Insect pests of farm, garden and orchard

Front matter

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3 9424 05047 312 0

STORAGE I'ifcM

Preface

The edition of the writer's "Insects Injurious to Staple Crops," first published ten years ago, having been exhausted, the publishers requested a revision. It was found, however, that the advances in economic entomology during the past decade were such that it was necessary practically to rewrite the book. At the time it was first published two other books were projected; one to deal with the insects affecting garden crops, and the other to discuss those affecting fruits. Pressure of regular work prevented the author from completing the manuscript for these works and in 1907 Dr. Chittenden issued his excellent book on " Insects Injurious to Vegetables," so that there seemed to be no immediate demand for another volume on that subject. At the same time two other well-known entomologists were working upon books which would cover fruit insects, so that the writer abandoned the field to them. Subsequently, the work of one of these friends was cut short by his sudden death, and the other abandoned the task, at least for the present.

Under these circumstances, it seemed that there was a distinct place for a book to cover all the insects affecting the crops of farm, garden and orchard, and having leisure to devote to it, the author developed the work in its present form.

It has been the author's effort to discuss all of the more important insects of farm, and garden and orchard at sufficient length to give a clear idea of their Ufe histories and habits, and also the best means of control, so that the book may be used as a reference work both by the student of economic entomology and by the practical farmer, gardener, or fruit-grower. Insects of minor or local importance have been purposely omitted. The insects of practically all of the leading crops are considered, except the citrus fruits. With these the author is unfamiUar, but it is hoped to add a chapter upon them by a competent authority in a subsequent edition. In general, the discussion of insects ii PREFACE

and their control as given is based upon conditions east of the Rockies, and practically no consideration has been given to the conditions of the Pacific Coast or of the irrigated country of the far West.

The author is well aware that there are doubtless many errors of fact or of wrong emphasis in these pages. Such must necessarily be the case in a work the greater part of which must be compiled. All of the leading authorities on the subject discussed have been consulted and the writer has endeavored to present their evidence fairly, with such interpretation as his personal knowledge made possible. He will be greatly indebted to those who will aid him in securing the accuracy of the work by reporting any errors or by suggesting improvements in it, as it is hoped to revise the pages from time to time so that they may serve as a reliable reference work upon our insect pests of the farm, the garden, and the orchard.

On the following pages are given the sources from which the illustrations have been secured, but the author wishes to express his special appreciation of the very large number of figures which were furnished him by Dr. L. 0. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, and Mr. J. A. Arnold, Chief of the Division of Publications, of the United States Department of Agriculture, either as electrotypes or original drawings or photographs, and to Ginn & Company of Boston, for the loan of numerous electrotypes made for an Elementary Entomology by Prof. C. F. Jackson and the writer, now being pubUshed by them.

E. DwiGHT Sanderson.

West Virginia Univeesitt, morgantown.

Preface To The Second Edition

No better indication of the activity of the students of American economic entomology could be cited than the fact that a text book dealing with injurious insects requires revision at rather frequent intervals. The present revision is issued in the hope that it may record in some measure the progress which investigators have made since the book wp.s first prepared.

Since the publication of the first edition the senior author has left active work in economic entomology, but he has been fortunate in securing the collaboration of his former colleague, who has made a thorough revision of the original text. He has added several new articles and three new chapters deahng with the insect pests directly affecting man and the domestic animals and with the insects affecting citrus fruits.

Other changes in the text will be found to be minor ones, with the exception of the additions mentioned, and are mainly for the purpose of bringing up to date the recommendations for control.

No attempt to conform to the latest usage in naming of famihes has been made for the reason that most students using this text will be more familiar with the names as used in Comstock's Manual than with the modern usage.

May, 1920. E. Dwight Sanderson.

m

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to express their sincere appreciation of the courtesj' extended --by those friends mentioned below who have assisted in this work by furnishing electrotypes, photographs and drawings, thus making possible the illustration of the volume.

The United States Department of Agriculture, through Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, and Mr. J. A. A. Arnold, Chief of the Division of Publications, furnished a large number of electrotypes and plates. The illustrations credited to Dr. C. V. Riley have been secured from various sources.

