The Indian races of North and South America, comprising an account of the principal aboriginal races: a description of their national customs, mythology, and religious ceremonies; the history of their most powerful tribes, and of their most celebrated chiefs and warriors: their intercourse and wars with the European settlers: and a great variety of anecdote and description, illustrative of personal and national character

Front matter

QKS

University of California • Berkeley

. -___-, .

Preface

FROM the size of this volume, as compared with the variety and extent of the subjects under examination, it will be readily perceived that minuteness of detail has been impossible.

In describing the adventures and proceedings of the pioneers in the settlement and civilization of the Western Continent, the interest ing nature of the narrative may have led the author, in some instances, away from the immediate object of his attention, viz: the manners, peculiarities, and history of the aboriginal inhabitants. He trusts, how ever, that where this may appear to be the case, it will generally be found to have resulted from the inseparable manner in which the his tory of the natives and those who have supplanted them is interwoven.

So far as has proved convenient or practicable, localities will be found to be in such a manner pointed out or referred to, that the reader who is ordinarily well acquainted with the geography of the country will seldom be at fault. Upon this point, the opening of the fifth book of "The True Travels, Adventures, and Observations of Captaine lohn Smith," is worthy the attention of all historical writers. It runs thus:

"Before we present you the matters of fact, it is fit to offer to your view the Stage whereon they were acted; for, as Geography with out History seemeth a carkasse without motion, so, History without Geography wandereth as a Vagrant, without a certaine habitation."

The works which have been carefully examined by the author in the prosecution of his design, and from which most of the facts em. bodied in this outline of history and description have been obtained, are the following:

The Natural History of Man; by Jame«

American Antiquities and Researches into the Origin and History of the Red Race ; by Alexander W. Bradford ;

The Biography and History of the Indians of North America ; by Samuel G. Drake ;

Cowles Prichard ; Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American In dians ; by George Catlin ;

PREFACE.

The History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States ; by Henry R. Schoolcraft, LL. D ;

The United States' Exploring Expedition; by Commander Charles Wilkes ;

Indian Biography ; by B. B. Thacher ;

Me Intosh's Book of the Indians ;

Travels of Capt. Jonathan Carver through the Interior of North America, in 1776-7-8 ;

Indian Wars of the United States; by Wil liam V.Moore;

The History of the Conquest of Mexico; from the Spanish of Don Antonio De Sol is ;

The Conquest of Mexico ; by Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Regidor of the city of Guate mala, written in 1568 ;

Prescott's Conquest of Mexico ;

Conquest of Mexico and Peru ; Harper's series of Tales from American History ;

Robertson's History of America ;

The Invasion and Conquest of Florida, un der Hernando de Soto, written by a gen tleman of the town of Elvas ;

Irving's Conquest of Florida ;

The Territory of Florida ; by John Lee Wil liams ;

The True Travels, Adventures, and Observa tions of Captaine lohn Smith ; from the London edition of 1629 ;

The Life of Captain John Smith ; by W. G. Simms ;

The History of the Indians of Connecticut;

" by John W. De Forrest;

Baylie's Memoirs of Plymouth Colony ;

Barber's Historical Collections, in Massachussetts and Connecticut ;

The Rev. William Hubbard's Narrative of the Indian Wars in New England ; writ ten in 1775;

The History of Philip's War ; by Thomas Church, a son of Capt. Benjamin Church ;

New England's Memorial; by Nathaniel Morton, published in 1669 ;

The Publications of the Massachussetts His torical Society, especially those relating to the Early Settlements in New England ; including, among other documents, the Relations of G. Mourt and E. Winslow concerning the Pilgrims at Plymouth ; Letters and Writings of Roger Williams ; Gookin's Historical Collections, &c., Ate. Schoolcrai t's Notes on the Iroquois ;

Stone's Life of Jos. Brant — ThayenJanegea ; Memoirs of William Penn; by Thomas

Clarkson ;

Heckewelder's Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren among the Delaware and Mohegan Indians ; The Life of William Henry Harrison, with a History of the Wars with the British and Indiana on our North-western Frontiers ; The Adventures of Daniel Boone ; by the

author of Uncle Philip's Conversations ; The History of the American Indians ; by James Adair, for forty years a resident and trader among them ; Cobbett's Bife of Andrew Jackson ; The History of Georgia; by Capt. Hugh

