four Colleges — The Empress at Polotsk — Joseph II at Mohilew — Archetti — Baron Grimm — Czemiewicz and the Novitiate — Assent of Pius VI — Potemkin

— Siestrzencewicz — General Congregation — Benislawski — " Approbo; Approbo " — Accession of former Jesuits. Gruber and the Emperor Paul — Alexander I

— Missions in Russia 636-664

CHAPTER XXII The Rallying Fathers of the Sacred Heart — Fathers of the Faith — Fusion

— Paccanari — The Rupture — Exodus to Russia — Varin in Paris — Clorivi^re — Carroll's doubts — Pigna-

telli — Poirot in China — Grassi's Odyssey 665-684

Chapter XXIII

Tragic death of Father Gruber — Fall of Napoleon — Release of the Pope — The Society Re-established — Opening of Colleges — Clorivi^re — Welcome of the Society in Spain

— Repulsed in Portugal — Opposed by Catholics in England — Announced in America — Carroll — Fenwick

CHAPTER XXIV Expulsion from Russia — Petrucci, Vicar — Attempt to wreck

the Society — Saved by Consalvi and Rozaven 716-733

Chapter XXV

Expulsion from Holland — Trouble at Freiburg — Expulsion and recall in Spain — Petits Seminaires — Berryer — Montlosier — The Men's Sodalities — St. Acheul mobbed — Fourteen Jesuits murdered in Madrid — Interment of Pombal — de Ravignan's pamphlet — Veuillot — Montalembert — de Bonald — Archbishop Affre — Michelet, Quinet and Cousin — Gioberti —

XIV Contents

Expulsion from Austria — Kulturkampf — Slaughter of taou the Hostages in the Commune — South America and Mexico — Flourishing Condition before the Outbreak of the World War 734-764

Chapter XXVI

During the Suppression — Roothaan's appeal — South America — The Philippines — United States Indians — De Smet — Canadian Reservations — Alaska — British Honduras — China — India — Syria — Algeria — Guinea

— Egypt — Madagascar — Mashonaland — Congo — Missions depleted by World War — Actual number of missionaries 765-824

Chapter XXVII

Responsibility of the Society for loss of Faith in Europe — The Loi Falloux — Bombay — Calcutta — Beirut — American Colleges — Scientists, Archaeologists, Meteorologists, Seismologists, Astronomers — Ethnologists 825-854

Chapter XXVIII

Grammars and Lexicons of every tongue — Dramas — Histories of Literature — Cartography — Sinology — Egyptology — Sanscrit — Catholic Encyclopedia — Catalogues of Jesuit Writers — Acta Sanctorum — Jesuit Relations

— Nomenclator — Periodicals — Philosophy — Dogmatic,

Moral and Ascetic Theology — Canon Law — Exegesis. . 855-890

CHAPTER XXIX The Sovereign Pontiffs and the Society

Devotion, Trust and Affection of each Pope of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries manifested in his Official and Personal Relations with the Society 891-916

Conclusion

Successive Generals in the Restored Society — Present

Memberskip, Missions and Provinces 917-930

WORKS CONSULTED

Institutum Societatis Jesu.

JouvANCY — Epitome historiae Societatis Jesu. JouvANCY — Montmienta Societatis Jesu.

Cretineau-Joly — Hist, relig., pol. et litt. de la Comp. de J^sus. B. N. — The Jesuits: their foundation and history. Rosa, I Gesuiti dalle origini ai nostri giomi. Mesceller, Die Gesellschaft Jesu.

BoHMER-MoNOD — Les J6suites.

Feval, Les J^suites.

HuBER — Der Jesuitenorden.

DuHR — Jesuiten-Fabeln.

Brou — Les J6suites et la Idgende.

Belloc, Pascal's Provincial Letters. Foley — Jesuits in Conflict.

FouQUERAY — Histoire de la compagnie de Jesus en France. BouRNiCHON — La Compagnie de J^sus en France : 1814-1914. Albers — Liber saecularis ab anno 1814 ad annum 1914. Tacchi-Venturi — Storia della compagnia di Gesvi in Italia. Monti — La Compagnia di Gesu.

DuHR — • Geschichte der Jesuiten in den Landem deutschen Zunge. Kroess — Geschichte der bohmischen Provinz der Gesellschaft Jesu. AsTRAiN — Hist, de la Comp. de Jesus en la asist. de Espana. Hughes — History of the Society of Jesus of North America. Alegre — La Compama de Jesus en la Nueva Espana. Frias — La Provincia de Espana de la corapania de Jesiis, 1815-63. Pollard — The Jesuits in Poland.

HoGAN — Ibernia Ignatiana.

Tanner — Societas Jesu praeclara.

Lives of Jesuit Saints.