Dr. S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist of lUinois, Prof. Glen W. Herrick of Cornell University, Prof. F. L. Washburn of Minnesota, Prof. H. A. Gossard of the Ohio Station, Prof. R. H. Petit of Michigan Agr. College, Prof. P. J. Parrott of the New York Station at Geneva, and the late Dr. John B. Smith of New Jersey, all furnished several illustrations. Prof. W. E. Rumsey of West Virginia made his excellent collection of photographs available.

Prof. H. Garman of Kentucky, Director R. W. Thatcher of the Washington Expt. Station, Prof. S. J. Hunter of the University of Kansas, Prof . T. B. Symons of Maryland, Prof. H. E.Summers of Iowa, Director P. H. Rolfs of the Florida Station, Dr. T. C. Johnson of the Virginia Truck Station, Director J. C. Kendall of the New Hampshire Station, Director S. W. Fletcher of the Virginia Station, Dr. W. E. Britton of Connecticut, Prof. R. I. Smith of North Carolina, Dr. A. L. Quaintance of the Bureau of Entomology, Director F. B. Mumford of the Missouri Station, and Prof. C. S. Crandall of the Illinois Station, all furnished several valuable illustrations.

Dr. E. W. Berger kindly read over the copy for the chapter on Citrus Fruit Insects and assisted by correcting mistaken statements and offcu-ing many helpful suggestions for the improvement of the chapter.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v

The Friend Mfg. Co., The Deming Co., F. E. Myers and Bro., The Spraymotor Co., E. C. Brown and Co., The Goulds Mfg. Co., and the Bean Spray Pump Co., all makers of spra;ying apphances, furnished many of the illustrations of such apparatus, while the Corona Chemical Co. and the Niagara Sprayer Co. furnished some of the illustrations of dusters.

The Orange Judd PubUshing Co. furnished some of the Riley figures.

Many others helped by allowing their illustrations to be used.

All illustrations have been properly credited in the text. Credit for much of the direct and indirect assistance freely given by many persons can not be extended to individuals but is none the less appreciated.

The pubhshers of this volume, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., have done all in their power to cooperate with the authors and make the task of preparing the manuscript as light as possible, and to them and their organization we wish to extend our thanks.

Preface to the Revised Edition iii

Acknowledgments iv

Chapter page

I. Injury to Crops by Insect Pests 1

II. Beneficial Insects, Predaceous and Parasitic 8

III. Structure and Development of Insects 20

IV. Farm Methods for the Control of Insects 29

V. Insecticides 39

VI. Spraying and Dusting Apparatus 59

VII. Insects Affecting Grains, Grasses and Miscellaneous

Crops 78

VIII. Insects Injurious to Small Grains 117

IX. Insects Injurious to Corn 143

X. Insects Injurious to Stored Grains 176

XI. Insects Injurious to Clover and Alfalfa 189

XII. Insects Injurious to Tobacco 212

XIII. Insects Injurious to Cotton 226

XIV. Insects Injurious to Potatoes and Tomatoes 256

XV. Insects Injurious to Beans and Peas 278

XVI. Insects Injurious to Beets and Spinach 299

XVII. Insects Injurious to Cabbage and Related Crops 314

XVIII. Insects Injurious to Melons, Cucumbers, Squash, Etc . . 340

XIX. Insects Injurious to Miscellaneous Garden Crops 361

XX. Insects Injurious to the Strawberry 389

XXI. Insects Injurious to the Raspberry and Blackberry .... 403 XXII. Insects Injurious to the Currant and Gooseberry 418

