Intermarriage or the mode in which, and the causes why, beauty health and intellect, result from certain unions, and deformity, disease and insanity

Front matter

FF. Reade os neh ee

*

INTERMARRIAGE

Dedication

TO

THOMAS ANDREW KNIGHT, ESQ., F.R.S. & LS.

PRESIDENT OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, &c. &c. &c.

Preface To The American Edition

The following work of Mr. Alexander Walker has recetyed strong marks of public favour in England, where it first appeared, and has been considered by many, as eminently worthy of republication here. On examining it, however, it was soon perceived, that though highly original in its design, and peculiarly valuable in its details, still its phraseology was sometimes exceptionable, as it seemed to violate those conventional forms of language, to which American readers are mostly accustomed. It was therefore deemed expedient to modify, and in some cases, change certain modes of expression, so as to obviate all objections on the score of refinement, and thus render the work acceptable to the most fastidious taste. This has been done, however, without in the least abridging the original, and without the suppression of a single sentence, necessary to the complete elucidation of the author’s views.

We are aware that there is a class of persons, whe condemn all works of a physiological character, addressed to general readers; who seem to regard Physiology—that science which teaches us all we know of the laws of Life,—as “the tree of knowledge of good and evil,” the taste of whose fruit, if not like

Pe .

14 PREFACE TO THE

Eve’s transgression, death to our physical being, is still fatal to all refinement and delicacy of soul! Accordingly, it is not strange to find such persons condemning every kind and degree of knowiedge, relating to our wonderful organization, and the suil more wonderful functions of our curiously constructed organs; while at the same time, perhaps, they advocate Journals of Moral Reform and works of fiction, whose sole influence, if not object, is, to excite the beser passions, and minister to a morbid taste. Believing therefore, as we conscientiously do, that this is nothing more nor less than a false delicacy, a perverted sensibility—that such opinions, whether pretended or real, spring from inexcusable ignorance, or still more inexcusable prejudice, we have consented to prepare this Preface ; and in doing so, we embrace the occasion of laying before the reader at the hazard of being considered out of place, a few of the many reasons, in favour of a general diffusion of Physiological science.

In the first place, such knowledge is intimately connected with the preservation of health. As this depends on an observance of the natural laws, it would seem to follow, that an acquaintance with these laws, is essential to the attainment of this object. The man, for example, who has learned the effects of alcohol upon the delicate tissue of the vital organs, will be guarded in its use, or abstain from it altogether. He, who understands the structure of the human skin, and the important office which it performs, by means of its millions of pores, will properly appreciate the importance of cleanliness. and the danger of suddenly

AMERICAN EDITION. 15 checking the insensible transpiration. The individual, who has studied the laws of developement, and knows how all the organs are matured and strengthened by exercise, will avoid the numerous evils consequent on inactivity and indoience. The female, who understands the wonderful and complicated function of respiration, —how the free and full expansion of the lungs is necessar¥ to the complete vitalization of the blood—that fluid which carries life, and health, and vigour to every fibre in the system, will, most certainly, shun tight. lacing, and all other practices which impede this truly vital function. The parent also, who has learned the delicate texture of the instrument of thought—the brain, will, instead of encouraging mental precocity in his offspring, rather aim to suppress all unnatural developement ; and pursue such a course as is rather calculated to produce early physical, than mental superiority. He also who has attended to the process of healthy digestion, and marked the causes, by which it is impeded, will know how to preserve the integrity of this important function, by avoiding all those influences, which interfere with its regular performance. And lastly, the invalid, suffering under a load of disease, the effect of causes which he might, and doubtless would, have escaped, had he been acquainted with his own structure, or the relations of its different parts to each other and to external objects; even he, for the want of this knowledge, stands but a feeble chance of recovery, as he cannot properly appreciate the advice of his medical attendant, and yields either a reluctant consent to prescriptions given, or, which -1s more likely still, disregards them altogether. We

16 PREFACE TO THE might pursue this kind of illustration at great length, and show, step by step, the connection between physiological knowledge, and the preservation and recovery of health. But it is unnecessary ; our object is attained, if the attention of the reader is excited ; satisfied as we are, that a little reflection will lead him to a safe and correct conclusion.

