History of Europe: From the commencement of the french revolution in 1789 to the restoration of the bourbons in 1815

Front matter

HISTORY OF EUROPE: FROM THE

COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION IN 1789 TO THE RESTORATION OF THE BOURBONS IN 1815

History Of Europe: From The Commencement Of The French Revolution In 1789 To The Restoration Of The Bourbons In 1815

CHAPTER I. “» Vek AND COMMENCEMENT OF THE REVOLUTION

smpereanes vt tne subject—Causes of the savage character of the French Revo. site lution—Decrensing power of the nobles—Philosophy and Literature—State of the Church—Privileges of the noblee—Taxation—Feudal servicese—Royal prerogative—Corruption at court-—Embarrassments of the finances—Siates. General—Contests between the parties—Vacillation of the court-—National Assembly—Sitting of June 23rd—Concessions of the King—Defection of the Duke of Orleans—Further concessions of the King—Conaternation in Paris —Troops withdrawn to Versaillee—Tumults in Paris—Storming of the Bas. tile—Spread of the insurrection—National Guard, with La Fayette at their head, set out for Versailiee—First tumults there—The mob break into the Palace—Royal family are forced to return to Paris—Progress of evente— Measures of the National Assembly—Finances—Confiscation of the Church property—Assignate—Emigration of the nobles—Dissolution of the National

CHAPTER I.

FROM THE OPENING OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY TO THE DEATH OF LOUIS,

Character of the Legislative Assembly—Its parties—Its measures—Oppression of the clergy—Declaration of war against Hungary and Bohemia—Commencement of the War—lInsurrection of the Girondista—Proclamation of the allies _ —Storming of the Tuileries—Imprisonment of the king and his family— La Fayette’s escape from his army and imprisonment at Olmutz—Infernal Triumvirate—Revolutionary Tribunal—General arrest of proscribed persons —DMassacres of the prisonere—Roflections on these atrocities—Legislative Assembly gives place to the National Convention—Its partiee—The Repub. lic proclaimed—Financee—Universal Suffrage—A ttempt to impeach Robespierre and Marat—Preparations for the trial of Louis XVI.—Charges against him—His previous treatment in prison—Appears before the Convention— Prepares his Will—Trial commences—Its result—Girondiste—Orders for the King’s Execution—Parting with his family—His death January 21st, 1793—His interment—Reflections—His character : i « 10—18

CHAPTER IIL

STATE OF EUROPE PRIOR TO THE WAR.

Effects of the Revolution on other States—Condition of Great Britains (eee —Parties—Mr. Fox—Mr. Pitt—Mr. Burke—Condition of Austrie— russia b§ CONTENTS.

—Russia—Sweden—Turkey— Italy— Piedmont— Holland—Switzerland —Spain—Forces of France—Treaty between Sweden and Austria—Death of the monarchs of these two countries—Francis, Emperor of Austria— Efforts of the French to spread their Revolutionary principles—Effect of these measures in England—France declares war against Great Britain: - - 18—24

PAGE

CHAPTER IV.

CAMPAIGN OF 1792.

French armies take the field—Their numbere—Numbers of the allies—Invasion of Flanders—Ease with which it was repelled—Effect of the defeat in Paris —King of Prussia joins the army—Allies invade France—Their suceess— Their inactivity—Defeat of Dumourier—Negotiations with Dumourier—Retreat of the allies—Renewed attempt on Flandere—Operations in Alsace and the Low Countries—And in Flandere—Battle of Jemappes—Victory of the French—Effects of Revolution in Flanders—French reverses on the Upper Rhine—Close'of the campaign: - - + 2 - = ¢ 24—36

CHAPTER V.

FRENCH REPUBLIO—FROM THE DEATH OF THE KING TO THE FALL OF

ROBESPIERRE.

Difficulties in Parie—Revolutionary Tribunal—Trial of Marat—Efforts of the Girondists—Commission of Twelve—Disturbance in the Convention—Ingurrection of the Club of Cordeliers.—Defeat of the Girondists in the Convention—Renewal of the insurrection—Military preparations—Second defeat of the Girondists—Their arrest and dissolution—Jacobins in power —Opinions and revolts throughout France—Committee of Public Safety— Law of suspected pereonse—Revolutionary Committees—Change of the Cal. endar—Assassination of Marat—Proscription of the Girondists—Death of the young Prince, Louis XVII.—Death of Marie Antoinette, October 16th, 1793—Violation of the Royal sepulchres in France—Abjuration of Christianity—W orship of Reason¢ Effects of these measures—Proscription and Execution of Bailly, Custine, the Duke of Orleans, Desmoulins and Danton —Dictatorship of Robespierre—Massacres throughout France—Reaction of feeling in Paris—Accusation of Robespierre—His arrest—His execution— Close of the Reign of Terror: : ye Cates ta rt: : e 30—38 -

‘CHAPTER VI. .