Me Call ;

The Adventures of Capt. Bonneville in the Far West, and among the Rocky Moun tains ; by Washington Irving ; Cox's Adventures on the Columbia River ; Barrow's Voyages of Discovery and Research

within the Arctic Regions; Back's Narrative of the Arctic Land Expe dition ;

Greenland, the Adjacent Seas, and the North west Passage ; by Bernard O'Reilly ; Parry's Journal of a second voyage for the

Discovery of a North-west Passage ; Mackenzie's Inland Expedition to the Arctic

Ocean ;

Purchas, his Pilgrimage; The Modern Traveller; by Josiah Conder,

Articles on South America ; Spanish America ; by R. H. Bonnycastle ; Irving's Life of Columbus; Indian Tribes of Guiana; by Rev. W. H.

Brett ; Alexander de Humboldt's Travels in South

America ;

Prescott's Conquest of Peru ; Travels in Peru ; by Dr. J. J. Von Tschudi, translated from the German by Thomasina Ross;

The Geographical, Natural, and Civil His tory of Chili; by Abbe don J. Ignatius Molina ; translated from the original Ital ian by an American Gentleman ; John Mawe's Travels in the Interior of

Brazil ;

| Head's Journey to the Pampas and the Andes.

Contents

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. ' PAGB

CHAPTER I. Origin of the North American Indians— Some of their General Customs

and Peculiarities,. "... . , V"' ; . • .' ; - » . . . - . . .13 CHAPTER II. Religion of the Indians— Their Weapons and System of Warfare—

Their Lodgings, Dress, Ornaments, &c 25

AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES.

CHAPTER I. United States' Territory, &c ? . .36

CHAPTER II. Battles with the Natives— Conciliatory Intercourse— Donna Marina, . 6£

CHAPTER III. Communications with the Mexican Emperor— The Zempoallans and Quiavistlans, . . . . . ,..,«-,.» 68

CHAPTER IV. The March to Tlascala— Occupation of the City — Great Massacre at Cholula — Entrance into the City of Mexico, and Interview with Montezuma — Description of the Temple, &c. . . .-.>.; 77

CHAPTER V. Seizure and Imprisonment of Montezuma — Execution of Qualpopoca and his Companions — Ominous Prospects — Expedition of Pamphilo de Narvaez — Success of Cortez against him — Return to Mexico — Outrage by Alvarado, and Consequent Troubles — Death of Montezuma — The "JVbcAc Triste" — Battle of Obtumba, and Arrival at Tlascala, ••. 4 -.t •.-•<•'->' •••'•• • 87

CHAPTER VI. Preparations for the Attack on the City of Mexico— Building and Trans portation of Brigantines — Siege laid to the City — Assault by the Spaniards, and their Repulse — Sacrifice of Prisoners — Capture of Gautimozin — Conquest of the Capital, 96

CHAPTER VII. Rebuilding of the City— Extension of Spanish Powers— The March to Honduras— Execution of Gautimozin— Donna Marina— Modern Mexico, . . 106

THE FLORIDA INDIANS.

CHAPTER I. Early Expeditions of Spanish Adventurers— Ponce de Leon— L. Velas quez de Ayllon — Pamphilo de Narvaez — Fernando de Soto : his Landing and Estab lishment at Tampa — Story of John Ortiz, a Spanish Captive among the Indians, 110

CHAPTER II. Progress Northward— Contests with the Natives— Vitachuco— Expedi tion to Cutifachiqui — Departure for the West, H6

CHAPTER III. From the Conquest by De Soto to the Year 1818 — Missionary Opera tions by the Spaniards — Moore's Invasion of Florida — Bowles — Wars of 1812 — Defeat of the Sem moles by General Jackson, 122

CHAPTER IV. Commencement of the late Florida War — Treaty of Moultrie Creek — Treaty of Payne's Landing — Osceola — Destruction of Dade's Command — Battle of the Ouithlacoochie — Conference with Indian Ch efs by General Gaines, . . . 126 •

CHAPTER V. Condition of East Florida — Gen. Scott's Campaign — Garrison besieged on the Ouithlauooohie — Occurrences during the Summer of 1836 — Arrival of Creek Allies — Colonel Lane's Expedition from Tampa — Battle of the Wahoo Swamp — General Jessup appointed to the command in Florida, 134

0 ,* CONTENTS.