In the second place, an acquaintance with*Physiology is the only certain and sure preventive against the dangers, and evils of empiricism. That some antidote is required, for these, no one will deny. The unblushing impudence and pretension, displayed in the countless quack advertisements of our periodical prints, are without a parallel in the history of any age or nation, and speak little in favour of the intelli gence and good sense of the American people. From the cancer-quack, whose arsenical plaster draws out, at the same time with the disease, the life of the un. happy sufferer, to the shameless female, whose pills “are not to be given during a certain condition,” and whose effects are often death, to both parent and offspring,—all seem to ply their death-dealing trade, with reckless rapacity, and generally fatal ‘consequences. But this is a free, a gloriously free country, and the good people have a perfect right, if they choose, to get themselves, and families poisoned by wholesale or retail, by habitual pill-swallowing, plaster-application, or any other mode, more in fashion. A slight knowledge of the structure of the human frame, and those laws that regulate its functions, in health and disease, would soon lead them, at the same time, to avoid the causes of disease, and those pretenders, whose measures are

AMERICAN EDITION 17 far more likely to render it fatal, when present, than to contribute towards its removal.

In the third place, physiological science is of the very highest importance in the education of our race, and therefore to mothers. The following remarks of Dr. Southwood Smith, will apply equally well, to the females of this country, as those of England. “The communication of the knowledge and the formation of the habits, which are necessary to the due perfor. mance of the duties of women, constitute no essential part of their education ; the direct tendency of a great part of their education is to produce and foster opinions, feelings, and tastes, which positively disqualify them for the performance of their duties. All would be well if the marriage ceremony, which transforms the girl into the wife, conferred upon the wife, the qualities which should be possessed by the mother. But it is rare to find a person, capable of the least difficult part of education, namely that of communicating instruction, even after diligent study with a direct view to teaching ; yet an ordinary girl, brought up in the ordinary mode, in the ordinary domestic circle, is entrusted with the direction and control of the first impressions that are made upon the human being, and the momentous physical, intellectual, and moral results that arise out of those impressions. Women are the earliest teachers; they must be nurses; they can be neither, without the risk of doing incalculable mischief unless they have some acquaintance with physiology. On these grounds, I rest their obligation to study it; and I look upon that notion of delicacy which would exclude them from knowledge calculated

Q*

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18 PREFACE TO THE in an extraordinary degree, to open, exalt, and purify their minds, and to fit them for the performance of their duties, as alike degrading to those to whom it affects to show respect, and debasing to the mind that entertains it.”

The author of the following work, treats of neither of the above departments of physiological science, but striking out comparatively a new path, and going back to the period before birth, he endeavours to establish such rules and observances, as tend to the physical, as well as moral perfection of our species. He has aimed,

-so to speak, to forestall the bodily deformities, and mental obliquities so frequently met with, and by pointing out certain laws, well known to the scientific agriculturist, to raise the standard of human perfectibility to its highest point of attainment. He has succeeded in demonstrating the inseparable connection between beauty, health and sound intellect, and perfect physical organization, and explained how deformity, disease, and imbecility of mind and body result from certain causes. The writer has also done a valuable service, by showing how marriages among blood-relations, tend to the degeneracy of the offspring, and thus illustrating the wisdom of those Levi tical regulations which have appeared to some sceptics as arbitrary, and not founded in nature. From a care ful analysis, and a beautiful train of inductive reason. ing, he has deduced the important fact, that the means of improving general organization and beauty of countenance in progeny, are subject in a great degree to the control of man; and hence it follows, that it is the duty of every man who aspires to be the father

AMERICAN EDITION. He of a family, to become acquainted with these facts and rules, which insure such invaluable results. Indeed, there is nothing either in morals or religion, in Scripture or tradition, in reason or common sense, which forbids man from availing himself in his choice of a companion, of all the knowledge, whether deduced from observation, or science, or both, which enables him to leave to his children, a legacy more valuable than riches or noble blood, health, strength, a sound physical and mental organization “mens sana, in corpore sano.” On the contrary, every thing, both in nature and revelation, goes to show, that it is his imperative duty to avail himself of all these advantages, and that he would incur a fearful responsibility, if he knowingly selected a partner, whose offspring would inherit a trait of hereditary insanity, imbecility, or bodily deforuuty. Those who understand the hereditary nature of diseases, how the sins of the parents, are literally visited upon the children unto the third and fourth generation, will need no arguments to convince them of the importance of information on this subject. To those who are not acquainted with tas fact, the following case may be valuable by way of illustration.