WAR IN LA VENDEE,

Description of La Vendée—Its inhabitants—Commencement of hostilities— Leaders—Orders of the Convention—Bravery and great success of the Royalists—'T heir prisoners—Continued success of the Vendéans—Advance upon Nantes—Republicans gain some success but are at length totally defeated— Renewed efforts of the Convention on a large scale—Devastation of La Ven. dée—Alternate success of each party—Continued victories of the Ven. déans unavailing—Cessation of hostilities—War of extermination commenced by order of the Convention— Atrocious cruelties of Carrier: - 39—44

CONTENTS. xi CHAPTER VII.

caMPalan oF 1793.

Alliance of the European powers against France—Their want of union—Insubor.- ste:

dination of the French troopsp—French Finances—Commencement of the campaign—Siege of Maestricht—Defeat of the French—Dumourier takes command—Battle of Nerwinde and defeat of the French—-Negotiations between the allies and Dumourier, and Dumourier’s flight—Congress at Ant. werp—Vigorous measures of the Convention—Disasters of the French on the northern frontier—Operations on the Flemish frontier—Proximity of the allies to Parie—Military preparations in France—Carnot—General discomfiture of the allies, and subsequent reverses of the French—Siege of Mau. beuge commenced—Jourdan takes command and raises the siege—Moreau attacks the Prussians at Permasin and at Weissenberg, and is defeated— Fate of Strasburg—Secession of Prussia—Operations before Landau— Campaigns on the Spanish frontier—Campaign in the maritime Alpe—Cap. ture of Lyons and massacre of the Royalists—Toulon—Its defences—lIts investment—Progress of the siege—Evacuation of Toulon—Distress and escape of the inhabitants—Destruction of the French fleet-—Massacre of the citizens : - Sisdipani cw ities Sinn it URE Cant dees 64 Pha 2 A454

CHAPTER VII. camPaian oF 1794.

French navy—French and British ships of war—Success of the British fleets in the West Indies—And in the Mediterranean—The Channel fleet under Lord Howe encounters the French under Admiral Joyeuse—Victory of the British commander—Effects of this victory—Allied plan of Campaign—Forces on both sides—The allies underrate the power of Revolutionary France—Alternation of success—Operations of Jourdan—Movements in West Flanders— Defection of Austria—Succees of the allies—Battle of Fleurus—Operations on the Rhine—In Piedmont and Nice—Campaign on the Spanish frontier— Jourdan and Kleber assume the offensive in the north—Winter campaign —Subjugation of Holland—Capture of the Dutch fleet: we te 55—61

CHAPTER IX.

POLAND. |

Kingdom of Poland—Primitive and savage character of the former government ECicatP ON ahi ge Petattiry a Power of the King—John Sobieski— Factions after his death—First partition of Poland—Second partition—Resistance of the Poles—Kosciusko—His succese—lInsurrection in Warsaw— Provisional government established—Defesat of Kosciusko—Siege of Warsaw—The siege is raised—Second siege of Warsaw—Its capture—T ermina- Re tion of the Polish Republic—Reflections : of ae Gew Kal som 61—

CHAPTER X

CONSOLIDATION OF THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT: CAMPAIGN OF 1795.

f the Conven- Parties in Paris after the fall of Robespierre—Humane measures 0 tion—Club of La Jeunesse Dorée—Repeal of the Revolutionary laws, and 2 xii CONTENTS.

impeachment of the Jacobin leaders—Insurrection of the Fauxbourgs— _

Firmnees of the Convention—Their success— Execution of Jacobin prisoners —The Convention form a new Constitution—Remarks on this Constitution —It is opposed—The Convention appeal to the army—They appoint Napoleon Bonaparte tothe command—Victory of Bonaparte over the insurgents — Secession of European powers from the alliance, but Austria and England unite, nevertheless—French naval preparations—Campaign in the maritime Alps—Position of the armies on the northern andeastern frontier—Jourdan’s operations and defeat on the Rhine—Expedition to Quiberon Bay—Defeat of the Royalists—Republican atrocities—Capture of the Cape of Good Hope taut tenaettnnensel nes ices of ppwbtareeten ye2! Sait 66—73

CHAPTER XI. campaiens oF 1796,

Bonaparte’s plan of campaign in Italy—His marriage with Josephine—Condition of the French army—And of the allies—Action at Montenotte—Great succeas of Napoleon—His alliance with Sardinia—He follows up his success— Battle of Lodi—His entry into Milan and military exactions—Vacillation of Venice—Continued success—Siege of Mantua—Advance of Wurmser— Defeat of Ma:sena—Napoleon raises the siege of Mantua—Defeat of the Austrians at J.onato and Salo—Personal danger of Napoleon—Battle of Medola—Wurmeer divides his forces—And advances upon Mantua—Action of Caldiero—And of Arcola—Battle of Rivoli—Reflections on this campaign—Civil war in La Vendée—Condition of England—Disturbances in London—Debate on the war—Proposals for peace—Relative position of forces on the Upper and Lower Rhine—Opening of the campaign—Opersations in the mountains and passes of the Black Forest—Discomfiture of Mo. reau--Great disasters of the French—Moreau retreats through the Black Forest—Continued defeats of the French—Siege and capture of Kehl— Treaty between France and Spain—Ireland—French naval armament des. tined for Ireland—Death of the Empress Catherine—Resignation of General Washington: .- (US « TY ak BEAOTOTSD 1h 5 RNI AREES te 14—86

CHAPTER XII. campaicn o¥ 1797.

