A history of Chile

Preface

Two periods of Chilean history have already been well presented to the outside world: the period of the revolution and that of the late war between Chile and the Peruvian-Bolivian alliance. Respecting the period between the years 1829 and 1879 there is no connected account in English. Since the war with Peru, Chile has attracted considerable outside attention, and within the past two years there have been several graphic accounts of modern Chile. What is now needed is a volume that will condense the information, which in English is scattered through many books, and give a complete, short history and picture of Chile in a single volume ; that I undertake to furnish in this work.

I have devoted considerable space to the late civil war in Chile and have cut somewhat short previous political wars, which, in point of the numbers killed, were quite as bloody as this last. But all grew out of the same political conditions, and the last war, leading to the downfall of President Balmaceda, was in reality the culmination of years of political strife. Were I to go into the details of every skirmish between the forces of contending party leaders, the reader would be wearied with the recital. I have given results rather than ramifica-

vii tlons. Chile has been more fortunate than her neighbors in having a fairly well established government and a better class of leaders; she has subordinated the military to the civil authority and has usually preferred statesmen to generals for her presidents. Still, she has had at different times quite too much of civil strife for the best interests of her exchequer, industries, commercial interests and national well-being. But she has passed her era of constitution making; she has a body of laws and precedents, a historic past, and patriotic, intelligent citizens; the lesson of the civil war of 1891 is, that the dictators will be no longer tolerated; the government must become more and more popular, representative and constitutional. If Chile's intricate foreign relations do not lead her into wars with neighboring republics, an era of progress and peace is before her.

A. U. H.

Chicago, i8gj,

viii

Table Of Contents

PART T— THE COLONIAL PERIOD

CHAPTER I — Almagro's expedition — early history and INHABITANTS

Pizarro's Rivals — The Inca Empire — Almagro sets out for Chile — His claims to Cuzco — Sends forward Paullu Topu — Hardships encountered in the mountains — Sends forward party to obtain relief — Appearance of Chile — Different tribes — Their civilization and manner of living — Explorations — Almagro reinstates an ulmen — Engagement with the Indians — Return to Chile — Subsequent career of Almagro 21

CHAPTER II — The araucanians — valdivia's expedition — the FOUNDING OF SANTIAGO

Character of Valdivia — Character of the Araucanians — Their military system and social organization — De Hoz and Carmargo — Pizarro ignores the royal commission and appoints Valdivia to undertake the conquest of Chile — The expedition — Founding of Santiago and trouble with the Indians — Battle on the Mapocho river — Disaffection — Discovery of gold . . -36

CHAPTER III — Opening and conquering the country — LA SERENA, CONCEPCION AND OTHER CITIES FOUNDED

Valdivia determines to send Monroy and Miranda to Peru — Murder of a chief's son — Vaca de Castro sends recruits to Chile —

Pastene explores the southern coasts — Massacre at Quillota

ix

X CONTENTS

mines — Founding cities — Conquests — Valdivia goes to Peru, leaving Francisco de Villagran in command — Execution of De Hoz — Destruction of La Serena — Aguirre punishes the natives — Apportioning the lands — Aillavalu gives battle to Valdivia — Lincoyan — Valdivia establishes himself at Concepcion and seeks a title from Spain — Founding of Imperial and Villarica — Expedition toward the south — Recloma — Fortresses built — Aguirre dispatched to conquer provinces Cujo and Tucuman — Founding of Angol, the seventh city — Alderete sent to Spain — Colocolo incites Araucanians to resistance — Caupolican — Stratagems and attacks upon forts — Battle at Tucapel — Lautaro — Death of Valdivia 44

CHAPTER IV — Lautaro and caupolican — valdivia's successors DON GARCIA DEFEATS AND SUCCESSES

Spaniards in the south retire to Imperial and Valdivia — Skirmishes with the Araucanians — Villagran takes charge of the government— He crosses the Biobio and attacks the Indians at Mt. Mariguenu — Defeat of the Spaniards — Destruction of Concepcion— Villagran undertakes to rebuild the city, but again is defeated— Smallpox — Villagran and Aguirre submit their claims to the Royal Audience — Siege of Imperial and Valdivia — Lautaro proceeds against Santiago — Defeat and death of Lautaro - Events of the year 1557 — Shipwreck of Alderete — Don Garcia arrives at Concepcion with a large force — Millalauco . 55