A gentleman, with whom the writer is acquainted married a lady, whose mother had, for many years, been afflicted with insanity, and whose brother, was at the very time of the marriage, resident in a lunatic asylum. Her nervous system was peculiarly susceptible, and she possessed that high order of intellect and genius, which belongs to such a delicate organization. In less than three years, she became hopelessly

20 PREFACE TO THE imsane, and is now an inmate of a lunatic retreat, and the only child to whom she has given birth, shows every indication of having inherited its mother’s peculiarities. But we need not detail cases ;— the reader’s own observation will furnish sufficient facts on this subject.

In presenting the following work to the public, we have only, in conclusion, to remark that, if some passages appear obnoxious to the charge of indelicacy, our only answer is, “to the pure, all things are pure.’ “‘ Honi soit qui mal y pense.”

New York. June 12th 1839.

Contents

DEDICATION , é 3

Letter rrom Dr. Bmxsecx to the Author . 5 :

ADVERTISEMENT, with List of Original Facts and Opin. ions contained in the Work . F F 7 E

Section I—Puberty . °

Its period . : . . . . . .

The changes caused by it . . .

Section IT.—Changes in the LcaOETS System : ; Section III.—Changes in the Vital System . . .

Chilorosis illustrating these . ° . . . Natural Defects illustrating these . . : . Extirpation illustrating these . ° . . ° Retardation in the Male illustrating these ° . . Castration illustrating these * . ’ . . The Catamania . : ;

Section IV.—Changes in the Mental Bytes 5 . Mode in which Uterine Influence produces Changes in that

System . . . . . .

Consequent State of Mind mevions to Love . . Love . : . . . . . .

Parr II.—Sexuat RELATIONS ARISING FROM THESE ConDI- TIONS, AND CONNECTED WITH OR LEADING TO INTERMAR-

RIAGE.

Section I.—Useful Guidance and Dangerous Restraint . Useful Guidance . « : : : .

Dangerous Restraint s 3 3 : ;

ee

Q2 CONTENTS.

Section If—Unnatural Indulgence and Absolute Continence 2 c . ° e . ° * Unnatural Indulgence . ‘ . 2 * .

Absolute Continence « = . ° . =

Section I1I.—Necessity of Intermarriage . . .

Parr IJ].—CrircumMsTaNCES RESULTING FROM THE PRECEDinc RELATIONS, AND CONNECTED WITH, OR PRODUCTIVE OF ProceEny.

Section I.—Natural Preference of the various kinds of Beauty, for the first time explained ° . °

Section I1.—State of Marriage . ; 3 : .

Section III.—Forms and Qualities propagated

Parr IV.—NeEwLy DIscovERED NaturaL Laws REGULAT- ING THE RESEMBLANCE OF ProGENY TO PaRENTS. Section I.—Laws of Resemblance : 5 ; *

I Law of Selection, where both Parents are of the same Variety 1. Organs communicated by one Parent—the Anterior Series . 2, Organs communicated by the other Parent—the Posterior

Series . = A ° . . . .

Explanation of the Accompaniment of the particular Organsineach . fm ° . . .

Either Parent may give either Series . . . * Slight Dlustrations . . . 5 .

Various Corroborations both as to Man and Animals . . Mode of verifying this Law, by examining Parents and Children 5 . ° : : : Influence of the Posterior Cina upon the Anterior ones, and vice versa . . . .

Cause of the Divison of the Mental or Thinking System . Hypothesis as to the Increased Energy of that System 5

The Directions of its Functions Hereditary . 5 Explanation of the Differences in the Features of Children, who yetresemble the same Parent . ’ Importance of thisLaw . * ‘ : ‘ If. Law of Crossing, where each Parent is of a different Wirtety If, Law of In-and-in Breeding, where both Parents are of the same Family ; . é A 1V. Law of Sex é : ‘ !

V. Law of Maternal Nutrition :

. 3 ‘ |

Section II.—Circumstances Modifying these Laws

106 121

CONTENTS.

