How to amuse yourself and others : the American girl's handy book

Preface

** I DO wish some one would write a book like that for girls," is the remark we have frequently heard when a new book of sports for boys has made its appearance ; but it was not until the publication of the " American Boy's Handy Book " that it occurred to us to write a book for the American boy's neglected sisters, which should be equally original and practical.

In the " Girl's Handy Book," which it has been our endeavor to make peculiarly American, we have sought to introduce original and novel ideas, and by their aid to open new avenues of enterprise and enjoyment.

One of our objects is to impress upon the minds of the girls the fact that they all possess talent and ability to achieve more than they suppose possible, and we would encourage a belief in the truth of the remark said to have been made by a famous Frenchman : " When you Americans undertake anything you never stop to ascertain if it be possible, you simply

We desire also to help awaken the inventive faculty, usually uncultivated in girls, and, by giving detailed methods of new work and amusements, to put them on the road which they can travel and explore alone.

iv Preface.

We know well the feeling of hopelessness which accompanies vague directions, and, to make our explanations plain a»d liicid, we have ourselves, with very few exceptions, made all of the articles, played the games, and solved the problems described.

The materials employed in the construction of the various articles are within easy reach of all, and the outlay, in most cases, little or nothing.

We scarcely deem it necessary to point out the fact that in supplying healthy, sensible work and amusement for leisure hours, employment is given whose whole tendency is to refine the tastes and ambitions of our American girls.

A few of our chapters are taken from articles which were written by us for, and published by, the Youth's Companion, St. Nicholas, Harper's Young People., Golden Days, and Wide Awake.

Contents

PREFACE

SPRING.

CHAPTER I. First of April 3

First of April Party, 5 ; Mirror Tableau, 6 ; Noah's Ark Peep-show, 8 ; The Supper, 10.

CHAPTER n.

Transplanting Wild Flowers, 14 ; Cut Wild Flowers, 15 ; Sending Flowers by Mail, 15 ; Preserved Flowers, 16 ; Pressed Flowers and Leaves,

18 ; Leaves and Ferns for Decoration, 19 ; Color of Flowers Changed,

19 : Natural Wax Flowers, 20 ; To Freshen Cut Flowers, 20 ; Crystallized Flowers, 21 ; How to Preserve the Perfume of Flowers, 21 ; Spring Flowers in Winter, 23 ; The Four-leaved Clover, 23 ; Several Methods of Preserving Flowers, 24-

CHAPTER IIL

The Walking' Club 27

Rules to be Observed, 31.

CHAPTER IV.

Easter , 33

Easter Customs in Other Lands, 33 ; Easter Egg Games, 36 ; Easter Egg Dolls, 39 ; Humpty Dumpty, 42 ; Miss Rolly-poly, 45 j Mandolin, 47 ; Maple-wax Easter Eggs, 49 ; Bonbon Box, 49 ; Easter Cards, 50 ; Little Quakeress, 52.

vi Contents.

CHAPTER V.

PAGE

Rules for Lawn-Tennis, 63.

CHAPTER VL

May-day Sports, 72 ; How to Make May-baskets, 74 ; May-day Combat, 75 ; The May-pole, 77 ; May-pole Dance, 79.

SUMMER.

CHAPTER VIL

The New Fern-leaf Game, 85 ; Fortune-telling : The Plaintain Test, 86 j Fortune's Wheel, 88.

CHAPTER VHL

Window Decorations, 92 ; Row-boat Book-shelves, 95 ; Crab-net Work-basket, 96 ; Hat-rack, 98 ; Marine Screen, 99 ; Horseshoe-crab Bag, 102 ; Sea-urchin Vase and Candlestick, 102 ; How to Dry Starfish and to Polish Shells, 104.

CHAPTER IX.

A Girl's Fourth of July 105

Interior Decoration, 107 ; In-door Illumination, 108 ; Out-of-door Decoration, 109 ; Fireworks, ill ; Parachute, 112; Thunderbolts, 112 ; Whirls, and Winged Fancies, 113; Pin- wheels, 114; Bombs, 115; Declaration of Independence, 117 ; Toss, 118 ; Fourth of July Jackstraws, 119 ; Progressive Mining, 119.

Contents, vii

CHAPTER X.

PAGE

Printing from Nature's Typ^s 123

Impression Album, 123 ; Winter Landscape, 127.

CHAPTER XL Picnics, Burgoos, and Corn-roasts 131

A Burgoo, 132 ; Burgoo Stew, 133 ; A Corn-roast, 134.

