The illustrated history of the Centennial exhibition : held in commemoration of the one hundredth anniversary of American independence ; with a full description of the great buildings and all the objects of interest exhibited in them ... to which is added a complete description of the city of Philadelphia

Front matter

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Preface

SHE close of the first century of American Inde¬ pendence naturally called for some extraordinary and imposing commemoration of the great event ; and when it was proposed to cele¬ brate it by an International Exhibition, in which the American Republic should display to the world the triumphs it has achieved in the noble arts of peace during its first century of national existence, and in which these triumphs should be compared in friendly rivalry with those of other and older nations, there was a general and cordial response of approval from the entire country. Out of this sentiment the Inter¬ national Centennial Exhibition was born. Foreign nations entered cordially into the competition to which they were invited, and the enterprise was carried for¬ ward to completion with the most gratifying energy and promptness.

The International Centennial Exhibition was a grand success. It surmounted its early difficulties and delighted its friends and silenced its enemies by the beauty and grandeur of its proportions, and by its

PREFACE.

positive and overwhelming success as compared with the previous great Exhibitions of the world.

It is a success of which the American people have especial cause to be proud, for it was entirely their work. The great International Exhibitions of Europe were the work of the governments of the countries in which they were held, and were fostered with the great¬ est care, and every resource of the state was placed at their disposal to insure success. The Centennial Exhibition, on the contrary, was viewed with disfavor by the American Government, which withheld its aid until the indignant remonstrances of the people forced it to come forward and do its share in the work. The Centennial Exhibition was thus the work of the people of the United States, conceived by them, carried for¬ ward to its close by them, and made by them the grandest success of the century.

The deepest interest was manifested by all classes of our people in their beautiful Exhibition. Thousands came from all parts of the Union, and yet other thousands from abroad, to visit the great Exhibition, and all these went away with the acknowledgment that, great as their expectations were, they were more than realized.

Believing that such would be the interest of the American people in the Exhibition, the author began at an early day the preparation of this work, in which he has sought to present to the reader not only the history of the great enterprise, from its inception down

PREFACE.

to its close, but at the same time to give to him a life¬ like picture of the Exhibition and its varied sights and attractions. Apart from his other labors, he visited every portion of the Exhibition in person, note-book in hand, and has endeavored to record faithfully and accurately the various features and incidents of the great fair which seem to him most likely to give the reader a correct idea of it. He ventures to hope that he has succeeded in this task, and that the work will be found of use and interest by those who visited the Exhibition and saw for themselves the beautiful and instructive display de¬ scribed herein, as well as by the thousands who could not enjoy this privilege. These latter know the Ex¬ hibition only by the reports that reach them through their friends and the newspapers. For their benefit chiefly the author has written these pages, in which he has endeavored to enable them to become familiar with the Exhibition without either the expense or trouble attendant upon a visit to it. It is believed that those who visited the Exhibition will find a perusal of these pages of benefit to them. The Ex¬ hibition was a world within itself, and the visitor entering its portals was plunged at once into the midst of so much that was beautiful, novel, and at¬ tractive that he was bewildered. A thorough study of this eighth wonder of the world through the medium of some systematic and carefully prepared account of it cannot fail to be of great benefit to the

PREFACE.

intelligent visitor. Such a means of study is offered him in this work.

Those who saw the Exhibition will, it is believed, admit the truthfulness of the picture herein presented, whatever they may think of the manner in which the work is executed.

The engravings in this work have been prepared especially for it, and at great expense. It is sufficient to say that they were engraved by Messrs. Van Ingen & Snyder, Philadelphia, Harper & Bros., New York, and other well-known houses.

Philadelphia,

February 20th , 1877.

Jas. D. McCabe.