CHAPTER V — Continued wars with the araucanians — death OF CAUPOLICAN DISCOVERY OF THE ARCHIPELAGO OF CHILOE

FRANCISCO DE VILLAGRAN

Battle of Mt. Pinto — Battle at the Biobio — Don Garcia's inhuman acts — Galvarino — Founding of Canete — Skirmishes with the Araucanians — Caupolican's stratagem — Rebuilding of Concepcion— The Cunches resort to an artifice — Exploring the Chilo^ Archipelago — The poet Ercilla — Death of Caupolican— Caupolican II. — Siege of Imperial — Defeat of the Araucanians — Rebuilding forts and cities — Quiroga ...... 63

CHAPTER VI— Antiguenu, paillataru and paynenancu — quiroga, ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ROYAL AUDIENCE INDIANS OF

CHILOE — SOTOMAYOR

The Araucanians prepare for a renewal of the war — Defeat of the Spaniards at Mt. Mariguenu — Canete burned — Sieges of Concepcion, Arauco and Angol — Defeat and death of Antiguenu —

CONTENTS xi

Defeat of Lillemu — Founding of Castro and Chacao and Chiloe — The Indians of Chiloe — Establishment of an Independent Royal Audience — Renewed hostilities with the Araucanians — Don Melchor de Bravo — Earthquakes — Mestizos — Dissolution of the Royal Audience — Different governors — Continued wars with the Araucanians ........ 73

CHAPTER VII — Cayancaru and other toquis — sir john CAVENDISH — JANEQUEO LOYOLA

Cayancaru elected toqui — Proceeds against the Spanish port of Karampangui — Lonconobal, Antulevu, Tarochina — Sotomayor builds forts of Trinidad and Espiritu Santo — Cayancaru attacks Arauco — Guepotan — Defeats, successes and expeditions — Nongoniel — Cadeguala elected toqui — Pirates, English and Dutch descents upon the coast — Sir Thomas Cavendish lands at Quintero Bay and is attacl<ed by Alonzo Molina — Angol set on fire — The fortress of Puren taken by Cadeguala — Combat between Garcia Ramon and Cadiguala — Guanoalca elected toqui— Juan Tapia — Events of the year 1589 — Janequeo determines to avenge the death of her husband — Defeats the governor — She fortifies herself in the mountains — Her force dispersed — Quintuguenu elected toqui— Spaniards take the fort of Mt. Mariguenu — The younger Colocolo joins the Spaniards— Failure to effect a treaty of peace — Paillaeco succeeds Quintuguenu and is defeated — The governor withdraws the troops to Santiago — Leaves command to Pedro Viscarra and goes to Peru — Loyola appointed captain-general — Paillamachu sends Antipillan to Loyola ....... 82

CHAPTER VIII — General uprising of the araucanians

viscarra, QUINONES, RAMON, LUIS DE VALDIVIA, TALAVERANNO, ULLOA DESCENT OF THE DUTCH

Loyola founds Coya — Exploits of the toqui, Paillamachu — Forts erected at Puren and Lumaco — Attacked by Paillamachu and demolished — Governor Loyola killed — All the southern cities besieged by the Araucanians — Concepcion and Chilian burned — Viscarra takes charge of the government — Francisco Quinones chosen governor — His cruelties — Valdivia burned and other cities besieged — The Dutch plunder Chiloe — Ramon appointed governor — Rivera succeeds him — The Biobio fortified — Fall of Vallarica, Imperial and Orsorno — Inez Aguillera — Successes of the Araucanians and close of the war — Huenecura as toqui — Ramon restored to the office of captain-general and xii CONTENTS

arrives with troops — Builds a fort at Boroa — Lisperguer — Huenecura attacks a fort — Ramon's army destroyed — King Philip III. reestablishes the Royal Audience — Huenecura defeated — Aillavilu, toqui — Luis de Valdivia undertal'es to negotiate a treaty of peace — Recall of Rivera — Ancanamon, toqui — Failure of treaty — Utiflame — Talavaranno, Ulloa . 91

CHAPTER IX — The seventeenth century

Loncothegua succeeded by Lientur as toqui — Successes of the Araucanians — Cerda succeeds Ulloa as captain-general — Pedro Ulloa — Noruena — Cordova — Putapichion attacks Fort of Nativity— Cordova ravages the Indian country — Governor La Vega carries on war against the Araucanians for ten years — The Dutch — Sir James Narborough — The Marquis of Baides — Treaty of Quillin and close of the Araucanian war — Renewal of the war — Spanish governors to 1665 — Second treaty of peace — Events from 1665 to close of the century — French blockade— Condition of the country . . . , . .101