PAGE

CHAPTER VI. Pursuit of the Seminoles Southward— Encounter on the Hatchee Lustee— Conference and Truce with the Indians— Renewal of the Treaty of Payne's Landing— Neglect on the part of the Indians to comply with its Provisions— Cap ture, Surrender, and Treacherous Seizure of various Chiefs — Death of Osceola — Colonel Taylor's Campaign, ; 140

CHAPTER VII. Various Minor Engagements— Surrender of Large Numbers of In dians—Continuance of Depredations— Blood-hounds from Cuba— Attack upon a Company of Actors— Seminole Chiefs brought back from the West to report their

Condition to their Countrymen — Colonel Harney's Expedition to the Everglades

End of the War— Indians shipped West— Numbers still remaining in Florida, . 145

THE INDIANS OF VIRGINIA.

CHAPTER I. Expedition of Amidas and Barlow — Of Sir Richard Grenville — Of Bartholomew Gosnoll, with Captain Smith — Settlement at Jamestown — Visit to Powhatan — Improvidence and Difficulties of the Colonists — Exploration of the Chickahominy — Smith taken Prisoner — His Treatment by the Indians, . . . 151

CHAPTER II. Court of Powhatan — Smith's Preservation by Pocahontas — Supplies by the Indians— Newport's Arrival— Smith's Expeditions up the Chesapeake, . 160

CHAPTER III. CoroAation of Powhatan— Smith's Visit to Werowocomoco for Sup plies—Treachery of Powhatan— Smith a second time Preserved by Pocahontus— Visit to Pamunky— Fight with the King of Paspahegh— Ascendancy of the English, 171

CHAPTER IV. Distress of the Colonies — Martin and West's Settlements — Arrival of Lord De la Warre — Retaliations upon the Natives — Seizure of Pocahontas : Her Marriage— Peace with the Indians— Pocahontas visits England : Her Death— Death of Powhatan— Pory's Settlement, 181

CHAPTER V. The Virginia Massacre of 1622 and of 1641 '(or 1644)— Death of Opechancanough, 191

CHAPTER VI. Smith's Account of the Numbers, Appearance and Habits of the Indians, 194

NEW ENGLAND INDIANS.

" CHAPTER I. Conduct of the Early Voyagers — Arrival of the May-Flower — Samoaet — Tisquantum— Massasoit— Weston'sColony— Caunbitant'sConspiracy— Trade in Fire Arms— Thos. Morton— Death of Massasoit and Alexander, and Accession of Philip, 199

CHAPTER II. The Narragansetts— The Pequots— Murder" of Stone and Oldham— Endicott's Expedition— The Pequot War— Destruction of the Pequot Fort— The Tribe Dispersed and Subdued, 209

CHAPTER III. Quarrel between the Narragansetts and Mohegans — Uncas and Miantonimo — The Mohegan Land Controversy — Subsequent Condition of the Pequots and Mohegans, 219

CHAPTER IV. The Indians furnished with Fire-Arms—Situation of the Colonists- Philip's Accession — His Treaties with the Whites— His True Plans — Emissaries sent to Sogkonate — Captain Benjamin Church — His Interview with Awoshonks— Murder of John Sassamon, 228

CHAPTER V. Attack on Swansey— Collection of Troops— Fight at Miles' Bridge- Philip driven from the Neck— Church at Punkatese— Destruction of Brookfleld, . 237

CHAPTER VI. Philip moves Westward — Attacks on Hadley and Deerfield — Gofle the Regicide — Destruction of Lathrop's Command — Assaults on Springfield and H;ilfield — Expedition against the Narragansetts: Outrageous Cruelties in their Reduction — Philip on the Hudson — Destruct'n of Lancaster, Medfleld, Seekonk,Groton, Warwick, Marlborough, &c. — Canonchet taken, and put to Death — Further Indian Ravages, 246