Chapter I. The City Of Philadelphia. — Historical

Founding of Philadelphia by William Penn— His Treaty with the Indians —Original Plan of the City— Growth of the City— The Revolution- Occupation by the British — Commercial Prosperity of Philadelphia —

Its Banking Interests — Consolidation of the Suburbs with the City — The Centennial Census— Population of Philadelphia . 17

Chapter II. Philadelphia In 1876

Location of Philadelphia — Size of the City — Its Regularity — Materials used in Building the Houses — “The City of Homes” — Philadelphia Houses — Mr. Kortwright’s Statistics — The Public Squares — Market Street — The House in which the Declaration of Independence was written — The National Publishing Company’s Building — Second Street — Christ Church — Chestnut Street — A Splendid Thoroughfare — Carpenter’s Hall — The Continental Congress — The First Prayer in Congress — The Custom House — The Post-Office — Independence Hall — The Fashionable Prom¬ enade — Noted Buildings — The Hotels — The Continental — The United States Mint — Walnut Street — The Merchants’ Exchange — The Commer¬ cial Exchange — An Interesting Site — Pennsylvania and Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Buildings — Offices of the Centennial Commission —

The Abode of Wealth and Fashion — Arch Street — The Grave of Frank¬ lin — Handsome Churches — Broad Street — The Baltimore Depot — Penn¬ sylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb — Academy of Music — The Colosseum — Union League Club House — The Public Buildings — The Masonic Temple — Academy of Fine Arts — Reading Railroad Depot — Third Street — The Financial Centre— The Girard Bank — Old Churches. 24 i

Chapter III. Philadelphia In 1876 — Concluded

Steam Railroads — Steamship Lines — The Philadelphia Markets — Promi¬ nent Churches — Cathedral — The old Swedes’ Church — The Public Schools — University of Pennsylvania — The Medical Colleges — Girard College — The Philadelphia Library — Mercantile Library — Ridgway Library — Academy of Natural Sciences — Learned Societies — The Zo¬ ological Gardens — Benevolent Institutions — The Pennsylvania Hospital — Insane Asylum — Prisons— House of Correction — Places of Amuse¬ ment — Cemeteries — Newspapers — Banks— Gas and Water — Street Rail¬ ways — The Water Front — The Delaware Shore — The Coal Wharves — Camden — Smith’s and Windmill Islands — League Island — The Navy Yard — Fort Mifflin — A Reminiscence of the Revolution — The Schuyl¬ kill River — The Bridges — The Fairmount and Girard Avenue Bridges — West Philadelphia — Germantown — Manufactures and Commerce.. . . 92

Chapter IV. Fairmount Park

Dimensions of the Park — Its History — Improvements — -Old Fairmount and Lemon IT i 1 1: — The Waterworks — The Lincoln Monument — Sedgeley Park — The River Road — The East Park — The Storage Reservoir — Old Country-seats — Mount Pleasant — Arnold’s Home — The Wissahickon — ■

The Hotels — The Hermit’s Well — The Mystics — Washington’s Rock —

The Monastery — The West Park — Solitude — The Zoological Gardens — Lansdowne — George’s Hill — Belmont — The Sawyer Observatory . 144

Chapter V. The International Exhibitions Of The Past

Origin of Industrial Exhibitions — The First French Exhibitions — The Ex¬ hibitions at Paris in 1844 and 1849 — The Dublin Exhibition of 1827 —

The First International Exhibition, held at London, in 1851 — The Crystal Palace — The New York Exhibition of 1855 — The French Ex¬ hibition of 1855 — The Palace of Industry — The Manchester and Flor¬ ence Exhibitions — The London Exhibition of 1862 — Other Displays —

The Paris Exhibition of 1867 — Other Exhibitions — "The Vienna Exhi¬ bition of 1873 . 167

Chapter VI. The History Of The Centennial Exhibition

The First Proposals for the Exhibition— Action of the City Councils of Philadelphia — The Memorial to Congress — The Act of Incorporation — Appointment of the Centennial Commission — Creation of the Board of

CONTENTS.