XXIII. Insects Injurious to the Grape 432

XXIV. Insects Injurious to Orchard Fruits 470

XXV. Insects Injurious to the Apple and Pear 514

XXVI. Insects Injurious to the Peach, Plum and Cherry 575

XXVII. Insects Injurious to Citrus Fruits 599

XXVIII. Insects Injurious to Man and in the Household 635

XXIX. Insects Injurious to Domestic Animals and Poultry .... 657

Bibliography 689

Index 692

vi

INSECT PESTS

OP

FARM, GARDEN AND ORCHARD

Chapter I The Injury To Crops By Insect Pests

Ever since the locust plagues in the time of the Pharaohs history is replete with accounts of insect scourges and the enormous losses they have caused the agriculturists of all ages. However, instead of diminishing with the advancement of agricultural methods, injurious insects have undoubtedly become both more numerous and more destructive in modern times. " In no country in the world do insects impose a heavier tax on farm products than in the United States. The losses resulting from the depredations of insects on all the plant products of the soil, both in their growing and in their stored state, together with those on live stock, exceed the entire expenditures of the National Government, including the pension roll and the maintenance of the Ai'my and the Navy."* " Very careful estimates, based on crop reports and actual insect damage over a series of years, show that the loss due to insect pests of farm products, including fruits and live stock, now reaches the almost inconceivable total of SI ,000,000,000, annually."! The above quotations from Mr. C. L. Marlatt, Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, may appear to the reader either ludicrous or startling, according to the extent of his information concerning the role which insects play in our Agricultural

* C. L. Marlatt, Yearbook U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1904, p. 461. t C. L. Marlatt, Journal of Economic Entomology, IV, 109.

economy, which forms the warp of American prosperity. It should be borne in mind that these figures are based on pre-war estimates and that they now need considerable revision upward but that the totals will not reach the amounts expended by the nation during a state of war.

A brief resume of the damage done by insect pests, of the costs of fighting them and of the estimates which form the basis for the above statements will make them more convincing.

Growing Cereals. — Probably no insect does as widespread damage as the Hessian-fly, attacking our chief staple, wheat, as well as rye and barley. One-tenth of the whole crop, valued at $150,000,000 to S175,000,000 is generally conceded to be destroyed by this pest every year. In some sections the loss is frequently as great as 30 to 50 per cent, and it undoubtedly was responsible in a great measure for the necessity for governmental regulations of the use of wheat flour during the great war. The southern grain-louse or " green-bug " caused a loss estimated at from $5,000,000 to $10,000,000 in Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas in 1907, and every year there is a considerable shrinkage in the wheat crop as a result of the presence of this and other species of plant-lice. This injury will doubtless amount, on the average, to as much as 2 or 3 per cent of the entire crop, worth from $30,000,000 to $50,000,000.

The corn crop of 1919 was worth at least three and one-half biUions of dollars. The total was reduced at least two to three per cent by the chinch-bug and not less than 5 per cent by the com-earworm while other insects accounted for several per cent more or less. Estimating the total insect depreciation of this crop at only ten per cent gives a total of $350,000,000 for the one year.

The total value of cereal crops in 1919 was over$7,000,000,000, which was undoubtedly at least ten per cent less than it would have been could the insect injury have been totally eliminated.

Hay and Forage Crops. — A host of small insects attack our grasses and forage crops, many of them being so small that they are unnoticed, though their aggregate injury is sometimes enormous. Of the larger pests of grasses and forage plants the army worms are among the best known and have often caused a lo.ss of over half a million dollars to a single state in one season.

INJURY TO CROPS BY INSECT PESTS 3

Grasshoppers of various species are also always more or less injurious and often become a serious menace. Probably the most serious injury, however, is done by subterranean larvse such as the cut-worms, wireworms, white grubs, and webworms, which breed in sod land, and by the hordes of httle leaf -hoppers which are always prevalent, but whose injury often passes unnoticed. Ten per cent of the ha}-- crop was worth $150,000,000 in 1919 and this is a fair estimate of the damage done to hay and forage crops by their insect enemies.

Cotton. — The cotton plant has a number of injurious insect enemies, of which the boll weevil, bollworm, and leafworm are the most injurious. In 1904 the writer made a statistical study of the decrease in the cotton crop of Texas due to the boll weevil, and showed that it was then costing that state $25,000,000 per annum.* This estimate has been confirmed by independent investigations made by Mr. W. D. Hunter of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, and although the loss in Texas is not so serious at present, the weevil has spread eastward as far as Georgia, so that its total injury remains practically the same, and has undoubtedly been a large factor in the higher price of cotton in recent years. The bollworm is most injurious in the southwestern cotton-producing States, where it causes a loss from 5 to 60 per cent of the crop. The total damage to cotton by the bollworm is approximately $100,000,000 per annum and not infrequently exceeds that amount. In 1880 the United States Entomological Commission made an investigation of the cotton worm and valued its ravages at $30,000,000, but with the extensive use of Paris green and arsenical poisons its injury has been greatly reduced and now amounts to from $5,000,000 to $20,000,000 annually. Various minor pests of the cotton plant inflict a considerable amount of local injury and with the above pests damage the crop at least 10 per cent, worth $160,000,000 in 1919.