CHAPTER Xn.

Botany as Applied to Art 139

The Peony Leaf, 140 ; A Bunch of Turnips, 142 ; Plant Cross-section Designs, 144 ; Flower Sprays, 146 ; Changing the Color, 146 ; Burs, 147 ; The Water-Lily, 148.

CHAPTER XIIL

Door-step Party and Quiet Games for Hot Weather 151

Five Minutes' Conversation, 153 ; Blind Man's Singing-school, 155 ; A Game of Noted Men, 155 ; What Will you Take to the Picnic? 156 ; Assumed Characters, 157 ; Shadow Verbs, 157.

CHAPTER XIV.

How to Make a Hammock 159

Materials, 161 ; Barrel Hammock, 165.

CHAPTER XV.

(For Little Girls.) Corn-Husk and Flower Dolls 169

CHAPTER XVL How to Make a Fan 177

Butterfly Fan, 178 ; Mikado Fan, 180 ; Daisy Fan, 182 ; Cardboard Fan, 183.

viii Contents,

AUTUMN.

CHAPTER XVIL

PAGE

All- Hallow- Eve 187

Halloween Parties, 189 ; Melted Lead, 190 ; Nutshell Boats, 192 ; ** Three Luggies," 193 ; Roasting Nuts, 193 ; Kaling, 194 ; The Magic Mirror, 194 ; Three Tin Cups, 195 ; The Ring Cake, 195 ; Bobbing for Apples, 196 ; The Ghostly Fire, 197 ; The Fairy's Gifts, 198.

CHAPTER XVIII.

Nature's Fall Decorations and How to Use Them 201

Fresh Autumn Wild Flowers, 202 ; Buckeye Portiere, 204 ; Panel of Fall Decorations, 205 ; Louis Quinze Screen, 206 ; A Panel of Field Corn, 209 ; Ornamental Gourds, 210 ; Gourd-Dippers and Bowls, 211 ; Vases, 212 ; Small Decorations, 214 ; Brackets, 214.

CHAPTER XIX.

Nutting-Parties 217

"Little Brown Squirrel," 218; Rules for Nutting- Parties, 221.

CHAPTER XX.

How to Make a Telephone 224

CHAPTER XXL How to Draw 229

CHAPTER XXIL

Materials for Water-Color Painting, 238 ; Flowers, 239 ; Landscapes, 241 ; Painting from Notes, 244.

Contents, ix

CHAPTER XXIII.

PAGE

Materials, 249; Mediums, 251; Canvas, 251; The Light, 252; Setting the Palette, 253.

CHAPTER XXIV.

How to Model in ClAy and Wax 257

Materials, 259 ; How to Manage Clay, 260 ; Hints for Modelling a Head, 262 J How to Model in Wax, 263 ; Modelling-wax, 263.

CHAPTER XXV.

How to Make Plaster Casts 267

CHAPTER XX VT.

China Painting 272

List of Materials, 272 ; A Monochrome Painting, 278 ; Tintmg, 278 ; New Method of Decorating China, 279 ; Tracing, 280 ; Mottled Grounds, 281 ; Snow Landscape, 281 ; How to Paint a Head on China, 284 ; How to Paint a Carp, Sea-weed, and Fish-net, on China, 287 ; Foliage on China made with a Sponge, 289 ; Mixing Colors, 289 ; Royal Worcester Ware, 290.

CHAPTER XXVn.

A Chapter on Frames 295

Marine Picture Frame, 296 ; Decorated Frame, 297 ; Frame Covered with Tin-foil, 298 ; Cork Frame, 299.

CHAPTER XXVIIL Thanksgiving 302

Impromptu Burlesque Tableaux, 304 ; Landing of the Pilgrims, 305 ; First Harvest, 307 ; Devastation by the Indians, 308 ; The Revolution, 309 ; Slavery, 310; Rebellion, 310; Peace and Plenty, 310; The Game of the Headless Turkey, 312 ; A Suggestion, 313.

Contents,

WINTER.

CHAPTER XXIX.

PA6S

Christmas Festivities and Home-made Christmas Gifts 317

Julklapp, 319 ; Polish Custom, 320 ; The Bran Pie, 321 ; The Blind Man's Stocking, 321 ; Home-made Christmas Gifts, 322.

CHAPTER XXX.

Amusements and Games for the Christmas Holidays 334

New Game of Bubble Bowling, 335 ; Biographical Nonsense, 339 ; Comic Historic Tableaux, 341 ; Living Christmas Cards, 342.