Finance — Liberal Action of the City of Philadelphia — Donation of the Exhibition Grounds — Proclamation of the President of the United States — The Invitation to Foreign Powers — The Law for the Free Entry of Exhibitors’ Goods— The General Government Takes Part in the Exhi¬ bition — The Ground Broken, July 4th, 1874 — Plans of the Commission — Regulations for Exhibitors — Order of the Treasury Department — Work of the Board of Finance — Sales of Stock — The Bureau of Revenue — Its Successful Work — Sale of Medals — Appropriations by Pennsyl¬ vania and Philadelphia — Refusal of Congress to Aid the Exhibition — Report of the Board of Finance — Action of the States — Appropriations by Foreign Governments — Congress Appropriates a Million and a Half to the Exhibition — Reception of Goods — Completion of the Work — The System of Awards . 193

Chapter VII. The Management Of The Exhibition

A List of the Officers of the Centennial Exhibition, and the Commissioners from Foreign Countries . . 253

Chapter VIII. The Work Of The Railroads And The Hotels

Rush of Visitors to Philadelphia — Arrangements for Transportation of Visitors by the Railroads of the United States — Settlement of the Ques¬ tion of Fares — Arrangements of the Railroads leading into Philadelphia — How the Exhibition Grounds were reached from the City — The Penn¬ sylvania Railroad — Magnificent Equipment of the Road — The Model Railroad of the Union — Arrangements of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad — The Schuylkill Steamboats — The Street Railway Arrange¬ ments — Cabs and Carriages — Regulations concerning them — The Phila¬ delphia Plotels — The Centennial Lodging-House Agency — Boarding Houses — Suburban Hotels . 263

Chapter IX. The Opening Of The Exhibition

Arrangements for the Opening — Programme Issued by the Centennial Commission — Scenes in Philadelphia on the 9th of May — The Opening Day — The Rush to the Grounds —Arrival of Visitors from Distant Points — The Gates Thrown Open — The Grand Stands — A Brilliant Scene — Arrival of the President of the United States — Wagner’s Centennial March — Bishop Simpson’s Prayer — Whittier’s Hymn — Enthusiasm of the Multitude — Transfer of the Exhibition to the Centennial Commis-

CONTEXTS.

sion — The Centennial Cantata — Address of General Hawley — President Grant Declares the Exhibition Open — The Flag Unfurled — The Presi¬ dent’s Tour Through the Buildings— The Starting of the Great Engine — Scenes in the Exhibition Grounds— Illumination of the City . 277

Chapter X. Without The Grounds

Rapid Growth of the Centennial Town— The Transcontinental and Globe Hotels — The United States — The Grand Exposition — The Panorama- Sights and Scenes on Elm Avenue — The Cheap Hotels — The Beer-Gar¬ dens— The Carriage Sheds — The Cheap Museums — The Oil Wells — The Street Car Concourse — A Busy Scene — Centennial Depot of the Pennsyl¬ vania Railroad — Belmont Avenue — Appearance of the Street — The Largest Soda Fountain in the World— The Restaurants— The Tropical Garden — A Delightful Resort — George’s Hill — Belmont — The Steam boat Landing — Centennial Depot of the Reading Railroad . 306

Chapter XI. The Exhibition Grounds

Topography of the Grounds — The Ravines — The Entrances — The Turn¬ stiles — Styles of Tickets used — The Photograph Regulation — The Cen¬ tennial Guard — The Fire Department — The Narrow-Gauge Railway — •

The Rolling Chair Service — Landscape Gardening — The Flowers — The Avenues — The Bridges — Bartholdi’s Fountain — The Roman Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain — The Centennial Waterworks — Relief Plans of Foreign Cities — Statue of Religious Liberty — Statues of Christopher Columbus and Elias Howe — The Hunter’s Camp — An Old-Fashioned Railroad Train — The American Soldiers’ Monument — The Ice-Water Fountain — The Indian Camp . 324

Chapter XII. The Main Building

Description of the Main Building — A Monster Edifice — The Interior —

A Magnificent Hall — Decorations — The Galleries — A Beautiful and Imposing Scene — Water-Closets — Restaurants — Fountains — Letter Boxes — Telegraph System — The Elevator — Classification of the Display in the Building — The American Department — The Great Organ — The Massachusetts Educational Exhibit — The Roosevelt Organ — The Paper Makers — The Book Pavilion — The Model Post-Office — The Cotton and Woollen Goods — The Carpet Rooms — American Pottery — Among the Iron Workers — The Fire-Arms Exhibit— Rich Costumes — The Tele¬ graphic Display — The Gas Fixture Department — A Brilliant Display —

FOOD FISHES OF THE SEA — EXHIBITED IN THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING.

CONTENTS.