Menologies of the Society of Jesus. Southwell — Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Jesu. SoMMERVOGEL — Bibl. des ^crivains de la comp. de Jdsus. Chandlery — Fasti breviores Societatis Jesu. Maynard — The Studies and Teachings of the Society of Jesus. Daniel — Les J6suites instituteurs. Weld — Suppression of the Society of Jesus in Portugal. De Ravignan — De I'existence et de I'institut des J^suites. De Ravignan — C16ment XIII et Clement XIV. Theiner — Geschichte des Pontifikats Klemens XIV. Artaud de Montor — Histoire du pape Pie VII.

rv xvi Works Consulted

Carayon — Documents inddits concemants la Compagnie de Jdsus.

Bertrand — Mdmoircs sur les missions.

Brou — Les Missions du xix*^ si^le.

Seaman — "Map of Jesuit Missions in the United States.

Marshall — Christian Missions.

Bancroft — Native Races of the Pacific States.

Campbell — Pioneer Priests of North America.

Charlevoix — Histoire du Japon.

Charlevoix — Histoire du Paraguay.

Charlevoix — Histoire de la Nouvelle-France.

Crasset — Histoire de I'^glise du Japon.

Avril — Voyage en divers ^tats d'Europe et d'Asie.

Thwaites — Jesuit Relations.

Bolton — Kino's Historical Memoir.

Janssen — History of the German People.

Lavisse — Histoire de France.

Ranke — History of the Popes.

LiNGARD — History of England.

Tiernev-Dodd — Church History of England.

Pollen — The Institution of the Archpriest Blackwell.

Haile-Bonney — Life and Letters of John Lingard.

Pollock — The Popish Plot.

Guildav — English Catholic Refugees on the Continent.

MacGeoghegan — History of Ireland.

Flanagan — Ecclesiastical History of Ireland.

O'Reilly — Lives of the Irish Mart>Ts and Confessors.

RocHEFORT — Histoire des Antilles.

Eyzaguirre — Historia de Chile.

Tertre — Histoire de St. Christophe.

RoHRBACHER — • History of the Church.

HiJBNER — Sixte-Quint.

Hue — Christianity in China, Tartary and Tibet.

Robertson — History of Charles V.

Shea — The Catholic Church in Colonial Days.

Sainte-Beuve — Causeries.

Petit de Julleville — Histoire de la litt^rature frangaise.

GoDEFROY — Litt<5rature frangaise.

Schlosser — History of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.

Canto — Storia universale.

The Cambridge Modem History, Vols. VIII, XII.

The Month.

The Catholic Encyclopedia, passim.

The Encyclopedia Britannica, passim.

Realencyclopadie fiir protestantische Theologie und Kirche, passim.

CHAPTER I The Name — Opprobrious meanings — Caricatures of the Founder

— Purpose of the Order — Early life of Ignatius — Pampeluna — Conversion — Manresa — The Exercises — Authorship — Journey to Palestine — The Universities — Life in Paris — First Companions — Montmartre First Vows — Assembly at Venice. Failure to reach Palestine — First Journey to Rome — Ordination to the Priesthood — Labors in Italy — Submits the Constitutions for Papal Approval

— Guidiccioni's opposition — Issue of the Bull Regimini — Sketch of the Institute — Crypto- Jesuits.

The name " Jesuit " has usually a sinister meaning in the minds of the misinformed. Calvin is accused of inventing it, but that is an error. It was in common use two or three centuries before the Reformation, and generally it implied spiritual distinction. Indeed, in his famous work known as " The Great Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ," which appeared somewhere about 1350, the saintly old Carthusian ascetic, Ludolph of Saxony, employs it in a way that almost provokes a smile. He tells his readers that " just as we are called Christians when we are baptized, so we shall be called Jesuits when we enter into glory." Possibly such a designation would be very uncomfortable even for some pious people of the present day. The opprobrious meaning of the word came into use at the approach of the Protestant Reformation. Thus, when laxity in the observance of their rule began to show itself in the once fervent followers of St. John Columbini — who were called Jesuati, because of their frequent use of the expression: "Praised be Jesus Christ" — their name fixed itself on the common speech as a synonym of hypocrisy. Possibly that will explain the curious question in the " Examen of Conscience " in an old German prayer-book, dated 15 19, where the penitent is bidden to ask himself: " Did I omit to teach the Word of God for fear of being called a Pharisee, a Jesuit, a hypocrite, a Beguine? "