Tobacco. — Tobacco is attacked by insects, which form one of the chief " bugbears " of tobacco growing, at all stages of its existence. Ten per cent of the crop, worth $35,000,000, is certainly destroyed by them every year.

* E. D. Sanderson, The Boll Weevil and the Cotton Crop of Texas. (Bulletin Dept. of Agriculture, Insurance, Statistics and History, Austin, Texas, 1905, p. 28, 7 maps.)

4 INSECT PESTS OF FAKJM, GAKDEN AND ORCHARD

Truck Crops. — Truck cnjps tiro peculiarly susceptible to insect attacks, and their control forms one of the chief items in the cost of production. It is safe to say that truck crops suffer from insect ravages h\\\y twice as much as do the stai)les, or 20 per cent of their total value. Statistics are not available for the present value of truck crops, but they were probably worth S1,.')00,000,000 in 1919, making the insect tax for the trucker fully $300,000,000.

Fruits. — Fruit trees are also much more seriously injured by insects than are the staple crops, and their control involves a large expense to the fruit-grower. Where it is not combated, the codling moth, or apple worm, causes a loss of from 30 to 50 per cent of the crop, and where it is controlled by spraying a considerable expense is involved. The loss and cost of treatment for this pest alone amount, to $35,000,000 for the United States, and were it not for the fact that it is now largely controlled in the principal fruit-growing sections, the loss would be double or treble this sum. The loss due to the San Jose scale is difficult to estimate, but it is v/ell known that it has destroyed milUons of trees and that in the principal fruit regions where this pest is prevalent it is necessary to treat the trees annually at a cost of from 10 to 25 cents per tree, so that $10,000,000 a year would be a very conservative estimate of its annual cost. Both deciduous and citrus fruits have a host of insect pests, always present and doing more or less damage and occasionally becoming so abundant as to threaten the life of the trees or their crops. Fifteen per cent of the value of our fruit products, worth at least $75,000,000, is certainly destroyed by insect pests every year.

Forest Insects. — Only those .who have had opportunity to observe the ravages of insects in timber and in timber products can appreciate the enormous losses which they occasion. Probably no one is better informed upon this matter than Dr. A. D. Hopkins, in charge of the Forest Insect Investigations of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, who has made a life study of these pests in all parts of the country. In a recent circular* he states that " the amount of insect-killed and damaged timl)cr left in the woods, plus the reduction in value of that utilized, to be charged

*A. D. Hopkins, Circular 129, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agr.

INJURY TO CROPS BY INSECT PESTS 5

to insects is not far from an equivalent of 10 per cent of the value of the annual output of forest products of all kinds, in the rough. The total value of the forest products of the United States in 1907 is given as $1,280,000,000; the losses from insect depredations would therefore represent an annual loss in cash value of more than $100,000,000." To this should be added a similar loss to farm woodlots, which may be estimated at an additional $10,000,000. The insect injury to the shade trees of city streets, parks, and estates should also be mentioned, for such pests as the gypsy moth, the elm leaf-beetle, tussock moths, etc., are not only causing enormous losses and large expense for their control, but they are often reducing the values of real estate and through killing the trees are destroying the scenic value of property and changing the esthetic environment in a manner which it will require many decades to remedy, if the previous conditions can ever be even partially reproduced. The State Forester of Massachusetts has recently shown that the New England States and the Federal Government have spent fully $7,000,000 in fighting the gypsy and brown-tail moths in New England, and at the present time the New England States, the Federal Government, municipalities and private individuals are spending over $1,000,000 per annum in this warfare for the preservation of their shade and forest trees.