CHAPTER X — The eighteenth century

The condition of Spain — The French — Character of settlers — Captains of Friends and renewal of the Araucanian wars — The peace of Negrete — Cano — Founding of cities — Different captains-general— Establishment of the University of San Felipe — Mint — Earthquake of 1751 and the destruction of Concepcion — Amat — Failure of the attempt to compel the Araucanians to build cities — Jauregui — Conspiracy of Gramuset and Berney — Ambrosio O'Higgins — Condition of Chile at the close of the century — Expelling the Jesuits — Religious orders — Brief accounts of the administrations of different captains-general of this century to the time of the revolution .... 109

Part II

CHAPTER I — The revolt of Spain's colonies Spain at the beginning of the eighteenth century — Organization of the Juntas — The causes of the revolution — Tyranny of Span-

CONTENTS xiii

ish viceroys and captains-general — Spanish monopolies — Tithes — Peculations — Tupac Amaru — Ubalde — Purnacagua — The struggle at Buenos Ayres, La Paz and Quito — The inhuman Goyeneche — The uprising at Caracas — San Martin and Belgrano — The revolution at Buenos Ayres — Royalist successes in Peru — Buenos Ayres decides to assist Chile — Progress of the war in all the colonies — Bolivar — Aim of the first Juntas . 127

CHAPTER II — Juntas, dictators and dissensions — first stages

OF THE revolution

Formation of parties in Chile — Formation of the first junta — Arrest of citizens in 18 10 — Disposition of the captain-general — Conde de la Conquista made president — Second congress called — Doctor Rozas — Jonte's mission to Santiago — Riot in the capital quelled by Carrera — Execution of Figueroa — Trouble in the congress over representation — Seizure of Spanish officers— The Carreras compel congress to select a new junta — Jose Miguel Carrera's power — Dissolution of congress — Reaction in favor of the Spanish party — Banishment of Rozas — High-handed measures of the Carreras — The viceroy, Abascal, dispatches Pareja to Chile with an army — Attacks at Yerbas Buenas and San Carlos — Patriot successes — O'Higgins and Mackenna — The royalists besieged in Chilian — Sanchez — O'Higgins given the chief command — Capture of the Carreras — Arrival of Gainza — Attack at Membrillar — Gainza retires to Talca — Lastra named supreme director — Arrival of Captain Hilliar and treaty of Lircay — Founding of the public library, the national institution and other schools — The first newspaper . . 141

CHAPTER III — 1814 to 1817 — The struggle for freedom —

SAN martin's expedition

The Carreras abolish the office of supreme director — Party dissensions— Arrival of Osorio to reinforce Gainza — Defeat at Cachapoal and Ranca.gua — Consternation of the patriots- Flight to Mendoza — Osorio restores the authority of Spain — Banishment of citizens — San Bruno and Marco, their infamous acts — San Martin organizes an army at Mendoza — Rodriguez harasses the Spaniards — The passage of the Andes — Battle of Chacabuco and defeat of the royalists — San Martin enters Santiago — Bernardo O'Higgins named supreme director — Confiscations — Skirmishes in the south ... . 157 xiv CONTENTS

CHAPTER IV— The battle of maypo

I Abascal sends another army to Chile under Osorio — Unsuccessful

siege of Talcahuano — Osorio advances toward the capital — Independence of Chile formally declared — Skirmishes at Talca and Cancha Rayada — Rout of the patriot army — Rodriguez rallies the patriots in the capital — Reorganization of the patriot army — Details of the battle of Maypo — San Martin returns to Buenos Ayres — Execution of the Carreras — Murder of Manuel Rodriguez — The war in the south — Benavides . i68

CHAPTER V — Carrying the war into peru — naval

OPERATIONS

Efforts in forming a navy — Capture of the " Maria Isabel " — Arrival of Lord Cochrane — Departure of the Chilean fleet to Peru — Attack and repulse at Callao — Unimportant naval operations— Cochrane chases the ' ' Prueba " — Capture of Valdivia by Lord Cochrane . ...... 179