The Jewellers and Silversmiths — The Moorish Pavilion — A Gorgeous Exhibit of Rare and Costly Objects — The Century Vase — The Cologne Fountains — The Furniture Display — Model Houses Completely Fur¬ nished — The Pianos and Organs — Beautiful Instruments — Concerts — Great Britain and Ireland — Magnificent Display of Silver and Plated Ware — Splendid Furniture and Church Ornaments — Beautiful Porce¬ lains — Superb Pottery — Statuary — Process of Making Pottery — The Tile Exhibit — Rich Iron Work — Rare Furniture — A Royal Pavilion — Grand Display of Cotton and Woollen Goods and Linens — Jewelry — Splendid Carpets — The Book Display— The Graphic’s Art Collection — Rich Stained Glass — A Gorgeous Show from India — The Canadian Exhibit — The Manufactures and Natural Products of the Dominion — The Educa¬ tional Exhibit of Ontario — The Australian Exhibits — The Wonders and Resources of the Pacific Continent — Pyramids of Gold — Superb Photo¬ graphs of Australian Scenes — Dust from the Gold Coast — Native Dia¬ monds — The West Indian Display — France — The French Court — Rare Bronzes — Exquisite Porcelains — The Textile Fabrics of France — The Silk Court — Beautiful Laces — Statuary — Religious Groups — The Book Trade Exhibit — Fine Engravings — Fine Cutlery — Articles de Paris- Scientific and Philosophical Apparatus .

Chapter XIII. The Main Building — Concluded

Germany — Location of the German Section — A Superb Display of Porce¬ lain — Beautiful Vases — Plate Glass — Bronzes — The Silks — Display of the Elberfeld Manufacturers — The Ivory Pavilion — The Chemical Dis¬ play — The Velvet Pagoda — The Hospital Department — Fine Church Decorations — Models of an Ocean Steamer — The Book Pavilion — The Austrian Court— Magnificent Bohemian Glass — The Meerschaum Pipes — Exquisite Carvings — Vienna Leather Work — The Italian Court — Artistic Wood Carvings — Beautiful Jewelry — Glassware from Venice — Belgium — Magnificent Display of Textile Fabrics — Carved Furniture — Fire-arms — A Belgian School and Gymnasium — The Lace Court — Beautiful Iron Work — Pictures in Tapestry — The Netherlands — A Grand Display of the Public Works of Holland — The Woollen Goods — Model Farms — A Dutch Eating-house — Rare and Beautiful Art Works — Educa¬ tional Exhibit — The Artisans’ School — Switzerland in Miniature — The Watchmakers — Scientific Instruments — The Swiss School System — Rich Laces — The Wood Carvers — Sweden — The Peasant Groups — Scenes in the Home Life of the Swedes — A Beautiful Exhibit — Fine Porcelains — The Bessemer Steelmakers — Display of the Swedish Army — Norway — Peasant Groups — The Laplanders — A Fine Collection — The Danish Court — Etruscan Imitations — Esquimaux Houses and Boats— The Span¬ ish Pavilion — A Beautiful Structure — Rich Display of the Resources and Wealth of Spain — Evidences of Spanish Industry — The Egyptian

CONTENTS.

Court — A Rare and Beautiful Display from the Land of the Kile — The Past and the Present — A Page from the Arabian Nights — Rich Robes — Articles from Central Africa — Egypt’s Agricultural Resources — The Japanese Court — A Wonderful Display — Superb Bronzes — The Lacq¬ uered Ware — What the Island Empire Exhibits — The Chinese Court —

A Beautiful and Curious Display — Exhibit of the Orange Free State — Another Sample of Dutch Energy — The Tunisian Court — Eastern Mag¬ nificence — Display of the Native Products and Manufactures of Mexico — ' The Brazilian Pavilion-s-A Superb Edifice — The Empire of Brazil Illustrated — Exhibit of the other South American States — Display from the Sandwich Islands — The Russian Exhibit — Rich and Beautiful Ob¬ jects from St. Petersburg and Moscow — The Portuguese Court — A Hand¬ some Collection — Special Portuguese Features — The Turkish Court —

The Wonders of the Land of the Sultan — The Mineral Annex— The Carriage Annex . . 400