The association of the term Jesuit with Pharisee and hypocrite is unpleasant enough, but connecting it with Beguine is particularly offensive. The word Beguine had come to signify a female heretic, a mysticist, an illuminist, a pantheist, who though cultivating a saintly exterior was credited with holding secret assemblies where the most indecent orgies were indulged in. The identity of the Beguines with Jesuits was considered to be beyond question, and one of the earliest Calvinist writers informed his co-religionists that at certain periods the Jesuits made use of mysterious and magical devices and performed a variety of weird antics and contortions in subterraneous caverns, from which they emerged as haggard and worn as if they had been struggling with the demons of hell (Janssen, Hist, of the German People, Eng. tr., IV, 406-7). Unhappily, at that time, a certain section of the association of Beguines insisted upon being called Jesuits. There were many variations on this theme when the genuine Jesuits at last appeared. In Germany they were denounced as idolaters and libertines, and their great leader Canisius was reported to have run away with an abbess. In France they were considered assassins and regicides; Calvin called them la racaille, that is, the rabble, rifraff, dregs. In England they were reputed political plotters and spies. Later, in America, John Adams, second President of the United States, identified them with Quakers and resolved to suppress them. Cotton Mather or someone in Boston denounced them as grasshoppers and prayed for the east wind to sweep them away; the Indians burned them at the stake as magicians, and the Japanese bonzes insisted that they were cannibals, a charge repeated by Charles Kingsley, Queen Victoria's chaplain, who, in " Westward Ho," makes an old woman relate of the Jesuits first arriving in England that " they had probably killed her old man and salted him for provision on their journey to the Pope of Rome," No wonder Newman told Kingsley to fly off into space.

The climax of calumny was reached in a decree of the Parliament of Paris, issued on August 6, 1762. It begins with a prelude setting forth the motives of the indictment, and declares that " the Jesuits are recognized as guilty of having taught at all times, uninterruptedly, and with the approbation of their superiors and generals, simony, blasphemy, sacrilege, the black art, magic, astrology, impiety, idolatry, superstition, impurity, corruption of justice, robbery, parricide, homicide, suicide and regicide." The decree then proceeds to set forth eighty-four counts on which it finds them specifically guilty of supporting the Greek Schism, denying the procession of the Holy Ghost; of favoring the heresies of Arianism, Sabellianism, and Nestorianism ; of assailing the hierarchy, attacking the Mass and Holy Communion and the authority of the Holy See; of siding with the Lutherans, Calvinists and other heretics of the sixteenth century; of reproducing the heresies of Wycliff and the Pelagians and Semi-Pelagians; of adding blasphemy to heresy; of behttling the early Fathers of the Church, the Apostles, Abraham, the prophets, St. John the Baptist, the angels; of insulting and blaspheming the Blessed Virgin; of undermining the foundations of the Faith; destroying belief in the Divinity of Jesus Christ;

casting doubt on the mystery of the Redemption; encouraging the impiety of the Deists ;j suggesting Epicureanism; teaching men to Hve Hke beasts, and Christians hke pagans (de Ravignan, De I'existence et de I'institut des J6suites, iii).

This was the contribution of the Jansenists to the Jesuit chamber of horrors. It was endorsed by the government and served as a weapon for the atheists of the eighteenth century to destroy the rehgion of France, and finally the lexicons of every language gave an odious meaning to the name Jesuit. A typical example of this kind of ill-will may be found in the " Diccionario nacional " of Dominguez. In the article on the Jesuits, the writer informs the world that the Order was the superior in learning to all the others ; and produced, relatively at every period of its existence more eminent men, and devoted itself with greater zeal to the preaching of the Gospel and the education of youth — the primordial and sublime objects of its Institute. Nevertheless its influence in political matters, as powerful as it was covert, its startling accumulation of wealth, and its ambitious aims, drew upon it the shafts of envy^ created terrible antagonists and implacable persecutors, until the learned Clement XIV, the immortal Ganganelli, suppressed it on July 21, 1773, for its abuses and its disobedience to the Holy See. Why the " learned Clement XIV " should be described as " immortal " for suppressing instead of preserving or, at least, reforming an order which the writer fancies did more than all the others for the propagation of the Faith is difficult to understand, but logic is not a necessary requisite of a lexicon. " In spite of their suppression," he continues, " they with their characteristic pertinacity have succeeded in coming to life again and are at present existing in several parts of Europe." The

"Diccionario" is dated, Madrid, 1849. ^^ other words, the saintly Pius VII performed a very wicked act in re-establishing the Order.