CHAPTER XXXI.

New Year's and a Leap Year Party 347

Pantomime of an Enchanted Girl, 348.

CHAPTER XXXIL Home Gymnasium 353

Course of Exercises, 356.

CHAPTER XXXIIL

The Field and the Points of Heraldry, 366 ; Divisions, 367 ; Colors, 369 j How to Make a Design in Decorative Language, 371 j Book-plates, 377 ; Floral Vocabulary, 377.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

A Few Items on Old-fashioned Needlework, with Some New and Original Patterns 380

Plain Sewing, 380 ; Button-holes, 383 ; How to Patch, to Sew on a Button, and to Mend a Kid Glove, 386 ; Fancy Stitches, 387 ; Drawn Work, 389 ; Applique and Original Designs for Portieres, 391 ; Lace, 393 ; Ribbon Embroideries, 393.

Contents, xi

CHAPTER XXXV.

PAGE

Scrap-book and Home-made Book-covers 395

Mother Goose Scrap-book, 395 ; Transformation Scrap-book, 398 ; An Album, 400 ; Home-made Book-cover, 401.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

A Heap of Rubbish and What to Do with It 403

The Mirror, 404 ; The Table, 406 ; Lantern, 408 ; A Music Roll, 410 ; Work-basket, 411 ; Key and Button-hook Rack and Paper Weight, 412.

CHAPTER XXXVII.

How TO Make Attractive Booths at a Fair — A New Kind of Grab-bag 413

The Tables, 413 ; Flowers for Decorations, 417 ; The Months, 420 ; The Five Senses, 421 ; Walls, 423 ; Grab-bags, 423 ; The Lady of the Lake, 425 ; Fortune's Wheel, 426 ; Rag-balls, 427.

CHAPTER XXXVIIL

Oriental Windov^^-shade, 430 ; Ribbon-curtain, 430 ; Drapery of Very Small Scraps, 431 ; Painting Window-panes, 432 ; Painting on Lawn, 434 \ To Imitate Stained Glass, 435 ; Windows of Imitation Ground Glass, 436.

CHAPTER XXXIX.

Furniture, Old and New 438

The Bookcase, 439 ; The Chair, 441 ; The Bedstead, 444 ; A Dressing-table, 444 ; Washstand, 446 ; A Hall Seat, 447 ; Window Seat and Book-shelves, combined, 448.

CHAPTER XL.

Something about Mantle-pieces and Fire-places 451 xii Contents,

CHAPTER XLI.

PAGE

Peanut Candy, Butter Scotch and Molasses Candy, 459 ; Walnut and Fruit Glace, 460 ; Marshmallow Paste, 460 ; Chocolate Caramels, 461 ; Popcorn Balls, 462.

CHAPTER XLII.

Valentine Party, 465.

The American Girl's Handy Book.

CHAPTER I.

FIRST OF APRIL.

HIS is the children's own day, and no assumption of dignity on the part of their elders can deter them from exercising'the privileges granted to them by acknowledged custom and precedent.

"April fool! April fool!" cries my little nephew, as he dances with delight to see his aunt walk out of the room with a piece of white paper dangling from a hooked pin, attached to her dress.

*' April fool ! April fool ! " shout the children in the street, thus announcing the success of some practical joke.

"April fool ! " laughs everyone at the table, when some unfortunate bites into a brown, wholesome-looking cruller, only to find it a delusion and a snare, the coat of a cruller, but the inside of cotton.

" April fool ! April fool ! " is what even the little sparrows seem to chirp, as with a " s-w-h-e-r-r " they sweep down from the tree and, frightening away the kitten, take forcilDle possession of her bone. What does all this mean ? Why is the first day of April called ** All-Fools-Day," and when or where did the custom of the day originate ? Who can tell? No one seems to know. Even the derivation of the word April does not appear to have been "definitely settled, and this saucy month, with her mischievous tricks and pranks, her surprises and mysteries, fools and puzzles our wisest men.

Through many centuries the observance of All-Fools-Day has descended to us. In many climes and many countries this day is chosen as the proper time for playing tricks on the unsuspecting.

" Festum Fatuorum," or ''Fools' Holiday," is what it was called in England at the time of the arrival of the early Christians in that country.

Easily caught like the mackerel, which are plentiful on the French coast in April and are said to be deficient in understanding, the April fool in France derives his name from that fish, and is called " Poisson d'Avril " or ''April Fish," and again, " Silly Mackerel." From the cuckoo, a bird that does not know enough to build its own nest, the appellation of " gowk " is taken, and is given to the foolish one in Scotland who allows himself to be duped on this day.