Chapter XIV. Machinery Hall

Description of the Building — The Interior — Conveniences for Visitors — Precautions Against Fire — The Corliss Engine — Distribution of Power — The American Display — Curious and Interesting Machines — The Steam-Engines — The First Steam-Engine in America — The Blast Fur¬ nace — The Sewing Machines — A Handsome Display — The Suspension Bridge Exhibit — A Monster Cotton Press — Weaving Machines — Making Watches by Machinery — Carpet Weaving — The Water Motors — The Locomotives — The Railway Exhibit — The Vacuum Pan — The Tobacco Factory — Making India Rubber Shoes — Making Candies by Machinery — The Massachusetts Marine — Among the Printing Machines — The Old Franklin Press — Printing the New York Herald — The Ice Yacht — American Machine Shops — Nail and Tack Making— The Hydraulic Annex — The Tank — The Cascade — The Hydraulic and Blowing Ma¬ chines — The British Section — The Road Steamers — Iron Armor Plate — Weaving Machines — Railway Models — The Walter Press — The Sugar Mill — The Canadian Exhibit — The German Section — The Krupp Guns — The French Section — Silk Weaving — Lithographing — Belgian Machinery — The Well-Borer — The Swedish Section and Exhibits — The Russian Guns — The Brazilian Section — A Handsome and Characteristic Display . 470

Chapter XV Agricultural Hall

Description of the Building — Interior Arrangements — Classification of the Exhibit — The American Department — Agricultural Machinery — The Plows — Harvesting Machines — Threshing Machines — The Cider Mill

CONTENTS.

— The Native Wines of America — The Starch Makers — The Windmill —

The Natural History Collection — The California Buffet — The Aquaria —

The Tobacco Exhibit — A Fine Display — Collective Exhibits of the Agricultural Products of the States of the Union — Daniel Webster’s Plow — The Cape Ann Fisheries— “ Old Abe ” — The British Court— A Small Display — Agricultural Products of Canada — Canadian Machinery — The French Exhibit — A Fine Display of French Wines — Germany’s Contribution — The Wines of the Rhine land — Agricultural Products of Austria and Hungary — Exhibit of Russian Products — Italian Wines and Oils — Bologna Sausages — The Spanish Court — A Complete Exhibit of the Products of Spain — The Portuguese Collection — Holland’s Exhibit — The Norway Fisheries — Swedish Exhibit — The Japanese Court — The Tea and Silk Culture — The Brazilian Court — The Cotton Pavilion — A Remarkable Collection — The Brazilian Silk Culture — Exhibits of Venezuela and the Argentine Republic — The Liberian Court — The Pomological Annex — The Wagon Annex . 521

Chapter XVI. Horticultural Hall

Description of the Building — The Grand Conservatory — A Beautiful Hall — The Fountain — Cost of the Building — Classification of the Exhibit — A Rich Collection of Tropical Plants — A Beautiful Scene — The Forcing Houses — The East and West Rooms — Exhibit of Gardening Materials —

The Electrical Organ— ‘The Horticultural Grounds — The Guano Pavilion — The Tent — Anthony Waterer’s Rhododendrons— The Cuban Summer House . . 564

CHAPTER XVil.

MEMORIAL HALL.

Description of the Building— Bronze Groups of Statuary — The Annex — Classification of the Art Exhibit — The Reception and Central Halls —

The Paintings and Statues in them — The Art Galleries — Notable Pic¬ tures by American Artists — The English Gallery — Masterpieces of the Modern English Painters — The Older English Artists — The Queen’s Pictures — The South Kensington Exhibit — The French Pictures— The German Gallery — The Austrian Collection — A Fine Collection of Italian Statuary — Italian Paintings — The Castellani Collections — Spanish Pictures — Art Gems from Sweden and Norway — Masterpieces of the Modern Dutch School — Notable Pictures from Belgium — The Danish Gallery — Brazilian and Mexican Art — The Photographic Annex — A Fine Display of Photographs . 577

CONTENTS.