Of course the founder of this terrible Society had to be presented to the public as properly equipped for the malignant task to which he had set himself; so writers have vied with each other in expatiating on what they call his complex individuality. Thus a German psychologist insists that the Order established by this Spaniard was in reality a Teutonic creation. The Frenchman Drumont holds that " it is anti-semitic in its character," though Polanco, Loyola's life-long secretary, was of Jewish origin, as were Lainez, the second General, and the great Cardinal Toletus. A third enthusiast. Chamberlain, who is English-born, dismisses all other views and insists that, as Loyola was a Basque and an Iberian, he could not have been of Germanic or even Aryan descent, and he maintains that the primitive traits of the Stone Age continually assert themselves in his character. In reading the Spiritual Exercises, he says, " I hear that mighty roar of the cave bear and I shudder as did the men of the diluvial age, when poor, naked and defenceless, surrounded by danger day and night, they trembled at that voice." (Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, I, 570.) " If this be true," says Brou in " Les Jesuites et la legende, " then, by following the same process of reasoning, one must conclude that as Xavier was a Basque, his voice also was ursine and troglodytic; and as Faber was a Savoyard, he will have to be classified as a brachycephalous homo alpinus." Herman MuUer, in " Les Origines de la Compagnie de Jesus" claims the honor of having launched an entirely novel theory about Loyola's personaUty. " The ' Exercises' are an amalgam of Islamic gnosticism and militant Catholicism," he tells us; " but where did Ignatius become acquainted with these Mussulmanic congregations? We have nothing positive on that score, though we know that one day he met a Moor on the road and was going to run him through with his sword. Then too, there were a great many Moors and Moriscos in Catalonia, and we must not forget that Ignatius intended to go to Palestine to convert the Turks. He must, therefore, have known them and so have been subject to their influence." Strange to say, Miiller feels aggrieved that the Jesuits do not accept this very illogical theory, which he insists has nothing discreditable or dishonoring in it.

Omitting many other authorities, Vollet in "La Grande Encyclopedic " (s. v. Ignace de Loyola, Saint), informs his readers that " impartial history can discover in Loyola numberless traits of fantastic exaltation, morbific dreaminess, superstition, moral obscurantism, fanatical hatred, deceit and mendacity. On the other hand, it is impossible not to admit that he was a man of iron will, of indomitable perseverance in action and in suffering, and unshakeable faith in his mission ; in spite of an ardent imagination, he had a penetrating intelligence, and a marvelous facility in reading the thoughts of men ; he was possessed of a gentleness and suppleness which permitted him to make himself all to all. Visionary though he was, he possessed in the supreme degree, the genius of organization and strategy; he could create the army he needed, and employ the means he had at hand with prudence and circumspection. We can even discover in him a tender heart, easily moved to pity, to affection and to self-sacrifice for his fellow-men." Michelet says he was a combination of Saint Francis of Assisi and Machiavelli. Finally Victor Hugo reached the summit of the absurd when he assured the French Assembly in 1850 that " Ignatius was the enemy of Jesus." As a matter of fact the poet knew nothing of either, nor did many of his hearers.

As far as we are aware, St. Ignatius never used the term Jesuit at all. He called his Order the Compania de Jesus, which in Italian is Compagnia, and in French, Compagnie. The English name Society, as well as the Latin Societas, is a clumsy attempt at a translation, and is neither adequate nor picturesque. Compania was evidently a reminiscence of Loyola's early military life, and meant to him a battalion of light infantry, ever ready for service in any part of the world. The use of the name Jesus gave great offense. Both on the Continent and in England, it was denounced as blasphemous; petitions were sent to kings and to civil and ecclesiastical tribunals to have it changed; and even Pope Sixtus V had signed a Brief to do away with it. Possibly the best apology for it was given by the good-natured monarch, Henry IV, when the University and Parliament of Paris pleaded with him to throw his influence against its use. Shrugging his shoulders, he replied: "I cannot see why we should worry about it. Some of my officers are Knights of the Holy Ghost; there is an Order of the Holy Trinity in the Church ; and, in Paris, we have a congregation of nuns who call themselves God's Daughters. Why then should we object to Company of Jesus?"

The Spaniards must have been amazed at these objections, because the name Jesus was, as it still is, in very common use among them. They give it to their children, and it is employed as an exclamation of surprise or fear; like Mon Dieul in French. They even use such expressions as: Jesu Crista I Jesu mille veces or Jesucristo, Dios mio\ The custom is rather startling for other nationalities, but it is merely a question of autre pays, autres maeurs. A compromise was made, however, for the time being, by calling the organization " The Society of the Name of Jesus," but that was subsequently forbidden by the General.

As a rule the Jesuits do not reply to these attacks. The illustrious Jacob Gretser attempted it long ago; but, in spite of his sanctity, he displayed so much temper in his retort, that he was told to hold his peace. Such is the policy generally adopted, and the Society consoles itself with the reflection that the terrible Basque, Ignatius Loyola, and a host of his sons have been crowned by the Universal Church as glorious saints; that the august Council of Trent solemnly approved of the Order as a "pious Institute;" that twenty or thirty successive Sovereign Pontiffs have blessed it and favored it, and that after the terrible storm evoked by its enemies had spent its fury, one of the first official acts of the Pope was to restore the Society to its ancient position in the Church. The scars it has received in its numberless battles are not disfigurements but decorations; and Cardinal Allen, who saw its members at close quarters in the bloody struggles of the English Mission, reminded them that "to be hated of the Heretikes, S. Hierom computeth a great glorie."