In India at the festival called Huli Festival held on the last day of March, the natives make merry at the expense of their friends, just as we do, and their fool is called " Huli Fool."

So in the East and in the West, in the North and in the South, in the oldest nation as well as the youngest, is this ridiculous custom observed, and, as if to make it still more ridiculous, no one apparently knows why.

Now, girls, since this holiday has descended to us from so far back that its origin appears lost in the dim twilight of past ages, there surely must be some reason for its existence, and that reason may be, that ** a little nonsense now and then is relished by the wisest men," and is therefore wholesome as an occasional diet. So why not help to perpetuate it ; not with rude, practical jokes, but with comical surprises, and absurd, but unembarrassing, situations. Much harmless fun can be derived from the privileges of this day, devoted as it is to nonsense, and we introduce the April Fool Party as an excellent means of concentrating the fun, and furnishing plenty of merriment to the young folks who are bent on having a good time.

First of April Party.

I remember, when quite a little girl, I was granted the privilege of celebrating my birthday, which came on the 1st of April, with a candy-pull, and a few days previous to the event I started joyfully off to invite my friends. The invitations were laughingly given and accepted, and it did not occur to me that I would be suspected of playing a joke, although the party was to be on April-Fools-Day. It seems, however, that my good intentions were doubted, and the children were undecided whether to come or not. I had begun to suspect that a joke was to be played on me by their all remaining away, before they finally arrived in a body, having taken the precaution of coming in that way, so that if the party were a hoax they would all be fooled together.

I relate this incident that warning may be taken from my experience, and that it may be understood how important it is to make the guests invited to your First of April party realize that the invitations are given in good faith, and that your friends are expected to be on hand at the appointed time.

It is well, in giving a party of this kind, to have the whole programme laid out beforehand, so that everything may go smoothly and nothing be forgotten.

spring.

The few methods of April fooling given here need not constitute the whole entertainment ; the list may be added to by the young hostess, who will, no doubt, have many ideas of her own to carry out. We will head our list with the

Mirror Tableau.

This novel tableau is made ready in the following manner :

In a door-way, or bay-window draped with fuU curtains, place a large mirror. Instead of having the curtains suspended from the usual pole, it is best to stretch a wire across the space and slip the curtain-rings upon that, as they will slide more readily on the wire ; and when it is time to draw back the drapery it should be done quickly. A table placed before the curtains will serve as a barricade, keeping the too curious from taking a peep at the hidden mysteries before they are ready to be revealed.

At the time selected, remove the table, and request all those desiring to see the tableau to arrange themselves in front of the curtain, and to remain perfectly quiet, as any movement will disturb those taking part.

If the front rows of the audience can be induced to kneel or sit upon the floor, those in the rear can obtain a better view, and it will, at the same time, make the group more effective. When perfect quiet is obtained, give the signal to your assistant, who must stand opposite to you at the side of the curtain, and with her help quickly draw aside the draperies, thus disclosing the tableau of a group of young people, motionless, gazing into the mirror with eager and expectant eyes. For an instant the audience will be held spell-bound, scarcely realizing that they themselves are forming the pretty tableau.

*' We are April Fools," written with soap on the mirror near the top, as shown in the illustration, tells what character the actors are assuming, and gives a name to the tableau.

The Mirror Tableau.

During the interval which should be allowed to intervene before introducing the next thing on the programme, the guests will find amusement in the many harmless practical jokes which are awaiting the unwary in all manner of places.

For instance, some boy will print APRIL FOOL in large white letters on his own back, by simply resting for a moment in a convenient chair upon whose snowy tidy the dreaded words have previously been printed backwards with white chalk. On the dark woolly surface of the coat, the white letters will be perfectly transferred, and the boy, little knowing what he has done, or the cause of the merriment, will join in the general laughter his appearance creates.

A treacherous divan can be provided by removing the top of a low, flat packing-box, and putting in its place brown wrapping-paper, tacking it down around the edges of the box. With a piece of drapery thrown over it, entirely concealing the box, and sofa pillows placed upon it, leaning against the wall, the divan looks exceedingly comfortable and inviting. But woe unto the person who mistakes appearances for reality, for to attempt to sit upon this seeming substantial couch is but to break through and sit upon the floor instead.

The box used for the divan should not be more than twelve inches high, so that the fall will be only funny, not dangerous.

The next diversion may be a

Noah's Ark Peep-show.