Chapter XVIII. The United States Government Building

L^scription of the Building — The Grounds — Exhibits of the Various Departments Outside of the Building — The Monitor Turret — The Great Guns of the Army and Navy — The Postal Cars — The Transit of Venus Exhibit — Army Trains — Disposition of Space in the Hall — Exhibit of the Post-Office Department — A Model Post-Office — The Agricultural Department — A Fine Display — The Interior Department — Exhibit of the Patent Office — Historical Relics — A Rich Display of Indian Curi¬ osities — The Educational Exhibit — The Census — Photographs of the Geological Survey of the Territories — A Magnificent Display by the Smithsonian Institution — The Animals and Fishes of the United States — The Mineral Collection — The Treasury Exhibit — The Light-House and Coast Survey Branches — The Navy Department — A Splendid and Complete Display of the Construction and Equipment of an American Man-of-War — The Torpedo Service — The War Department — Splendid Exhibit of the Signal Service — The Engineer Corps and its Work — Making Rifles and Cartridges by Machinery — The Post Hospital — The Laboratory — The Light-House . 607

Chapter XIX. The Woman’s Building

Description of the Building — Its Cost — A Lady Engineer — The Interior of the Building — The Exhibit — The Looms — Works of Female Artists — Inventions of W omen — Institutions Managed by Women — Splendid Embroideries — Display from Foreign Countries — The Printing Office.. 654

Chapter XX The Minor Structures Of The Exhibition

The State Buildings — St. George’s House — The French Government Building — The French Stained Glass Pavilion — The German Govern¬ ment Building — The Spanish Buildings — The Portuguese Building—

The Swedish School-House — The Canadian Log-House — The Brazilian Building — The Japanese Dwelling and Bazaar — The Turkish and Tu¬ nisian Coffee Houses and Bazaars — The Syrian Bazaars — The Moorish Villa — The Chilian Machinery Hall — Buildings of the Centennial Com¬ mission — The Judges’ Hall- The Restaurants — The Shoe and Leather Building — The Brewers’ Hall — The Butter and Cheese Factory — Department of Public Comfort — Singer Sewing Machine Cottage — The Centennial Photographic Association — The American Railroad Ticket Office — Empire Transportation Company’s Building — Starr’s Iron Works — The Glass Works — Campbell Printing Press Building — The American

CONTENTS.

Newspaper Building — The World’s Ticket Office — The Palestine Camp — The Women’s School-House — The American Kindergarten — The New England Farmer’s Home and Modern Kitchen — Pacific Guano Company’s Building — The Sheet-Metal Pavilion — The United States Life-Saving Station — The Elevated Railway — The Windmills . 662

CHAPTER XXL

BIOGRAPHICAL.

General Joseph R. Hawley, President of the United States Centennial Commission — John Welsh, Chairman of the Centennial Board of Fi¬ nance — Alfred T. Goshorn, Director-General of the Exhibition — Pro¬ fessor John L. Campbell, Secretary of the United States Centennial Commission — General Charles B. Norton, Secretary of the Centennial Bureau of Revenue . 727

Chapter XXII. The Celebration Of The Fourth Of July, 1876

AT PHILADELPHIA.

Arrangements for the Great Celebration — Independence Hall Decorated — The Centennial Legion — The Blue and the Gray — Ceremonies of July 1st— Congress of Authors — The Great Civic Parade of July 3d —

The Midnight Celebration — Dawn of the Fourth — The Military Parade — The Exercises in Independence Square — Illumination and Fireworks. 741

Chapter XXIII. The International Regatta

Arrangements for the Regatta— The Prizes— Sketch of the Schuylkill Navy — Programme of the Races —Biographical Sketch of Commodore James M. Ferguson— Description of the Races— The Winners . 753

Chapter XXIV. The Live-stock Displays

Arrangements for the Display of Live-stock— Description of the Grounds —The Horse Show— The Noted Animals— The Dog Show— The Cattle Show — A Superb Exhibit — Display of Sheep, Swine and Goats — The Poultry Show . 762

Chapter XXV. The State Days

Arrangements for the State Celebrations — New Jersey Day — An Inspiriting Spectacle — Connecticut Day — Massachusetts Day — New York Day — A Grand Ovation to the Governor of the Empire State — Pennsylvania Day — The Grandest Celebration of All — A Gala Day at the Exhibition

CONTENTS.