CHAPTER VII. Philip's Return to Pokanoket— Major Talcott's Successes— Church Commissioned by the Court at Plymouth — His Interview with Awoshonks: with the Sogkonates at Sandwich — His Campaign against the Indians — Philip seen : his Wife and Son taken— Death of Weetamore, Queen of Pocasset— Death of Philip, . 256

CONTENTS. 7

PA.GS

CHAPTER VIII. Pursuit of Annawon and His Purty— Daring Procedure of Captain Church— End of the War, and Final Disposal of Prisoners— Summary of the Colonial Losses, 267

CHAPTER IX. The Eastern Indians— Their Friendly Disposition— Seizure of those implicated in Philip's Conspiracy— French and Indian War in 1689— Attack on Cocheco— Murder of Major Waldron— War of 1702— Church's Last Campaign— War of 1722— Captain John Lovewell, 272

THE IROQUOIS, OR SIX NATIONS.

CHAPTER I. General Outlines of Character, &c. — Impressions of the Inhabitants of New England respecting the Iroquois— Garangula: His Speech to M. de la Barre, 280

CHAPTER II. Iroquois Tradition relative to their Former History— A Brief Ac count of the. different tribes belonging to the Confederacy, and the manner of their Union— Incidents of Early Warfare, 286

CHAPTER III. Important Characters and Events of the Eighteenth Century— Brant— Cresap's War, and History of Logan, . . 295

CHAPTER IV. History of Brant continued: Connexion of the Six Nations with the War of the American Revolution, . . . . t .• ;^; • • • 302

CHAPTER V. Continuation of Revolutionary Incidents, 313

CHAPTER VI. General Sullivan's Campaign against the Iroquois— Subsequent War like Operations of the Nations, 321

CHAPTER VII. Condition of the Six Nations subsequent to the Revolution— Conclu sion of Brant's History — Red-Jacket and Corn-Planter, 327

CHAPTER VIII. Present Condition of the Six Nations, 336

PONTIAC'S WAR.

CHAPTER I. French influence over the Indians— British Occupation of the Western

Posts — Pontiac, and his Plans for exterminating the English, 340

CHAPTER II. Siege of Detroit— Battle of Bloody Bridge, 344

THE DELAWARES, SHAWANEES,

AND OTHER TRIBES OF THE MIDDLE AND WESTERN STATES.

CHAPTER I. The Delawares— William Penn— St. Tammany— The Moravians— The Shawanees— French and Indian War— Braddock's Defeat— Massacre of the Canestoga Indians— Daniel Boone, 348

CHAPTER II. Division of the Del awarea— White-Eyes, and Pipe— Indian Confederacy of 1781— Attack on Bryant's Station, and Battle near the Blue Licks— General Clarke's Expedition — Disastrous Campaign of Harmar and St. Clair — Military Opera tions of General Wayne — Decisive Battle near the Maumee Rapids, and subsequent Treaty of Peace, 361

CHAPTER III. Condition of the Indians subsequent to the Peace — The Prophet Elskwatawa — Tecumseh: His Plans and Intrigues — General Harrison's Expedition against the Prophet's town— Defeat of the Indians at Tippecanoe— War of 1812— Harrison's Invasion of Canada— Battle of the Thames, and Death of Tecumseh, . 368

CHAPTER IV. Acquisition and Sale, by the United States, of Indian Land in Illinois —Black-Hawk— The Sacs removed west of the Mississippi— Return of Black-Hawk and his Followers — Defeat of Major Stillman — The Hostile Indians pursued by At kinson and Dodge — Their Defeat on the bank of the Mississippi — Black-Hawk's Surrender — He is taken to Washington — His Subsequent Career, .... 376

INDIANS OF THE SOUTHERN STATES.

CHAPTER I. Early Location, Numbers, Character, &c., of the Catawbns ; of the Upper and Lower Cherokees; of the Muscogees or Creeks; of the Chocfaws; of the Chickusaws — French War with the Natchez and Chickasaws, . * . . . . 383

CONTEXTS.