Make the peep-show of a box about two and a half feet long and one foot and a half high. Remove the top and both of the end-pieces (Fig. i). Cut from pasteboard a slide to exactly fit the box, and place it in the middle, thus cutting off the view from either end, as shown in Fig. i. Make a curtain in two pieces, and tack them around the upper edge of the box, letting them meet at each end. Stout pieces of twine, stretched across the openings at the ends of the box, will serve to attach the drapery at these points.

Almost any kind of material will answer for this purpose, provided it is not too thin and is of some bright hue, for the peep-show should be made to look as gay as possible.

Place the box upon a high stand, and so arrange it that a strong light will shine down into it, making the interior, from end to end, perfectly light.

From a list, previously prepared, of the animals supposed to be on exhibition, read the first two, and invite two persons, a girl and a boy, for instance, to look into the peep-show. We will suppose that the first animals on the list are the raven and the dove. Inform your would-be audience that you have two of Noah's special pets to show them ; that from the girls' point of view will be seen a raven, and from the boys', a dove.

iilllilllilliiiilillliiillillllilllllilllllliiiilllilllilllilPliliiiiiilllllllHI

Woah's Ark Peep-show, lo spring.

When taking their places at the box, one at each end, the two spectators must part the curtain, and, putting their faces between, hold the drapery together under their chins. This is to keep the remainder of the company from obtaining a glimpse into the wonderful show before their turns arrive.

When all is ready, and the two wondering faces are hidden between the folds of the peep-show curtains, with the words, "■ Behold the pretty dove, and the mischievous raven," remove the slide, and expose to the astonished gaze of each spectator a companion's familiar face at the opposite end of the box. Of course, upon retiring from the show, its secret must be kept, otherwise the joke will be spoiled for those whose turns are yet to come.

Before the next two take their station at the box, replace the slide and pretend to rearrange the show, to divert the suspicion that the box is empty.

The Supper

r

can be made the means of perpetrating many practical jokes. The shams must be so intermingled with the real delicacies that one can never be sure what the consequences may be of partaking too rashly of even the most tempting-looking morsel.

Small blocks of wood covered with batter and browned in the oven are excellent imitations of cakes. Dainty confectionery, in crimped papers, can be made of small radishes covered with icing of different colors. Button-moulds coated with chocolate will readily be mistaken for candy.

If a small pasteboard pili-box is first filled with flour, and the top then covered with tissue-paper pasted down around the edges, it will look, when iced, like a delicate little cake, and will cause much merriment when anyone bites into it ; for the moment the paper cover is broken the flour will fly in every

II direction. The fertile brain of girls, on mischief bent, will suggest many more frauds of this kind, and enough surprises maybe prepared to make the supper as merry as anything else on the evening's programme.

Before leaving this subject, once more let the caution be given to keep the jokes entirely harmless. It is only poor fun that can be obtained at the expense of injuring others, or by running the slightest risk of hurting them in any way.

The spirit of mischief must be kept within bounds even on All-Fools-Day.

Gathering Wild Flowers.

Chapter II. Wild Flowers And Their Preservation

ONG before the first green leaves make their appearance, while the snows of winter still linger in the shaded nooks, and the branches are still bare, though blushing with the full, flowing sap that tinges their tips pink, yellow, and red — when the air is filled with a sweet freshness and delicate fragrance — it is charming in our rambles to find scattered here and there upon the hill-side, down among the roots of the great trees, or under the hedges delicate little wild flowers waving on their fragile stalks with the faintest passing breeze. They are so exquisitely beautiful with their tender hues and graceful shapes, that a longing comes to possess them.

And why not keep them fresh at home ? Plants live in the earth and require light, air, and moisture. All of these requirements can be and are fulfilled in thousands of homes where plants are kept, all over the world. But these are wild flozvers. True, and they may need something to be found only in the w^ild woods. What, then, is it? Let us see. Earth, light, and air abound everywhere. Still, upon inspection we discover that the soil around our timid wild flowers is somewhat different from that to be found in our door-yards. But what is simpler than to take the earth up with the plant ?

H

Spring.

Be careful in

Transplanting Wild Flowers

to dig well all around and under the roots, so that the earth surrounding and clinging to the plant may be taken up at the same time (Fig. 2). After covering the root and soil adhering to it with a layer of clay, mud, or damp earth (Fig. 3) set the root in a large leaf, and tie it up with string or a wisp of grass (Fig 4), in order to make sure the soil does not fall

off the plant. Thus secured the specimens will keep nicely until you reach home ; then plant them in a shady place and keep the ground moist. Beautiful little woodland gardens are made in this way, where within a few steps of the door a glimpse may be had of the fair forest flowers.