Live Stock. — Insect pests, including the ticks and mites, are almost as important as enemies of live stock as of crops. The principal drawback to cattle raising in the South is the Texas fever, transmitted by the cattle tick, which has been charged by the officials of the bureau of Animal Industry with a loss of $100,000,000 annually.. The ox- warble, which causes the "grubby" hides of cattle, causes a loss estimated at from $30,000,000 to $50,000,000 per year due to the depreciated value of the hides and the lessened quantity and poorer quality of the beef of affected animals. The screw-worm fly is a constan' annoyance to cattle and source of loss on the range, and numerous biting and parasitic flies cause a considerable loss to the grower of live stock, both through actual damage and through the annoyance preventing growth and production. The sheep scab, sheep tick, the sheep bot — causing " staggers " or " grub-in-the-head " — horn-fly, buffalo-fly, black-fly, and numerous species of lice which affect all of the domestic animals, are among the pests which must be combated by the stockman. In 1919 the live stock products were worth $8,000,000,000, and it is estimated that fully 10 per cent of this amount was lost through injury from insects.

Stored Products. — Even after the crops have been gathered and garnered, and indeed after they and animal products have been manufactured, they are constantly subject to the attacks of numerous " weevils," " moths," and other insect pests of stored products. Every housewife and every merchant knows that only through constant surveillance these ravages can be prevented. Mills, tobacco warehouses, storage houses, and vessels, must be frequently cleaned and often must be fumigated to prevent the increase of insect pests peculiar to them. It is estimated that at least 3 per cent of the cereal crops are destroyed by insects while in storage, which would mean a loss of $200,000,000, and in many cases the loss to corn, particularly in the South, is much greater. The total loss due to insects in stored goods of all kinds is impossible to estimate, but would fall not far short of $300,000,000. With this brief statement of the losses due to insect pests we may summarize them in a table which will show that the total is based upon conservative estimates.

Annual Values of Farm Crops and Losses Chargeable to Insect Pests*.

PRODUCT

VALUE

PERCENTAGE OF LOSS

AMOUNT OF LOSS

Cereals

Hay and Forage ....

Cotton

Tobacco

Truck Crops ...'....

Sugars

Fruits

Farm Forests. ......

MLscellaneous Crops.

Animal Products ....

$7,000,

1,500

1,600

1,500

8,000

Natural Forests and Forest Products.

Products in Storage

Grand Total ,

10 10 10 10 20 10 15 10 5 5

$700,000,000

150,000,000

160,000,000

37,500,000

300,000,000

20,000,000

75,000,000

11,000,000

12,500,000

400,000,000

$1,866,000,000

$2,266,000,000

*Baeed on estimatpa from the U. S. Bureau of Entomology with modifications by the writers. Crop values bajjcd on estimates from the U. S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook for 1918 and various estimates for the year 1919.

INJURY TO CROPS BY INSECT PESTS 7

This table will indicate that two billions of dollars is a conservative estimate of the damage done by insects annually to the agricultural interests of the country.

The old saying, " One man's loss is another man's gain " will not apply to this damage. While the fluctuation in the amount of crops does influence prices received by the farmers it does not obviate the loss, even though the farmer receives as much money for the reduced crop as he would have for a full crop. The effect is merely to shift the burden of the loss from the farmer to the consumer. The damage done by the insects remains as a definite destruction of wealth of the community just as truly as loss from fire and storm, even though such loss is borne not by the owner of the property destroyed but by an insurance company.

A real benefit to the community at large from these insects is coming to be recognized more and more. That is, that to succeed against the handicaps of insect injury as well as the other hazards incident to modern agriculture, the farmer must become a student of the factors insuring success. He must, as he usually can, learn the methods of agriculture best suited to prevent the loss from insects. This will tend to broaden his education, to make him more observant of conditions affecting successful farming and indirectly is bound to make him a more intelligent and efficient farmer and a better citizen. Who can say that such benefit does not largely overbalance the tremendous loss due to the presence of the insects .

CHAPTER II Ladybird-beetles

After his strawberries have been ruined by the strawberry weevil, the garden truck by cutworms, the wheat despoiled by the Hessian fly, the melon-patch fallen a prey to plant-lice, and the fruit crop has been a failure on account of the codhng moth, plum curculio, and San Jose scale, it is scarcely surprising that the farmer does as one of my acquaintances did and " orders the hands to kill everything that crawls."

But such would be entirely too heroic a measure, and if strictly adhered to the remedy would be as bad as the disease, for it would mean not only useless labor, but the destruction of the most effective means whereby insect pests are held in check. We pride ourselves — and justly — that with our spray pumps and deadly sprays many crops can be effectually protected; but were it not for those other insects which feed upon these injurious forms, what an enormous, and, in some instances, futile task it would be !