Section I1I.—Consequent Easy Improvement of Families . 2 5 < : z : . : Part V.—Vacue Metuops oF REGULATING ProGENy ADOPTED IN THE Breepine or DomxsticaTED ANIMALS. Section I—General Principles . ; c Section II.—Breeding In-and-in : . : Section I1I.—Selection . 5 5 ‘ 5 Section IV.—Crossing . : . . :

Part VI.—Apprication or THE NaturaL Laws To THE Breepine of DomesticaTED ANIMALS,

Section I.—General Observations 5 F ‘ 5 Section II.—Horses - c - ‘< r Section III.—Cattle - - - - A Section IV.—Sheep . ? . ‘ . .

Part VII.—Vacue Meruopbs AFFECTING PROGENY ADOPT ED AMONG MANKIND.

Section IV.—As to the Mental System . : ‘ “23

Page 251

257 259 263 266

272 275 292 303

312 314 317

321 325 332 372

Vill.

LIST OF PLATES.

. The Duke and Duchess of Kent and Queen Victoria, as affording a General Illustration of the Law of Selection. : : . To face the Title

. Napoleon, Maria Louisa, and their Son, as serving the same purpose - . : . 147

. Front View of a Father, Mother and two Sons, more minutely illustrating the Law of Selection 156

- Profile View of the same, serving the same purpose 156 . Front View of a Father, Mother and two Daughters illustrating the Influence of the Posterior Organs upon the Anterior ones . Z ~ ‘ 158

. Profile View of the same, serving the same purpose 158 . F’gures 1 and 2—Front and Profile of a Mulatto, illus.

trating the Law of Crossing : Figures 3 and 4—Front and Profile view of a Sambo, serving the same pur. pose ° . . Fi . 186

Bantam Fowls, illustrating the effects of Breeding In and-in . . . . : 207

INTERMARRIAGE.

PRELIMINARY.

Tuer anatomical and physiological knowledge neces. sary to the understanding of this book, is comprised in this page and the two following ones. It is merely a brief view of a Natural System of Anatomy and Physiology,—the former describing the particular structures or organs of animals, and the latter the actions or functions of these organs—drawn from the first account given of such a system, which was published by me, above thirty years ago, in several ele. mentary works, and especially in Pretimrmnary Lectures, (Edinburgh, 1808,) with expositions of the errors of Bichat, Richerand, &c.

According to that system, the human body and that of the higher animals consist of three classes of organs and functions: namely,

Ist. The Locomotive organs and functions, con. sisting of bones, which support the body and its parts ; ligaments, which connect the bones together and

26 PRELIMINARY.

form the joints; and muscles or bundles of red flesh, which move these.—Together, these form an apparatus of levers, which exercise large and conspicuous motion, and of which the limbs are chiefly composed. It is by means of this apparatus, that all motions of the higher animals from one place to another are accomplished.

Qdly. The vrrazL or NUTRITIVE organs and finctions, consisting of lacteals,* fine tubular vessels, which absorb nutritious matter from the food taken into the intestines, and carry it towards the heart, to be converted into blood; blood-vessels, which circu- Jate the blood thus formed ; and various glands or filters, which secrete or deposit, not only the various substances composing the different organs, but the fat, the milk, hair or wool, and other animal products.— All of these consist of tubes, which exercise only a minute peristaltic or pulsating motion, and of which the trunk of the body is the centre and principal seat. It is by means of this apparatus, that not only nutrition and secretion are effected, but that useless matters are removed and thrown out of the body.f

3dly. The MENTAL or TH{NKING organs and func. tions, consisting of the immediate organs of sense, the eye, ear, &c., which receive impressions from exter. nal bodies; a brain, which perceives, compares, re«

* Or lymphatics.

} The digestive, respiratory and reproductive organs, belong to this system, as preparing, renvvating and propagating vital matter. These have every one of the characters of vital organs; and it was consequently a gross e1ror of the arrangements of Bichat, Richerand, &c., to consider any of them as dstinet systems.

PRELIMINARY. . 27 flects, &c. ; and a cerebel or little brain, situated below the back part of the greater brain, and above the neck, which wills, and consequently throws the muscles into those actions which fulfil its purposes.— All of these consist of series of globules, bound, by membranous investments, into fibres of various forms, of which the motion is invisible, and which chiefly occupy the head. It is by means of this apparatus that sense, thought, and the impulses to action, and consequently all connexion with external objects, take place.

This is rendered still plainer by the tabular arrangement of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology on the following page.