PAGB

CHAPTER II. Colonization of Georgia— Early Intercourse with the Natives— Tomochichi— Intrigues of the Reverend Thomas Bosom worth— Cherokee War of 1759— Attakullakulla and Occonostota— Murder of Indian Hostages— Colonel Montgom ery's Expedition— Destruction of the Eastern Cherokee Towns— Battle near Etchoe — Capitulation at Fort Loudon — Indian Treachery — Campaign of Colonel Grant, and Complete Reduction of the Cherokecs, 390

CHAPTER III. Captain Steuart's Agency— Disturbance in 1767— Visit of Tecumseh to the Southern Tribes— Weatherford— Sack of Fort Mimms— War of 1813— General Jackson's Campaign — Battles on the Tallusahatchee ; at Talladega, Autossee, &.c. — The Hall ibees— Defeat of the Indians at Horse-Shoe Bend—End of the War, . . 402

CHAPTER IV. The Removal of the Cherokees west of the Mississippi— Present Loca tion and Condition of the other Tribes of the Southern States, .... 411

NORTHERN RACE*.

CHAPTER I. The Esquimaux: their Manners and Personal Appearance — Accounts of Early Voyagers— Esquimaux Habitations, Food, &c.— The Kaiak or Canoe- Sealing— The Rein-deer— Uses of the Dog— Patriarchal Government— Effects of Foreign Intercourse, . . . .-••"• 416

CHAPTER II. The Esquimaux of Melville Peninsula— Their Stature and Costume- Snow Huts and their Furniture— Implements for Hunting and Sealing— Mental Traits, 426

CHAPTER III. The Knisteneaux, Chippewas, &c 431 VARIOUS NATIONS AND TRIBES

BETWEEN THE MISSISSIPPI AND THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

CHAPTER I. The Sioux or Dahcotas, and other Tribes of the same Race : Classifica tion—The Mandans : Their Number, Situation, Villages, &c.— Their Cemeteries— Affectioniite Remembrance of the Dead, . 407

CHAPTER II. Personal Appearance and Peculiarities of the Mandans— Their Hospi-

" tality and Urbanity— Their Cleanliness of Person— Their Dress— Portraits of Mandan Chiefs — Contrast between the Wild Tribes and those of the Frontier — Mandan Domestic Usages — Games and Dances — Training of the Youth — The Great Annual Religious Ceremony — The Mandans supposed to be of Welsh Descent — Annihila tion of the Tribe by the Small-pox, 44fi

CHAPTER III. The Sioux, continued— Their Mode of Life— Maternal Affection— Ex posure of the Aged — The famous Quarry of Red Pipe-stone— Nature of this Material — Indian Superstitions respecting it — The Bison or Buffalo — Horses of the Indians — Various Modes of Hunting the Buffalo— Wasteful Destruction of the Herds, . 455

CHAPTER IV. Indians of the Great Western Prairies— Their Summer and Winter Lodges — The Medicine-Bag — The Crows and Blackfeet — Races Hostile to the latter Tribe— Fortitude of a Blackfoot Warrior— The Crow Chief Arapooish and his Guest — Indian Conceptions of a Perfect Country — Story of Loretto and his Indian Wife — Adventures of Kosato, a Blackfoot Warrior, 463

CHAPTER V. Tribes on the Columbia and its Tributaries— The Nez-Perces— Their Religious Character— The Walla-wallas— The Chinooks— Mode of Flattening the Head — The Botoque — Canoee of the Tribes on the Lower Waters of the Columbia — Fishing — Houses of the Flat-beads, 473

CHAPTER VI. The Shoshonees, or Snake Indians — The Shoshokoes, or Root-diggers — Extent of Country occupied by the Snakes— The Camanches : Their Horsemanship, Mode of Life, Dwellings, &c.— The Pawnee Picts— The Nabajoa aud Moques, . 477

CONTENTS.

SOUTH AMERICA,

TRIBES OF THE WEST INDIES,

AND THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OF SOUTH AMERICA.