— Rhode Island Day— New Hampshire Day — Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Day — The Delaware Celebration — The Tournament — The Ball — Ohio Day — Vermont Day . . . 783

Chapter XXVI. The Record Of The Exhibition

Statement of Leading Events Connected With and Growing Out of the Exhibition . 830

Chapter XXVII. The Announcement Of The Awards

Ceremonies at Judges’ Hall — Announcement of the Awards granted by the Commission — List of the Principal Awards in Each Class . 837

Chapter XXVIII. The Close Of The Exhibition

The Closing Day — The Attendance at the Exhibition — Ceremonies in Judges’ Hall — The Music — Address of Hon. D. J. Morrell — The Te Deum — Remarks of President John Welsh — Address of Director-General Goshorn — Speech of General Hawley — President Grant Deelares the Exhibition Closed — Stopping the Machinery . 863

Chapter XXIX. Statistics Of Attendance

Causes of the Early Indifference of the People Towards the Exhibition — Gradual Increase in the Attendance — Statement of Admissions — The Receipts — Comparison of the “Centennial ” with Other Exhibitions... . 885

Chapter XXX. What Was Accomplished

Benefits conferred upon the American People by the Exhibition — Views of General Hawley — What General Goshorn Thinks the Exhibition has Accomplished — Views of President John Welsh, Mr. John Sartain, Captain Albert, Mr. Burnett Landreth, Mr. Miller, and General Francis A. Walker Concerning their Respective Departments. . . 891

Chapter XXXI. The Permanent Exhibition

History of the Enterprise — Organization of the International Exhibition Company — Its Officers — The Capital Raised — Purchase of the Main Building — Description of the Main Building as Arranged for the Perma¬ nent Exhibition — The Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art . 909

VIEW OF THE MAIN EXHIBITION

THE

ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

OF THE

CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

Chapter I. The City Of Philadelphia. — Historical

Founding of Philadelphia by William Penn — His Treaty with the Indians — Original Plan of the City — Growth of the City — The Revolution — Occupa¬ tion by the British — Commercial Prosperity of Philadelphia — Its Banking Interests — Consolidation of the Suburbs with the City — The Centennial Census — Population of Philadelphia.

HEN it was proposed to celebrate the close of the first <5)1 1| I century of the independence of the United States by an UIP International Exposition, it was admitted that the proper place for the holding of such an exhibition was the city of Philadelphia, in which occurred the decisive event which placed the United States among the nations of the world, and which the exhibition was designed to commemorate. Before proceeding to speak of the exhibition, it will be best to introduce the reader to the great city in which it was held.

The city of Philadelphia, in the county of the same name, is the metropolis of the State of Pennsylvania. It is the second city in the Union, and is classed as the sixth great city of the world.

The city of Philadelphia was founded by William Penn

2 17 immediately after taking possession of the province of Pennsyl¬ vania granted to him by Charles II. He sent over a body of colonists in August, 1681, and in 1682 came over himself and superintended the surveys of the new city. The land was chosen by him because, he declared, “ It seemed appointed for a town, because of its coves, docks, springs, and lofty land.” All these features have long since disappeared before the rapid

WILLIAM PENN.

growth of his city. During the year 1682 a large number of colonists arrived, the majority of whom were Friends or Quakers, and persons of respectability and wealth.

The place at which William Penn first set foot on the soil of his new city was long known as the “ Blue Anchor Landing,” from a tavern of that name, the first house built within the limits of the city. A little later, under a spreading elm at

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

Shackamaxon, now Kensington, Penn met the chiefs of the neighboring Indian tribes, and entered into a treaty of peace and friendship with them. This treaty was confirmed by no oath, but it remained unbroken for fifty years, and as neither side sought to evade its obligations, which were simply of peace md good will, the colony of Pennsylvania escaped in its earlier years the horrors of a savage warfare from which the other settlers suffered. “We will live,” said the Indian sachems, “ in love with William Penn and his children as long: as the moon and the sun shall endure.” They kept their word. “ Penn came without arms ; he declared his purpose to abstain

CENTENNIAL AWARD MEDAL.

from violence ; he had no message but peace : and not a drop of Quaker blood was ever shed by an Indian.”