TH Ssv'lo

AUNT[IQSII—) ‘umIqelag 929 “Ie ‘aA “o7y ‘spuelxy *02p ‘soLleyIV “079 ‘soryeyd um ArTy ‘so[Osn yy ‘syuouIe sry ‘souogy UW p4O i E40) ‘I 40p40 TIL 42740 AL 4240 DU) it p40 T2240 ‘I P40

PART I.

PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS CONNECTED WITH, AND TERMINATING IN, LOVE.

Section I

PUBERTY.—ITS PERIOD.—THE CHANGES CAUSED BY IT. Puberty and its Period.

Man, in common with the more perfect animals, is not born with the faculty of immediately producing his like. The organs which, at a future period, perform that important function, appear to remain entirely torpid long after birth: and the appetites gotapeterd with them do not exist.

As, moreover, the infancy of man is longer, so is his puberty, or the period when the reproductive faculty is coming into action, more tardy than that of the other races of animals.

{In the human race in particular, the most general difference as to the period of puberty, is attached to the difference of sex. Puberty is universally earlier in woman than in man. 3*

Some authors, says Roussel, “ have derived the reason of that difference from the smallness of the organs of woman: they observe that she is sooner fit for reproduction, because her organs being smaller, are earlier formed, and the organic or nutritive molecules which contribute to their formation and development, become an excess destined to repioduction. The circumstance of the smallness of the organs of woman is indeed favourable to this opinion; and it is reasonable to suppose that nature is not occupied about the species until the individual is perfected. But this order is often inverted ; we frequently see marriageable girls who have not attained their full growth.”

I have quoted this passage at length, because it expresses not merely a common and universal error, but a fundamental one, and I am anxious to correct it.

The immediate cause of the earlier puberty of woman is the circumstance that her vital or nutritive system is proportionally larger than that of man. In early life, the three classes of organs and functions*— the locomotive, the vital or nutritive, and the mental or thinking systems, bear the same proportion to each other in woman as in man; and the girl is scarcely distinguishable from the boy. In woman, this proportion is gradually departed from; her vital system, occupying chiefly the trunk, becomes larger in general, as well as in particular parts ; it grows out of proportion to the other two systems—occupying chiefly the head, or composing the limbs ; its functions follow its

TS

* It is supposed, that the pages entitled pretimmnary have been. carefully perused by the reader.

PUBERTY, ITS PERIOD, ETC. 3l structure ; and hence alone the earliness of that aggre. gate of them which is denominated puberty.

The imputation of disproportion to the vital or nutritive system of woman, is not here made without due reflection. It has not been understood or noticed; but it really exists. Observation will show that this disproportion is absent in early life; that it takes place at puberty ; that it alone enables woman to discharge all her peculiar functions; and that, when it is useless for these purposes, it secretes the adipose sub. stance which distinguishes the period of fatness, which the French call the age de retour, or, shrivelling up, leaves flaccidity and deformity in its place.

Hence, an old woman is a kind of new being, differ ing from the mature woman in all her chief characteristics ; and so odd is this felt to be by the vulgar, that it is sometimes made by them the subject of ridicule or of reproach. No change so remarkable takes place in man, because there has in him been no necessary out-of-proportion in any of the systems.

This final change in woman is the more remarkable, because old age in her is, in other respects, less marked than in man; her hair does not become grey so speedily ; she rarely becomes bald ; and, with little suffering, she in general attains en advanced age.

That this disproportionate development of the vital system is the cause of the earlier puberty of woman, is further illustrated by the time at which some VARIE- TIES OF THE HUMAN sPEcties attain that period, independent of such influences as climate, aliment, temperament, &c.

This is remarkable in the Mongolic or north-eastern broad-faced variety. Not only in China and Japan, but even in countries much colder than our own, does puberty commence in the female sex much earlier than with us. A French writer asserts, that a Kalmuc or a Siberian woman of the Mongolian race is marriageable at the age of thirteen even in a climate as cold as that of Sweden, whilst a Swedish female is scarcely so at fifteen or sixteen; that, still further north, and even on the confines of the icy sea, the Samoeides are nubile at eleven, and are frequently mothers at twelve; that the women of Lapland begin to evince maturity at twelve; and that the same appears to be the case with all the races of the polar regions,—as the Ostiacs, the Yakoutes, the Kamschat-. dales, and even the American Esquimaux. :

This precocity has, indeed, been assigned to other causes than that to which I have ascribed it. Virey imagines that the early arrival at puberty amongst Mongolic nations may arise partly from the smallness of their stature, but, in a great measure, from’ the nature of their fish diet, which is supposed to be of a stimulating and aphrodisiac quality, and from dwelling continually in subterraneous places subject to the suffocating heat produced by the vapour of water poured upon hot stones.