CHAPTER I. Indians first seen by Columbus— Landing at Guanahani— Natives of Cuba— Embassy to the Grand Kahn !— Discovery of Hayti, and Intercourse with the Natives— Guacanagari— Wreck of the Admiral's Vessel— Honesty and Hospi tality of the Native Inhabitants— Trade for Gold— Building of the Fortress of La Navidad— Departure of the Nina— The Ciguayans— Disorders and Destruction of the Garrison at La Navidad— Fort of St. Thomas, . . . . . . .487

CHAPTER II. Indians of Jamaica— Cruise along the Southern Coast of Cuba— Speech of an Indian Counsellor— Difficulties at the Fortress of St. Thomas— Its Siege by Caonabo— Efforts of Columbus to restore Order— Great Rising of the Indians of Hispaniola— Their Defeat— Tribute Imposed— Visit of Bartholomew to Xaraguay— Further Insurrection in the Vega— Bobadilla as Viceroy— Cruelties practised on the Indians — Las Casas — Incidents related by Purchas — Administration of Ovando — Expedition against Xaraguay — Reduction of Higuey, 495

CHAPTER III. The Caribs— Their Islands First Visited by Columbus— Origin and Location of the Race — Tokens of Cannibalism seen by the Spaniards — Cruise among the Islands— Demeanor of Prisoners taken— Return to Hispaniola— Destruction of the Fortress at that Island — Capture of Caonabo : His Death — Expulsion of the Na tives from the Caribbee Islands, . .s.\: 506

CHAPTER IV. Indians of Guiana and Venezuela — Classification — The Arawaks — First seen by Columbus— Entry into the Gulf of Paria— Hospitality of the Natives —Raleigh's Visit to the Orinoco— Early Wars of the Arawaks— Victory over the Caribs— Maroon Negroes— Present Condition of the Arawaks— Other Tribes of the Interior— General Description, . V "• ''':• "'."'',' . . . . . . . 512

THE ABORIGINES OF PERU.

CHAPTER I. Physical Peculiarities of the Quichuas, Aymaras, Atacamas, and Changos — Nature of the Country — Peruvian Works of Art, &c. — First Rumors of the Wealth of the Country— Expedition of Pascual de Andagoya— Francisco Pizarro : His First Voyage of Discovery— Almagro's Voyage— Contract of Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque — The Second Expedition — Pizarro and his Companions upon the Isle of Gorgona — Continuation of the Voyage — Return to Panama, 520

CHAPTER II. Mythological Traditions — Topa Inca Yupanchi, and his Son Huayna Capac — The Peruvian Capital — Religious System — Government — Agrarian Law — Llamas— Public Records : The " Qutpit"— Agriculture— Marriages— Warlike Policy of the Incas — The Great Roads — Contentment of the Natives — Division of the Em pire: Huascar and Atahuallpa — Contest for Supremacy, 531

CHAPTER III. Pizarro's Visit to Spain, and Application to the Emperor— His Four Brothers— Funds procured for a New Expedition to Peru — Vessels again fitted out at Panama — Landing of the Spaniards upon the Peruvian Coast — Plunder at Coaque — Thf) March towards Tumbez — Battles on the Isle of Puna — Tumbez Deserted — Settlement of San Miguel — March into the Interior — Passage of the Andes — Mes sages from Atahuallpa — Entry into Caxamalca, 543

CHAPTER IV. First Interview with the Inca — Plans for his Capture — Entry of Ata huallpa into Caxamalca — Address of the Chaplain — Attack by the Spaniards: Fearful Massacre of the Natives, and Seizure of the Inca — Prisoners and Plunder obtained — The Promised Ransom — Heruando Pizarro's Visit to Pachacamaca —

10 CONTENTS.

PAOB

Challcuchima — Messengers sent to Cuzco — Immense Treasure collected at Caxa-

malca— Trial and Murder of Atahuallpa, 551

CHAPTER V. March towards Cuzco — Opposition of the Natives — Death of Toparca, and Murder of Challcuchima— Manco Capac— Entry into the Capital— Booty ob tained — Escape of Manco, and General Insurrection — Siege \>f Cuzco — Reverses of the Spaniards — Civil Wars — Further Hostilities of Manco Capac — Cruel Treatment of the Natives — Death of Manco Capac — Reforms under Pedro de la Gasca — Tupac Amaru — Insurrection of 1781 — Present Condition of the Peruvian Indians, . . 563