CHAPTER VI— The struggle in peru

O'Higgins as supreme director — San Martin's appointees — Efforts to fit out the Peruvian expedition — The purpose of the expedition — Colonel Arenales marches a detachment into the interior — Armistice and diplomatic efforts — Cochrane captures the "Esmeralda" — San Martin establishes his headquarters at Huara — Defection of the Peruvian Numancia regiment — San Martin's conciliatory policy — Lord Cochrane's exploits in the south — The second armistice — San Martin enters Lima — Proclamation of independence — San Martin assumes control of the government — San Martin and Bolivar both seek to possess Guayaquil — Monteagudo — San Martin resigns — Ayacucho and the last battles of the war ...... 186

CHAPTER VII— Party dissensions

Disputes concerning tariffs, and Lord Cochrane's measures to collect duties — Execution of the outlaw, Vicente Benavides — Assembling of congress — Party machinations — Official corruption— Revolt of Concepcion and Coquimbo — O'Higgins is asked to resign — Arrival of General Freire in the capital — He becomes supreme director— Review of O'Higgins' administration 194

CONTENTS PART III

THE ERA OF CONSTITUTION MAKING

CHAPTER I — The liberals in power — freire and pinto

Freire's rule — Doings of the congress — The new tariff — The first constitution — Freire's unsuccessful expedition to Chiloe — Dissatisfaction and demoralization — Dissolution of the senate and setting aside of the constitution — Freire's efforts to build a navy — Cienfuegos, Muzi and Ferreti — First troubles with the church — Financial difficulties — Revival of the estancos — Political excitement and attempted assassinations — Congress dissolved — Troubles in the new congress — Political parties — Freire's second expedition to Chiloe — Defeat of the royalists and the incorporation of Chiloe into the republic— Attempts to form a confederacy — Freire first president, Pinto vice-president— Freire resigns — Pinto assumes the office of president — The last acts of the congress — Troubles with the Araucanians — Difficulty between a British officer and a Chilean — Assembling of congress — Further efforts to draft a constitution — Pinto resigns — Party agitations , , .... 201

CHAPTER II — The conservatives in power — prieto and

PORTALES — freire's REVOLUTION — EXPEDITION AGAINST PERU — THE BATTLE OF YUNGAY

Political changes and disturbances — Revolution started by Prieto — Junta formed and congress called — Vicuna, Tagle, Ovalle, Portales — Deplorable condition of the country — The battle of Lircay — Bulnes dispatched against the Pincheiras — The constitution of 1833 — Freire captured and banished — Santa Cruz — Affairs in Peru and Bolivia — War with the confederation of Peru and Bolivia — Death of Portales — Defeat of Santa Cruz — Distinguished scholars — Educational matters — William Wheelright, and the first steamers — Church dignitaries — Markets and finances ...... . . 216

CHAPTER III — The administrations of presidents bulnes and MONTT — THE CIVIL WAR OF 1859

Bulnes' cabinet — University at Santiago — Bello — Literature, xvi CONTENTS

science and art — State Institutions — Mines — Colonists — Debt — Punta Arenas — Repressive measures of the conservatives — Political societies — Manuel Montt — Urriola's insurrection — Revolution headed by General Cruz — Battle of Loncomilla — Defeat of the revolutionists — Material advancement — Various laws — Education — The policy of Montt and Varas — Second term — Troubles in the church — Party changes — Renewed insurrections— Civil war of 1859 — The elections . . .227

CHAPTER IV — The administration of president perez — outbreak OF the ARAUCANIANS — CHURCH QUESTIONS — THE WAR WITH SPAIN

Perez forms a ministry of moderate liberals and conservatives — His policy — Guentecol — M. de Tounans as King Antoine I — Doings of congress — England claims damages — Catastrophe ya. a Jesuit church — Railway opened between Santiago and Valparaiso— Measures to aid colonization — Exciting debates upon religious questions — Cause of the war with Spain — Ports blockaded — Naval operations — Bombardment of Valparaiso — Efforts to arrange treaty of peace — Immigration — Skirmishes with the Araucanians — Attempted impeachment of the supreme court — Political reforms — Treaty with the Argentine Republic — Agricultural exhibition . ...... 237

CHAPTER V — The administration of president errazuriz

Elections — Active canvass of church questions — Reformatory measures passed by congress — Circulating libraries — Party differences— The Patagonian and Bolivian boundary questions — Earthquakes — Coal fields — I^oans negotiated — Railroads . . 255