Among these beneficial insects the little ladybird-beetles of the family Coccinellidm are entitled to be in the first rank. Almost all these beetles and larvae feed upon plant-lice and scale insects. Of such value are those feeding upon scale insects that not many years ago several Australian species were imported into California that they might prey upon the San Jose and other scales. One' of these was eminently successful and almost completely destroyed the cottony cushion-scale.

Of those feeding upon plant-lice, one of the most common is the Nine-spotted Ladybird {Coccinellanovemnotata). This beetle is about one-fourth of an inch long, with black head and body. The wing-covers are orange-yellow marked with nine black spots — four on each side and one on the central suture. The larva has .been fancied to resemble a miniature alligator; it is nearly twice as long as wide, almost black, marked with bluish and orange spots, and has long legs, which carry it around quite rapidly. The beetles hibernate during the winter and come forth in the spring and lay their eggs wherever the young will be able to find food when they hatch. When the larva has satisfied its ravenous appetite and become full grown it fastens itself to a leaf or twig, — seemingly by its tail, if such

Fig. 1. — The nine-spotted ladybird (Coccinella novemnotata) , and its larva; enlarged. (After Chittenden, U. S. Dept. Agr.)

a term might be allowed, — transforms to the pupa, and in a week or ten days the adult beetle emerges from the pupal skin. This life-cycle is repeated several times during the summer season, before the fall brood enters winter quarters.

Another very common form among plant-lice on garden truck is the little Adalia bipundata, or Two-spotted Ladybird. It is

Fig. 2. — The two-spotted ladybird {Adalia bipunctata): a, larva; b, mouthparts of same; c, claw of same; d, pupa; e, adult; /, antenna of same; all enlarged. (After Marlatt, U. S. Dept. Agr.)

slightly smaller than the preceding, and with only one black spot on each wing-cover (Fig. 2).

Several other species, in the genus Hippoda?nia, are very useful, and among them the Convergent Ladybird {Hippodamia convergens) is one of the best known. Its name is received from two white dashes on the black thorax, which converge posteriorly. The thorax has also a white margin, and there are thirteen black dots on its orange wing-covers. These larvse

Fig. 3. — The convergent ladybird {Hippodamia convergent): a, adult; h, pupa; c, larva; enlarged. (After Chittenden, U. S. Dept. Agr.)

and beetles are very common among the plant-lice on melonvines, and are an important factor in their extermination. They have also been noted for eating the black peach aphis and many other plant-lice.

A form which is often very abundant among plant-lice on corn is the Spotted Ladybird (Megilla maculata). The head, thorax, a o C

Fig. 4.— The spotted ladybird (Megilla mnculnln): a, larva; b, pupa; c, adult; enlarged. (After Chittenden, U. S. Dept. Agr.)

and wing-covers are a dark pink, with two black spots on the thorax and ten on the wing-covers. Such numbers of these

Fig. 5. — The twice-stabbed ladybird (Chilocorus bivulnerus). a, adult; b, larva; enlarged. (After Riley.)

little fellows have frequently been found huddled together under the rubbish at the base of some tree in a last year's cornfield that they might be taken up by the handful without difficulty. Many other species feed upon plant-lice, but the above are the most common, and all bear a resemblance to one another, being generally orange or red with black spots, and of a characteristic

round or oval form, flattened below, so that the legs may be drawn in under the wing-covers.

Those ladybirds which feed upon scalefi are much smaller and are black, though sometimes spotted with red or orange.

As far as known, there is no way in which these useful allies may be encouraged or increased in numbers, but it is trusted that the above may give such a brief view of their habits that fewer may be killed through ignorance concerning their true worth.

Syrphus-flies

Besides the little beetles described above there is a family of flies, the Syrphidce, many of whose larvae feed upon plant-hce. This family is a very large one, and thus the habits of its different members vary considerably. One of them, the drone-fly, so closely resembles a honey-bee as to be almost indistinguishable from it. The larva of this fly {Eristalis tenax) is one of the common rat-tailed maggots which are found in putrid matter. It is thought that the old " bugonia " superstition of the ancients that bees came from