Affairs in England—Suspension of specie payments in Great Britain—Limite. tion of the Bill decreeing the suspension—Supplies for the year—Con. spiracy in the British Navy—Mutiny at the Nore—Operations of the hostile fleete—Action off Cape St. Vincent—Battle of Camperdown— Effect of these victories—Death of Mr. Burke—Defection of Russia— Armies in Italy—Battle of Tagliamento—Napoleon, after many minor actions, forces his way across the Alps to the Austrian frontier—Armis. tice of Leoben—Treaty of Judemberg—Partition of the Venetian territo. ries—Venice—Revolutionary principles in Venice—Insurrection in the Venetian provinces—Effects of these movements—Napoleon declares war against Venice—Capture of Venice—Its spoliation—Operations on the Rhine—Prussia—Genos—Napoleon at Montebello—Domestic affairs of France—Dissensions between the Royalists and Jacobins—Measures of the Directory—Their victory—Its results : . ° ae “ 86—97

CONTENTS. xiii CHAPTER Xill.

EXPEDITION TO EGYPT.

Napoleon returns to Parie— Naval preparations—Precautions of the British gov. ving ernment—French fleet sails from Toulon—Nelson pursues—Napoleon arrives in Egypt, captures Alexandria and advances to Cairo—Battle of the Pyramids—Nelson arrives at Aboukir—Battle of the Nile—Honors conferred on Nelson—Effects of this victory—Napoleon’s expedition to Syria— Capture of Jaffa and massacre of prisoners—Advance to Acre—British squadron, under Sir Sidney Smith, arrives there—Napoleon attacks the place—Arrival of the Ottoman fleet—Napoleon retreats—Defeate the Turks at Aboukir ; - - See es re ee, 97—108

CHAPTER XIV.

FROM THE PEACE OF CAMPO FORMIO TO THE RENEWAL OF THE WAR.

Measures for the defence of England—Progreas of Revolution in Holland—and in Switzerland—The Swiss fly to arms—Success of the French in the larger Cantons—and of the Swiss in the mountains—Sufferings of the Swise— Their final defeat—The Ecclesiastical States are next attacked—Outbreak—— at Rome—France declares war against Rome—Violence to the Pope—and his death—Pillage of Ro is-Alpine Republic—Humiliation of the King of Sardinia—Revolutionary proceedings at Naples—Defeat of the Neapolitan troops—Flight of the Neapglitan Court—Championnet advances to Na. - ples—Desperate battle there—Disturbance in Ireland—Plan of the Insurrection— Measures of the opposite party—And of the Government—Progress

of the Insurrection—France and the United States—Controversy between them—Hanse Towns—Effects of French aggression: - - - 102—114

CHAPTER XV.

CAMPAIGN oF 1799,

Preparations of Austria—of Russie—of Great Britain—French forces—Jourdan opens the campaign—His defeats—Impolitic measures of the Aulic Coun. cil—Campaign in Italy—Effect of defeat on the Republicans there—Massena takes command—The Arch-Duko Charles attacks him—Massena’s defeat— Suwarrow—Operations of Moreau in Italy—Suwarrow’s great success— Naples—Junction of Moreau and Macdonald—Suwarrow defeats Macdonald—Fall of Turin—King of Naples resumes the throne—Punishment of the insurgents—Capitnlation of Mantua—and of Alexandria—Battle of Novi —Continued errors of the Aulic Council—Disasters tv which it leads—Surrender of Zurich—Achievements of Suwarrow—His retreat through the Mountains—Effects on the allies of these disasters—Expedition to Holland —lIts first success and eventual defeat—Battle of Coni—Surrender of that town—Close of the campaign : : - - -/ - - l14—126

CHAPTER XVI.

YROM THE REVOLUTION OF SEPTEMBER 3RD, TO THE CAMPAIGN OF 1800.

rogress ion i — i iracy of Siéyes—Napo.

P the Revolution in France—Elections—Consp siéyes leon vera his army in Egypt—His return to France— His residence in xiv CONTENTS.

en.

Paris—Conspiracy to place the government in his hands—Council of Five .

Hundred resolve to remove to St. Cloud—Their proceedings there—Vio. lent measures in both Councils—Napoleon disperses the members by force, and takes command of the Government—His proposals for Peace to Great Britain—Debate in Parliament—Domestic transactions of Great Britain— Rupture between England and Russia—Measures of Austria to continue the war—And of Napoleon—Napoleon’s ambitious projects and measures: ™ 4 a « = s ws “ - »~ | 126—182

CHAPTER XVII.

First camPaian oF 1800.

Austrian forces—French forces—Opening of the campaign—Battle of Engen— Battle of Moeskirch—Action at Biberach—Position of the Austrians—Active operations on both sides—Campaign of Italy—French disasters there— Siege and capture of Genoa—Napoleon crosses the Alps by the Great St. Bernard—His ess_in Itely—His entrance into Milan—He defeats the Austrians—Critical position of Melas—Battle of Marengo—Victory of the French—Its results: . P eee ae - 189—141

CHAPTER XVIII.