CHAPTER VI — The administration of president pinto

Political agitations — Pinto, Amunategui, Mackenna — Pinto's cabinet— Boundary disputes — Financial difficulties — Paper money

— Failure of crops — Nitrates and minerals — Statistical items — Schools — Disputes in respect to church questions— Taforo — The Roman delegate — The civil marriage law . . . 263

CONTENTS xvii

CHAPTER I — The beginning of the war

Causes of the war — The Chileans take possession of Antofagasta — Skirmish at Calama — Peru seeks to arbitrate — The armies — The navies — The Army of the South formed at Iquique — Naval operations — Bombardment of Pisagua .... 272

CHAPTER II — Naval battles — prat and grau

President Prado sails south with the Peruvian fleet to take command of the army — President Daza of Bolivia arrives with troops — Captain Grau attacks the '* Esmeralda " and " Covadonga " — Loss of the " Independencia " — The "Huascar" sinks the "Esmeralda" — Heroic death of Captain Prat — Other naval operations and engagements— Changes of Chilean officers — Gallant act of Lieutenant Diez — Battle between the "Huascar "and the "Cochrane" — Death of brave Captain Grau 280

CHAPTER III — The war in the south — pisagua, san francisco, TARAPACA PERU LOSES DESERT PROVINCES

Description of the desert provinces — Forces in Tarapaca — Capture of Pisagua — Cavalry action at Jeramia — Army manoeuvres — Battle of San Francisco — Defeat of the allies and evacuation of Iquique — Battle of Tarapaca — Ports blockaded — Pierola heads a revolt in Lima, Camperoin La Paz — Operations along the coast — Attempts of Peruvians to destroy Chilean vessels — Callao blockaded ......... 289

CHAPTER IV — The occupation of moquega, tacna and arica — naval operations — the advance upon lima — first attempt

TO arrange a treaty

The battle at Los Angeles — Revolt headed by Colonel Silva against Campero — Cavalry action at Locumba — The battle of Tacna — Assault of Arica — Further attempts made by Peruvians to blow up Chilean men-of-war — Lynch 's expedition — Naval xviii CONTENTS

engagements at Callao — Failure to arrange treaty of peace — Pierola turns over the government to La Puerta . . . 298

CHAPTER V — The battles of chorillos and miraflores — OCCUPATION OF LIMA AND CALLAO — ESTABLISHING A GOVERNMENT

Peruvian army at the capital — Active preparations for the defence of Lima — Movements of the Chilean troops — The battles — Acts of vandalism — Burning of Miraflores — Mob rule — Calderon selected as provisional president — Skirmishes in the interior — Caceres — Failure to effect treaty of peace — Pinto's administration ........... 309

CHAPTER VI — The administration of president santa maria

Active political canvass — The liberals divided — Two conventions — Baquedano a candidate — Pinto favors Santa Maria — Santa Maria's cabinet — The war in Peru — Continued skirmishing in the interior — Caceres defeated at Huamachuco — Engagement at Huancayo — Peruvian officers submit to Lynch — Treaty signed — Iglesias made president of Peru — The terms of the treaty — Expense of the war — Chile's gain of territory — Bitter disputes with the church — Turbulence caused by church questions and legislation relating thereto — New laws and public improvements . .^ . .... . 318

CHAPTER I — President balmaceda — material progress

Turbulence in elections — Opposition to the liberals — Reforms — Railroads and public improvements — The gathering storm . 329

CHAPTER II— The revolt

The constitution — Congress opposes the president — Party opposition— Changes of ministries and votes of censure — The Constitutional Committee calls a congress — Balmaceda issues a manifesto — The Supreme Court declares his acts illegal — Naval officers declare for congress, the army adheres to the

CONTENTS xix

cause of the president— The congressional fleet — Captain Montt takes the " Huascar " out of Valparaiso harbor — The congressionalists proceed tolquique — Skirmish at Zapiga — Pisagua captured and bombarded — Defeat of Colonel Robles — Fight at Huarez — Iquique taken by Colonel Soto, who subsequently surrenders it — Impressments — Defeat of Robles at Pozo al Monte 333