CHAPTER I. Their Location, Appearance, &c. — Purchas' Description of Chili — Divi sion of the Tribes — Peruvian Conquests — Agriculture, Arts, &c., among the Natives — Almagro's Invasion — Expedition of Pedro de Valdivia — Founding of St. Jago — Battles with the Mapochinians — Destruction of 8pamsh Miners — Peace with the Promaucians, 574

CHAPTER II. The Araucanians Proper — Character and Habits of the Tribe — Houses and Dress — Sectional Divisions and Government — System of Warfare — Courage and Military Skill— Religious Belief and Superstitions— Patriotism and Public Spirit of the Natives— Molina's Eulogium, . 579

CHAPTER III. Army sent to Oppose the Progress of the Spaniards— Battle on the Adalien — Lincoyan's Campaign — Valdivia's March Southward — Foundation of Val divia, and Establishment of Forts in the Araucanian Territory — The Natives roused by Colocolo — Caupolican made Toqui — His Successes — Great Victory over the Spaniards— Death of Valdivia— Invasion of Arauco by Villagran— His Defeat- Destruction of Conception — Lautaro's Fatal Expedition Against Santiago, . . 585

CHAPTER IV. Don Garcia de Mendoza ; His Establishment at Quinquina — Fort of Mount Pinto attacked by Caupolican — Don Garcia's Invasion of Arauco; His Cruelties — Expedition to Chiloe — Artful Management of the Cunches — Seizure and Cruel death of Caupolican— Subsequent Successes of the Spaniards— Retreat of the

. Natives to the Marshes of Lumaco — Indian Victory at Mount Mariguenu — General Summary of Succeeding Hostilities, 594

CHAPTER V. Viceroyalty of Martin Loyola — Paillamachu — Renewal of the War — Loyola Slain — General Insurrection of the Natives— The Spaniards Driven from the Country South of the Bio-Bio — Bloody Campaigns under several successive Toquis — Peace of 1640 — Ten Years' War — Subsequent Treaties and Hostilities — Present Position of the Araucaniaus, 602

INDIAN TRIBES OF BRAZIL.

CHAPTER I. Physical Characteristics— Pi nzon's Discoveries— Landing of Pedro Al varez Cabral upon the Brazilian Coast— Expedition under Vespucius— Cannibalism — Colonization of the Country, and Wars with the Natives — Fate of Juan de Solis, at the Estuary of La Plata — Settlement of Bahia de Todos Santos by Diogo Alvarez — The Jesuits — Particulars of the Cannibal Propensities of the Natives — The Botocudos, . 609

CHAPTER II. Success of the Portuguese Against the Natives— Their Contests with Settlers from other Countries of Europe— English Colony at Paraiba — Expulsion of Guarani Tribes from their Country on La Plata — Division of Brazilian Nations — Daily Routine of Indian Life in the Forests— Reflections, 619

THE PAMPAS INDIANS

Their Horsemanship— Their Mode of Life— Sir FranciS Head's Description of the Race — Female Captives among the Indians — Trading Visits to European Settle-

CONTENTS. 11

PAG a

ments— Classification of Tribes— Change in their Condition by the Introduction of European Domestic Animals, . . . • . • . . . . . 624

THE PATAGONIANS.

Early Exaggerated Reports concerning them— Race to which they belong— Nature of the Country— Terra del Fuego— General Description and Classification of the Inhabitants— Captain Fitzroy's Narrative— Physical Conformation of the Natives- Scantiness of their Clothing— Their Huts, Resources for Food, etc.— Fuegians car ried to England by Fitzroy— Attempt at the Introduction of Agriculture on the Island— Pecherais described in Wilkes' Narrative of the United States' Exploring Expedition, •..«»... 629

INDIAN POPULATION Of the United States and Territories, .• ' « . . .485

IMPORTANT ERAS AND DATES Of Interesting Events in Indian History, , 637

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FRONTISPIECK— Interview between Cortez and Montezuma, 1