SECOND CAMPAIGN OF 1800.

Treaty between Great Britain and Austria—Austria temporizes with France— Novel proposal of Napoleon to Great Britain—Negotiations for peace—Napoleon’s obstinacy breaks off the negotiations—Pipt to assassinate Napoleon —French and Austrian forces—Capture of Malta by the English—Accession of Pius VII.—Renewal of hostilities—Moreau's operations in Germany— Battle of Hohenlinden—Retreat and disaster of the Austrians—Arch-Duke Charles takes command of the army—Solicits and obtains an armistice— Macdonald’s march across the Alps by the Splugen—He advances into Italy , —Armistice of Treviso—Treaty between Frgnce and Naples—Treaty of Luneville: . . - - oy . . - I41—148

CHAPTER XIX.

FROM THE PEACE OF LUNEVILLE TO THE DISSOLUTION OF THE NORTHERN

MARITIME CONFEDERACY.

Difficulties between Great Britain and Denmark—British fleet proceeds to Co. penhagen—Treaty: with Benmark—Arbitrary measures of Russia—Maritime Confederacy against Great Britain—Retaliatory measures of Great Britain—Embarrassments of the English ministry—Mr. Pitt resigns—His successors pursue his policy-—Sir Hyde Parker sails to Copenhagen—Battle of Copenhagen—Victory of the British—Occupation of Hanover by the Prussians—Death of the Emperor Paul—Accession of Alexander—His measures and policy—Treaty between Ruesia and Great Britain—Dissolu. tion of the Confederacy : ou eis ove sbi mew a be 148—154

EONTENTS,.

CHAPTER XX.

EXPEDITIONS TO EGYPT AND ST. DOMINGO—EUROPE, FROM THE PEACE OF AMIENS TO THE RENEWAL OF THE WAR,

Advance of the Turkish army toward Egypt—Negotiations for peace frustrated by the British—Defeat of the Turks—Expedition of Sir R, Aberoromby— Battle of Alexandria—British take possession of Cairo—Surrender of the French army—Attempts of Napoleon to regain Egypt—Naval action between the British and French—Treaty between France and Spain—Pre. parations of Napoleon for invading England—French treaties with Turkey, xv page.

Bavaria, America, Algiers, and Russia—Effects of the peace—Ambitious - projects of Napoleon—Expedition to St. Domingo—lIts first success and final defeat—Condition of St. Domingo—Napoleon’s aggressions in Europe— Revolution in Holland—And in the Cis.Alpine Republic—Prosperity of Great Britain—Causes of irritation between England and France—Mutual recrim. inations—Extraordinary scene with Lord Whitworth at the Tuileries—England declares war—Imprisonment of British travellersin France: . 155—164

CHAPTER XXI.

YRANCE, FROM THE FPEACR OF AMIENS TO NAPOLEON'S ASSUMPTION OF THE IMPERIAL OROWN,

Condition of France when Napoleon seized the reins of power—Necessity fora ~— - despotic government—Napoleon’s measures against the Jacobins—He estab. lishes the Legion of Honor—Reéstablishes the Catholic religion—Amunesty in favor of exiles and emigrants—Changes in the Constitution—Proposals to Louis XVIII.—Civil Code of Napoleon—Law of succession—Confiscation of property the great sin of the Revolution—Napoleon’s flattering pros. pects—Moreau—Royalist conspiracy of Pichegru—Arrest of the Duke d’. Enghein—His trial and execution, March 21st, 1804—Consternation in Paris when this murder was known—Murder of Pichegru—And of Wright—Trial of Moreau—He embarks for America—Napoleon assumes the Imperisi

CHAPTER XXII.

FROM THE REMEWAL OF HOSTILITIES TO THE DECLARATION OF WAR BY SPAIN.

Preparation for war—Commencement of hostilities—Renewed preparations of

Napoleon for the invasion of England—And of England for repelling it—

Insurrection in Ireland—Naval operations—lIllness of the King—Mr. Pitt © recalled to the ministry—Condition of Austria—Of Prussia—Of Russia—

. Impression produced in Europe by the murder of the Duke d’ Enghein—

2 tion of Napoleon and Josephine—Rupture between Spain and Great Soran eae power declares war against the latter: - - 17317

* CHAPTER XXIII.

FROM THE OPENING OF THE SPANISH WAR TO THE BATTLE OF AUSTERLIT2.

; to {taly—Treaty between Great Britain and Russis—N apo. pe at army and flotilla at Boulogne for the invasion of England 2

3V1 CONTENTS.