The inadequacy of these causes, which apply but to a few of the Mongolic tribes, is evident to every observer of nature. But no one can notice the large vital system of the north-eastern people, without discovering a sufficient cause for this precocity, in the vast developement of that system. In all the sketches of women of the Mongolic variety, which have been

PUBERTY, ITS PERIOD, ETC. 33 furnished by our recent voyagers, the trunk, which contains the principal organs of that class, is large, the abdomen wide and prominent, the mamme extensive, and their habits as to food correspond. These natural organic causes apply, moreover, to all the women of the Mongolic variety, whether they inhabit cold, or temperate, or warm climates; and they can alone account for the early precocity of all. It is a miserable physiology which, finding an event common to a whole race, must seek, like this of Virey, a different cause for the same event, in every different section of that race.

Upon the same natural principle, which I have now pointed out and illustrated, there are also some FAMI- LIES and some INDIVIDUALS in whom we may expect this precocity.

Peculiar temperament naturally produces, in each person, some variation in the period of puberty. A girl of sanguine temperament must be earlier subject to a condition characterised by fullness of the circulating system and general excitement, than one in whom the lymphatic temperament predominates.

Such is the great natural, organic and fundamental cause of early puberty, which is, howerer, liable to modification from various external influences.

Of these, the most extensive in its operation is, the TEMPERATURE OF CLIMATE.

As heat increases the vital energy in all organized bodies, and renders their growth more. rapid, it must necessarily hasten the period of puberty. It is in-

deed notorious, that warm climates increase the developement of the reproductive organs, and excite erotic desires in both sexes.

This cause, moreover, if operating with great force during many ages, must produce organic effect so permanent, that they will remain long after removal from its direct or immediate influence. Individuals of the Ethiopic variety, even when transported to Europe or North America, arrive at puberty sooner than the white population.

On the contrary, the inhabitants of lew moist countries receive a flaccid and cold temperament that naturally retards puberty ; and, under all circumstances, they long retain it.

A second cause that modifies the developement of puberty, is the quantity and quality of atmrent.

Very nutritious food, stimulating meats, aromatics, the habitual use of coffee, wine, liqueurs, &c., greatly accelerate this period. Farinaceous substances, roots and vegetable diet, and even the habitual use of milk, cheese, &c., rather retard it.

Hence we observe, that the rich and the inhabitants of towns, who eat animal food and live in abundance, reach maturity sooner than the poor and the peasant. ry, who rarely eat meat, and can obtain but a limited proportion of bread or of less nutritious food. Hence, also, we see that well-fed persons are capable of reproducing at an earlier period than those who have suffered from scarcity, or who have been compelled to use unwholesome or unnutritious aliment.

The use of stimulating and aromatic lotions amongst the rich, is also a sure means of accelerating puberty.

PUBERTY, ITS PERIOD, ETC. 35

A third cause, modifying the developement of puberty, is the moraL conprtion. To this must be imputed the difference, independent of aliment, which we observe in this respect, between women of towns and those of the country.

In the former, the mode of living differs according to the degree of opulence ; but even the poor struggle to imitate the rich, and many other circumstances multiply excitement—as the reading of fashionable novels, voluptuous pictures, licentious theatrical scenes, conversations upon love, the constant proximity of the sexes, exciting dances, and many other causes, some of them of still more injurious character. The result is, that persons thus excited almost always reach puderty several years earlier than those who pass their childhood in the tranquillity of rural life. Puberty may then occur about twelve years of age—a premature developement, which diminishes strength of body and vigour of mind, deteriorates all moral qualities, and is extensively fatal to life and its permanent enjoyment.

In the country, on the contrary, the children of the peasantry are brought up coolly, are much in the open ‘air, and of necessity actively employed. ‘Toil directs the blood and the vital powers chiefly to the organs of motion, and augments perspiration. The locomo.