Indian Bow and Arrows, Harpoon, Basket, Pot, Bowl, &.C., 24

Indian Tomahawk, Kettle, Spoon, Pipes, &c., _ ^ 25

Portrait of Montezuma, in his Magnificent Regal Dress, 54

Hernundo Cortez, from an Original Portrait by Titian, 56

Execution of an Indian Captive, l'~l

Portrait of Osceola, the Celebrated Florida Chief, 129

Portrait of Captain John Smith, the Pioneer of Virginia, 152

Pocahontas Interposing for the Life of Captain John Smith, H>1

Interview of Samoset with the Pilgrims, 200

Tisquantum, or Squanto, the Guide and Interpreter of the Colonists, 204

The Colonists going to Church armed, during the Early Indian Wars, 29

King Philip, the Aboriginal Hero of Mount Hope, 233

Portrait of Captain Benjamin Church, 273

Seneca Lake, '~'P8

Joseph Brant, (THAYENDANKGKA,) of Wyoming Notoriety, 297

Red Jacket, the Masterly Orator and Chief of the Senecas, 333

Ball-Playing, as practiced by the Western Tribes 343

Portrait of William Penn, the Founder of Pennsylvania, 349

• Colonel George Washington, as Aid-de-Camp to General Braddock, 3.">2

Border Encounter, a Scene from Early Western Life, 360

Trapping the Bear,. 301

General Harrison, surrounded with appropriate National Emblems, 368

Tecutnseh, the renowned Chief of the Western Tribes, 3(>9

The Eagle, a Type of Swiftness, Strength, and Superiority, 392

Indian Settlement, representing their Costumes, Tents, &c., 393

General Jackson on his favorite White Charger, 409

Indiana Watching for Salmon, 433

Indians making their Offerings to the Dead, 441

Indian Wrar-Dance, as practised among the Mandans, 448

Indian Encampment West of the Mississippi, 465

The Bison, generally called the Buffalo, 472

The Grizzly Bear, abounding in the North-west Territory, 480

Buffalo Chase, peculiar to the Western Indians, 480

Portrait of Christopher Columbus, 489

Maquarri Dance, in the Lower District of Pomeroon, 512

An Indian Sorcerer performing his Ceremonies over the Sick, 513

Portrait of Francisco Pizarro, 520

The Inca Atahualpa before Pizarro, 561

The Passage of the Cordilleras, 577

INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.

Chapter I

ORIGIN OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS - SOME OF THEIR GENERAL CUSTOMS AND PECULIARITIES.

"Like leaves on trees the race of man is found, Now green in youth, now withering on the ground; Another race the following spring supplies." — Iliad.

IT were far easier to foretell the period when the extinc tion of the Indian races must be consummated, and to explain the causes that must sooner or later terminate their national existence, than to trace back their early history.

Even a succinct account of the various theories, with the arguments upon which they are based, as to the prob able sources whence the early inhabitants of the Western hemisphere derived their origin, would furnish matter for a volume : we shall therefore do little more than allude to the different hypotheses upon the subject, leaving the reader to follow up the inquiry, if his inclination so move him, by the examination of works especially devoted to the discussion of this vexed question.

The want of a written language among the aborigines of America; the blindness of the system of hieroglyphics used by the more advanced nations of the continent; and the wild discrepancies in their fanciful oral traditions leave us little hope of satisfactorily elucidating the mystery by any direct information obtained from the people them selves. Analogies in physical conformation, customs, archi tecture, language, and religion, must form our principal clue in deciding the question of their origin.

That America was first peopled by wanderers from the Old World seems to be a conclusion to which most of those who have treated on the subject have arrived. Exclusive of the supposed necessity for maintaining the truth of Scrip tural history by deducing all the races of the globe from a common ancestry, abundant facilities for an intentional or casual migration have been pointed out by geographers.

The numberless isles of the Pacific offer ready restingplaces for adventurous or bewildered navigators, and might have been peopled successively by wanderers from South eastern Asia. Some of the natives of that portion of the Eastern continent possess a skill in nautical affairs which would abundantly qualify them for voyages as hazardous as any to which they would be exposed in crossing the Pacific from island to island in their swift proas. The near approach of the two grand divisions of the globe at Behring's Straits presents still greater facilities for a pass age from one to the other, when the waters are closed by ice, during the severe Northern winter, or when they lie open, affording a free passage for canoes.