—Forces for the expedition—The French Admiral, Villeneuve, puts to sea —Nelson sails in pursuit—Movements of the hostile fleete—Action of Sir Robert Calder, off Ferrol—Its important resulta—Napleon abandons the project of Invasion and moves his troops to the Rhine—Relative forces of France and the allies—Nelson sails for Cadiz—Battle of Trafalgar—Results of the battle—-Death of Neleon—Honors to his memory—Nepoleon’s ope. rations on the Rhine—He violates the Prussian neutrality—Indignation of Prussia—Defeat of Auffemberg—Combat at Elchingen—Archduke Ferdinand cuts his way through the French lines—Entire Austrian army under Mack surrenders to Napoleon—C. ign in Italy—Battle of Verona—And of Caldiero—Austrians retreat—Napoleon erses Bavaria—Russians, Austrians and French epproach Vienna—Convention between Russia and Pruesia—Success of Ney and Augereau in the Tyrol—Propoeals of Austria for an Armistice—Movements around St. Polten—Kutusoff retreats—Com. bat with Mortier—Lannes and Murat advance upon Vienna—The Emperor Francis evacuates his Capital—Napoleon occupies Vienna—Junction of the Russian and Austrian armiee—Preparations on both sides for a general action—The Battle of Austerlitz—Its resulta—Armistice of Austerlita—Prussia recedes from the Convention with Russisa—And joins Napoleon—Treaty of Presburg—Spoliation of Naples—Death of Mr. Pitt: - - - 17%—194

CHAPTER XXIV.

FROM THE PEACE OF PRESBURG TO THE FALL OF PRUSSIA.

Condition of Europe—New ministry in England—Mr. Fox, Prime Minister— French Finances—Occupation of Naples by the French—Insurrection in Calabria—Battle of Maida—Louis Bonaparte made King of Holland— French naval defeats—Differencés between Great Britain and the United States of America—Position of Prussis—-Hostilities between England and Prussia—Napoleon’s exactions—Confederation of the Rhine—Irritation of Prussia—Treaties of Russia and Great Britain with Prussia—Imprudence of Prussia—Napoleon invades Prussia—Mancouvres of the two armies—Battle of Jena—Battle of Auerstadt—Great results of these battles—Entire overthrow of Prussia—Napoleon enters Berlin—His cruelty there—Contributions levied on the conquered provinces—Napoleon moves to the Vistula: 194—205

CHAPTER XXV.

CAMPAIGN OF RYLAU.

Rugsian forces—Russia applies to England—Impolitic and unjust course of the British government—The armies approach each other—Napoleon goes to Warsaw—Commencement of hostilities—Battle of Pultusk—lIts result— The armies go into winter-quartere—Hostilities renewed—Russians retreat to Prussich-Eylau—Battle of Prussich-Eylau—Its result—Napoleon retreats —Affairs of Turkey—Turkey declares war against Great Britain—Attack on Constantinople—Change of ministry in Great Britain: -. . 205-218

CHAPTER XXVI.

CAMPAION OF FRIEDLAND AND TILSIT.

Commencement of the campaign—Siege and capture of Dantzic—Forces of the two Nations—Russians defeat Ney at Guttstadt—Russians retire to Heils. berg—French attack and are repulsed—R ussians eventually retreat to Fried.

CONTENTS. avi fand—Battle of Friedland—Propoeals for Peace—Napoleon and Alexander "!*™ confer at Tilsit-—Treaty between France and Russia—And with Prussia— Secret articles of the Treaty of Tilsit: o ive abe 2 ‘ 3138—218

CHAPTER XXVII.

FYROM THE PRACE OF TILSIT TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES IN THE SPANISH YENINSULA.

Napoleon’s hostility toward Great Britain—The Continental System—Berlin Decree—M easures of Great Britain—Milan Decree—Singuler result of these measures—Enthusiasm and adulation of the Parisians on Napoleon’s return to the Capital—Suppression of the Tribunate—And other despotic measures —Proscriptions—lInternal prosperity of France—Penal Code—lIts atrocious severity —Conscriptions—Political changes in Central Europe—Internal af. fairs of Prussia—Austria—Sweden—Designs of Russia and France on the fleets of Denmark and Portugal—England anticipates their movements and takes possession of the Danish shipe—Negotiations with England—Turkey breaks from her alliance with France—Napoleon’s proceedings in Italy—His encroachments in Western Europe: - - + - + + 216-298

CHAPTER XXVIII.

PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS OF THE PENINSULAR WAR.

Differences between France and Spain—Napoleon discovers the hostile intentions of Spain and Portugel—He resolves to subjugate the Peninsula—Commences hostilities in and against Portugal—Junot advances to Lisbon—The Portuguese Royal Family embark for Brazil—Junot occupies Lisbon—His government—Affairs of Spain—Treaty of Fontainebleau—Invasion of Spain—The King, Charles IV. attempts to escape to America—lIs prevented—He resigns his crown in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII.—French troops approach Madrid —Murat takes possession of the Spanish Capital—Political intrigues between Chales IV., Ferdinand, and Napoleon—By the representations of Savary, Charles, Ferdinand, and the Spanish Royal Family are induced to travel to Bayonne to meet Napoleon—Murat’s misgovernment in Madrid—Insurrection and massacre of the inhabitante—Effects of these atrocities—Napoleon’s duplicity toward the Spanish Royal Family—Charles executes a second abdication—-Ferdinand is forced to a similar measure—Joseph Bonaparte declared King of Spain—Nepoleon’s Constitution for Spain—Joseph’s

CHAPTER XXIX, CAMPAIGN oF 1808 IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.