Sweet-scented white violets, delicate little anemones, odd yellow violets, and quaint jack-in-the-pulpits, with many others, not forgetting the graceful ferns, are now growing in the shaded corner of the writer's lawn, transplanted there from their home in the woods, where she found them one lovely spring morning, when out with a party of friends on a hunt for wild flowers.

The day was perfect, filled with sunshine and the song of birds. All nature appeared glad and joyous, and the trees seemed veiled in the softest greens and pinks of budding leaves.

It was a happy party that went wandering into the forest, straying here and there, and finding new treasures at nearly every step, stopping to gather a few of the violets that gave a purple tinge to the ground for yards around, then rambling on to the spot that was covered with the fragile anemone, each girl laden with the flowers she loved best. Some had taken them up roots and all, while others preferred the

Cut \A/'ild Flowers.

For these it is best to use a tin box of convenient size and form shutting closely. The flowers must be fresh and not at all damp ; in such a box they can be kept for days bright and unfading. They may also safely be sent to friends at a distance, though it is better, when

Sending Flowers by Mail,

if you wish to send a quantity, to pack them in a strong pasteboard or wooden box. First lay down a piece of oiled paper of the proper size ; spread a thin layer of damp paper on this ; next a layer of flowers, then one of thin wet paper ; and so on until the box is full. Over the last layer place a dry paper, and cover this with oiled paper or tin-foil ; put the lid on the box and tie it down securely.

By this method a larger number of flowers can be sent in a given space than when simply inclosed in a tin box.

The writer has often sent daisies from New York to Cincinnati where they arrived as fresh as when first gathered.

For the benefit of those who wish directions for sending flowers by mail, we give the following on authority of the America7i Agriculturist.

"The law passed some years since by Congress, allowing packages of plants to be sent by mail, if not over four pounds in weight, was a capital arrangement for those who lived at a distance from railroad and express offices, but it is so hampered with the various constructions given by the Post Office Department, that it is difficult to know what is required by the officials. The law now is, we believe, as follows : A package, weighing four pounds or less, can be sent at the rate of two cents per four ounces, but the writing of the words '^roots'' or "plants" makes a letter of it, and is charged letter postage. Nothing should be written except the address, and the package must not be sealed, or contain any writing, and it must be so fastened that the postmaster can examine the contents if he wishes. The plants may, however, be numbered, and their names sent by letter."

Now let us think of some way in which these lovely blossoms can be preserved.

In Germany they excel in making decorations for rooms, dinner-tables, etc., of

Preserved Flowers.

Bright-colored flowers are best adapted to this method. White flowers are apt to turn yellow. Jack~in-the-pulpits, clover, roses, and daisies came out beautifully when the writer dried them, and why should not many other kinds do just as well? Try and see.

Procure three or four quarts of fine sand ; white scouring-sand is the best ; wash it perfectly clean. This can be tested by pouring the water off until it looks quite clear ; then dry the sand, by placing it in a clean tin in the oven. When it is dry — fully

dry and cool — pour enough in a box to enable the flowers to stand by themselves, their stems embedded in the sand, which should be a mass of fine particles of uniform size.

If the flowers are cut so that they all measure nearly the same length from the tip of the blossom to the end of the stem, they can more readily be covered with sand.

Preserved Flowers,

The flowers must be fresh and entirely free from moisture. Place them stem downward in the sandy layer, and very gently and slowly pour in the sand a little at a time, until each leaf and petal is firmly held in place (Fig. 5) ; then fill the box with sand nearly two inches above the level of the flowers.

It is very essential that every particle of the flower rest in the sand, and that in filling up, the smallest petal has not been bent or crumpled.

Take care not to shake the box lest the flowers inside be injured. Set it in a warm, dry place, and let it stand at least two weeks.

This manner of preserving flowers retains the color, while the shape of the leaves and petals remains unaltered. The flowers will keep for years.

There are other ways also of preserving flowers.

Pressed Flowers and Leaves.

Although these are perfectly flat, they seldom fade and are very pretty and useful. Have ready a large book or a quantity of old newspapers and several weights. Use the newspapers for leaves and ferns — blotting-paper is best for the flowers. Both the flowers and leaves should be fresh and without moisture. Place them as nearly in their natural positions as possible in the book or papers, and press, allowing several thicknesses of paper between each layer. Remove the specimens to dry papers each day until perfectly dry.