The Spanish Peninsula—Forces destined to take part in the Peninsular war— Revolts and massacres throughout Spain—Success of the French troope— First siege of Saregoesa—Siege of Valencia—Defeat of the Spaniards under Blake and Cuesta—Atrocities of the French soldiers in Rio Seco and Cor. dova—French retreat from the latter place—Their total defeat—Indignation of Napoleon at Dupont’s surrender—Joseph evacuates Madrid—Reverses of | the French—Arrival of Wellington in Portugal—He defeats the French under Laborde and Junot—An Armistice is concluded and the French xviii CONTENTS.

evacuate Portugal—Sir John Moore arrives at Lisbon—And marches into . Spain—Movements of Austria—Interview between Alexander and Napoleon

~ at Erfurth—Murat made King of Naples — Napoleon's preparations to invade Spain—His great success against the Spanish forcee—He advances to Madrid —Its capture—Sir David Baird lands at Corunna and joins Sir John Moore

—Advance and retreat of the British army—Sir John Moore continues his retreat toward Corunna—Battle of Corunna—Death of Moore: -. 239—252

Pacs

CHAPTER XXX.

Frest campaien or 1809 In GERMANY.

Measures of Austria during the peace—Position of the French and Austrian forces—Napoleon’s instructions to Berthier—Napoleon takes command— Action at Thaun—Subsequent discomfitute of the Austrians—The Arch. duke captures Ratisbon—Combat at Landshut—And at Ratisbon—Battle of Echroul—The Archduke retreats—Napoleon retakes Ratisbon—Results of the campaign, thus far—Reverses of the French in other quarters—Hiller takes post at Ebersberg—Massena attacks and defeats him—Napoleon advaiges to Vienna—and takes possession of that city—The Archduke Charles approaches Vienna—Position of the two armies—Battle of Aspern—Napoleon retreats to Lobau and intrenches himself there: . - -

CHAPTER XXXI.

FROM THE CAMPAIGN OF WAGRAM TO THE DETHRONEMENT OF THE POPE.

Napoleon prepares to cross the Danube—Position of the Archduke—The French croes the river—And the Austrians retire to Wagram—Description of Wagram—Battle of Wagram—The Archduke retreats to Bohemia—Na.- poleon grants an Armistice—Treaty of Vienna—Napoleon destroys the ramparts of Vienna—Operations in the Tyrol—Grest success of the Tyro. lese—Treaty with them—Execution of Hofer—Expedition of the British ‘against Antwerp—Their partial success and retreat—Dissensions between the Pope and Napoleon—The former is made prisoner and conveyed to France ; - - - - - - . : - ° 263—273

CHAPTER XXXII.

MARITIME WAR}; AND caMPaIGN oF 1809 IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.

British Naval expedition to Basque Roads—Its success—Success of the British in the East and West Indies—Portugal—Spain—Forces of the Spaniards— And of the French—Opening of the campaign—Second siege of Saragosss— Its capture—Pillage by Lannes and Junot—Disaeters followipg the fall of Saragossa—Siege and capture of Gerona—Succesa of Victor in Central Spsin—Soult invades Portugal—And captures Oporto—Wellington arrives at Lisbon—Marches against Oporto and retakes it—Soult’s perilous retreat *¢ Wellington advances toward Madrid—Battle of Talavera—Wellington,- unsupported by the Spaniards, resolves to retire to the banks of the Tagus— Ungenerous apathy of the Spaniards in their own cause— Wellington remon. strates—And abandons them to their own resources—Battle of Ocana—Wel- Lington’s system of maintaining his troope—And Napoleon’s - 274—285

CONTENTS. xix CHAPTER XXXII.

EVENTS oF 1810: camPaien OF TORRES VEDRAS.

Napoleon's position—His want of an heir—Offers of his hand—Makes known his intentions to Josephine—Her dignified conduct—Her divorce—Nego. tiations with Austria—Marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise—Russia takes umbrage—Napoleon’s measures force the King of Holland to abdi. cate—His differences with Lucien—And with Joseph—Soult commences

_ Operations in Spain—Siege of Cadiz—French and allied forces in Portugal —Maseena captures Ciudad Rodrigo and Almeida—Wellington falls back to Busaco—Battle of Busaco—Wellington retires to Torres Vedras—Mas. sena retreats—Soult captures Badajorz—Wellington pursues Massena— Action of Barrosa—Museona withdraws from Portugal—Battle of Fuentes d’ Onoro—Iliness of George III.—Prince of Wales made Regent—Ex- <hange of prisoners—Capture of the Island of Java: - - «. 285-298

FLOR.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CORTES; WAR IN SPAIN; caMPaton OF 1811 on THE PORTUGUESE FRONTIER.

The Cortes aseemble at Cadiz—Their democratic measurese—Joseph Bonaparte enters Seville—Napoleon’s projecta—Joseph resigns his crown, but is perguaded to take it agsin—Operations in the East of Spain—Capture of Tortoaa—And of Figueres—Burning of Manreaa—Siege of Taragona—Its capture—Siege and capture of Saguntum—And of Valencia—Beresford lays siege to Badajoz—Battle of Albuera—Retreat of Soult—Wellington recommences the siege of Badajoz, but the approach of Soult and Marmont forces him torelinguishit: - . . . - ‘ -« «.« - 2903—300

CHAPTER XXXV.

‘WELLOIVGTON’S INVASION OF SPAIN, 1812,

Wellington lays siege to Ciudad Rodrigo—Captures it—Siege and capture of Badajoz—Effects of these two victories—Wellington advances into Spain— Enters Salamanca—Battle of Salamanca—Wollington marches to Madrid—

His entrance into that city—He captures the park of French artillery at the Retiro—Aspect of French affairs in the Peninsula—Effects of the concen. tration of the French forces—Wellington lays siege to Burgos—And abandons it—He retreats to Ciudad Rodrigo: - - - - - <301—307

CHAPTER XXXVI.

WAR IN TURKEY ; ACCESSION OF BERNADOTTE TO THE SWEDISH THRONE ; FINAL RUPTURE BETWEEN FRANCE AND RUSSIA. ‘

Preparations of Russia for war in Turkey—Success of the Russian troops—Siege of Schumla undertaken—Repulse of the storming party—Similar operations at Rondschouck—Defeat of the Turks near Battin—Capture of Rond p+ % CONTENTS.

schouck and Nicopolis—Turks defeated at Rondschouck—They cross the Danube and attack Kutusoff—Their total defeat—Peace between Russia and Turkey—Encroachments of Russia upon the Swedish dominions—Gustavus, King of Sweden, resigns his crown—New king and change of policy in Sweden—Death of the Crown-Prince—Beradotte is appointed to sueceed him—Naepoleon’s further epoliations in Europe—Resented by Alexander— Birth of Napoleon’s son—Napoleon’s measures force Sweden to declare war against England—The French invade the Swedish territories—Sweden, Grest Britain and Russia declare war against France: - - = 3807-312

CHAPTER XXXVII.

ADVANCE OF NAPOLEON TO MOSCOW.

Immense preparations of Nepoleon for invading Russia—Forces of Russia— French troops cross the Niemen—Safferings of the French before hostilities commenced—Barclay retires from Wilna, and the French occupy it— French advance to Witepek—Alexander leaves the army at Potolsk and proceeds to Moscow, and thence to St. Petersburg—Oudinot defeated on the Dwina—Barclay and Bagrathion form a junction at Smolensko—Heroie defence of General Newerofskoi—Russians evacuate Smolensko, leaving a rear-guard for its protection—Napoleon attacks the town—Is repulsed— Conflagration of Smolensko—The Russians abandon it—Napoleon pursues —Battle at Valentina—Miserable condition of the French army—Move- - ments of Victor and Augereau—Russians resolve to give battle to Napo. leon—Take post at Borodino—Battle of Borodino—Russians fall back toward Moscow—And abandon it—French arrive at Moscow on the 14th of September—Conflagration of Moscow—Kutusoff threatens Napoleon's communications : - . . e ‘ e ° ° “ Si3—333

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

THE RETREAT FROM MOSCOW.

Napoleon proposes an Armistice—Sufferings of his troops—Condition of the Rus. sian army—Napoleon prepares to retreat—Evacuates Moscow and retreats to Malo.Jaroelawitz—Is nearly made prisoner—Council of War held—He continues his retreat—Its disastrous character—Severity of the weather— Arrival at Smolensko—Continued retreat—Defeat of the French at Krasnoi —Heroic defence of Ney—His escape—Napoleon arrives st Orcha—Battle of Beresina—Its result—Napoleon sets out for Paris—Condition of the troopa after his departure—The army reaches Wilna—And are forced to abandon it—Heroism of Ney—Result of the campaign : - - « + 833

CHAPTER XXXIX. .

EVENTS IN FRANCE FOLLOWING THE RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN.

Napoleon arrives at Paris—Public depression—Relieved by Napoleon’s firmness —Malet’s extraordinary Conspiracy—Its defeat—Napoleon’s discontent, notwithstanding—His efforts to recruit the army—Negotiations with the Popet. )s i280 e. = pilttaH cece tet’ sant ey, haste naiapetinia tees

CONTENTS | wall CHAPTER XL.

camPaien or 1813,

Combination of forces to cut off the retreat of the French army—Murat deserts the army and repairs to Naples—Eugene takes command—Deliverance and policy of Prussia—Her efforts to regain a footing among the Powers of Europe—Treaty with Russie—Insurrection in Saxony—Institution of the Order of the Iron Cross in Prussia—The Tugenbund—Position of the French troops on the Elbe—Forces of Prussia—Of Russia—The allies occupy

* Hamburg—lInsurrections in the Hanse Towns—The allies approach the Elbe and occupy Dresden—Napoleon joins the army—Battle of Lutzen—Allies retire to Dresden and Bautzen—Napoleon takes posseasion of Dresden— Negotiations with Russia and Austria—Battle of Bautzen—Armistice of Pleswitz : - - ohare pale et! Here . 335—346

Peg.

CHAPTER XLI.

FROM THE AXMISTICE OF PLESWITS TO THE RENEWAL OF THE WAR.

Measures of the British Cabinet—Treaty between Great Britain, Russie, and Prossia—Scarcity of specie in Europe-——Treaty of Napoleon with Denmark —Policy of Austria—Negotiations for Peace—Interview between Metter. nich and Napoleon—Convention agreed on—News of the battle of Vittoria in Spain—A ustria decides in favor of the Grand Alliance—Preparations and forces on both sides—Congress at Prague—General Moreau joins the allies —Schwartzenberg appointed commander-in-chief : - « « 346-353

CHAPTER XLII.

DELIVERANCE OF GERMANY.

Blucher opens the campaign—Allies advance upon Dresden—They attack the town and are repulsed—Battle of Dresden—Death of Moreau—Allies re. treat—French defeated at Taplitz—Disasters of Macdonald in Upper Silesia —And of Oudinot north of the Elbe—Napoleon’s operations at Dresden and in Bilesia—Ney encounters Bernadotte at Dennewitz and is defeated—Dis-. couragement of Napoleon and his troopsp—The Cossacks make a descent into Westphalia—Capture Cassel and retire with Jerome’s treasures—Ben. ningsen arrives at Toplitz—Napoleon advances to Duben—Retreats to Leipsic—Description of Leipsic—Disposition of the French troopep—And of the allies—Commencement of the battle of Leipsic—Result of the first day —Napoleon’s interview with Meerfeldt—Battle of Leipsic renewed—lIts re. sult—Retreat of Napoleon—Disasters of his retreat—He reaches Erfurth, where Murat abandons him—Continued retreat—Secession of Bavaria— Battle of Hanau—Napoleon crosses the Rhine—The allies enter Frankfort —Bernadotte advances to Cassel—Capitulation of Dresden—Effect in Europe of Napoleon’s defeat: - . - - + + = + 9853-368

CHAPTER XLIII.

THE LIBERATION OF SPAIN.

Improved condition of the British ehiiy in the Peninsula—Measures of the Cortes —Condition of Cadiz—Wellington’s forces and plane—French forces—Bat-

‘gui : CONTENTS.

tle of Castella—Wellington takes leave of Portugal—He advances to Vit toria—Joseph’s retreat—Battle of Vittoria—Great amount of spoil taken

_ from the French—Soult takes command of the French army—Assumes the offensive——Battle of Sauroren—Retreat of Soult—Siege and capture of St.

_ Sebestian—Sonlt retreats over the Bidaseoa—Dishonorable conduct of the Spanish government toward their allies—Wellington prepares to invade France—He attacks and defeats Soult—His regulations for protecting the inhabitants from the repacity of his troope—Soult's position on the Ni. — velle—He is again defeated by Wellington—He retreats to Bayonite— His embarrassments—He is again defeated, aid Wellington biockadee Bayonne: . . e oe - . e . - © - 3698—S7y

CHAPTER XLIV.

EUROPE IN ARMS AGAINST FRANCE.

-

Results of the Campaign of 1813—Its effect in France—Napoleon’s measures for defence—Diacontent of the French people—Suffering in the army—Government of Marie Louise, as Regent—Immense Conscriptions—Frontier fortreseses— Domestic distress in France—Prosperity of England—Proposals of peace by the allied Sovereigns—Napoleon negotiates to gain time—Resolute conduct of the Chamber of Deputies—Napoleon dissolves the Chamber-——Treaty of Valencay—Conferences with Pius VII—Muret joins the allies—Eugene Beavharnois proposes to join them—Denmark esbendons Napoleon—Proceedings at Frankfort—Acceasion of Switzerland to the Alli. ance—Forces of the allies—-And of Napoleon: - - - - S76—888

CHAPTER XLV. ¥YmsT campaign or 1814.

Invasion of France—Napvleon takes leave of his wife and son to join the army —Battle of Brienne—Napoleon retreats to Troyes—The allies divide their forces—Battle of Champaubert—Discomfiture of Blucher—Retrospect of the fortunes of the Bourbons since the Revolution—The allies occupy Troyes —Movements of the allies—Measures of Napoleon to protect Paris—Battle of Montereau—Congress of Chatillon—Detail of its proceedings—N apoleon refuses peace-——His ambitious views—Treaty of Chaumont—Blucher’s movements—Battle of Bar-sur-Aube—Action at La Guillotitre—Blucher’s dangerous position at Soissons—He is relieved by the surrender of that town— Napoleon follows and attacks him—Battle of Craon—Ruasians retreat to Laon—Defeat of Marmont—Battle of Laon—Napoleon retreats to Soissons —Capture and recapture of Chalons: e-tilh pookgidia fans 389—404

CHAPTER XLVI.

THE FALL OF NAPOLEON

Brief suspension of hostilities—Napoleon’s affairs in other parts of his Empire— Holland—South Beveland—Antwerp—Flanders—Itg]y—Lyons—W ellington resumes the offensive—Crosses the Adour—Soult retreats to Orthes— Battle of Orthes and defeat of Soult—Events in Bordeaux—Beresford enters that town—Wellington defeats Soult at Toulouse —Napoleon’s embarrass.