CHAPTER III — Balmaceda's position — naval operations

The opposing forces — The Tarapaca nitrate fields — The approaching elections — Claudio Vicuna — The parliamentary president— General view of the struggle — Various naval engagements— Sinking the "Blanco Encalada " — Exploits of the torpedo-catchers, " Condell " and "Lynch" . . . 345

CHAPTER IV — Triumph of the revolution — the affair of the BALTIMORE SAILORS

The government's forces — The new congress — Elections — Diabolical plots — The opposition army embarks for Quintero — The landing — Consternation — The battle of Concon, or Colmo — Balmaceda's efforts to bring forward a new army — Movements of the respective armies — The battle of Placilla — Defeat of the Balmacedist army — Flight of government officers — The affair of the " Lynch " — Wild scenes iu Valpafaiso — Riotous acts in Santiago — Suicide of Balmaceda — Formation of a new government— Jorje Montt elected president — Claudio Vicuna in Paris Feeling between the United States and Chile — The real cause of the difficulty — Attack upon the sailors by a Valparaiso mob — The victims — Diplomatic correspondence — Settlement of the affair . 356

CHAPTER I— The people of chile

Character of the people — Tastes and habits — Scholars — Liberals and conservatives — Social traits — The ladies — Church-going —

XX CONTENTS

Santiago and Valparaiso society — The English in Chile — The Germans — Peons, their habits, dress and manner of living — Wakes — The Indian population — Character and habits of the Araucanians — Their huts, marriage, customs, religion, superstitions, manners — Patagonian tribes — People of the extreme

south 372

CHAPTER II — Extent and resources

Boundaries and extent — Geography of the country — Climate — Rains — Rivers — Lakes — Crops — Grape culture — Irrigation — The southern districts — Forests — Immigration — Hardships encountered by immigrants — Coal mines — Manufactures — Nitrate works — Minerals — Mines . .,,... 386

CHAPTER III— Natural history

Physical divisions of the country — Mountains — Deserts — Valley and coast country — Lakes — Character of streams — Earthquakes— Destruction of Concepcion — Harbors — Islands — Straits of Magellan — Juan Fernandez — Animals, reptiles, fish and birds — Forests — Plants — Vegetables — Fruits . , . 398 CHAPTER IV — Railroads — army and navy — educational

MATTERS

Government ownership of railroads — Cost of same — Different lines in operation — The Transandine Railway — Other Transandine lines projected — Private lines — Military schools — The army — National Guard — The navy — Naval officers — Commercial fleet — Pacific Steam Navigation Company — Subsidies — Education— Instructions in the capital — Lyceums — National library — Painting, music, science ..... 409

CHAPTER V — Cities and government

The cities of Chile and their population — Description .of Santiago, Valparaiso, Concepcion and other places — Political parties — Character of the government — The president — Intendentes — Governors — Sub-delegates — Courts — Congress — Deputies — Political divisions of the country 418

Appendix

Provinces and capitals — Debt, receipts and expenditures — Banks — Money .... . ..... 423

Constitution of Chile ........ 425

Authorities for the History of Chile 456

Index 459

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Bernardo O'Higgins, . . . Frontispiece

Jose de San Martin, , . . . . . i33

Manuel Blanco Encalada, ..... 179

Railroad Bridge between Santiago and Valparaiso, . . 241

Houses of Congress, ..... 263

Jose Manuel Balmaceda, . . . . . 329

The Plaza Victoria, Valparaiso, .... 363

A Private Residence in Santiago, .... 377

Plaza del Armas, Santiago, .... 418

MAPS

General Map of Chile, . . , , ,21

Battle of Tacna, ...... 299

Closing Battles of the War of 1891 .... 359

Part I.— The Colonial Period Chapter I Almagro's Expedition Early History And Inhabitants

When Francisco Pizarro achieved the conquest of the ancient empire of Manco his sway was disputed by rivals. Chief among them were Almagro and Alvarado. Alvarado, Cortez' dashing captain, he who was called by the Mexicans Tonatiuh, set out from Guatemala with an expedition to seize upon Atahualpa's northern kingdom of Quito in defiance of Pizarro's rights, but found himself so stubbornly opposed by Benalcazar, an old rebel chief of the north, that he was glad to welcome Almagro, who had been sent against him by Pizarro, and to sell out to him his fleet, army and pretensions. Then after witnessing and participating in a friendly tournament arranged in his honor by Pizarro and his officers at Pachacamac, Tonatiuh departed for his own country, taking leave of his successful rival with many expressions of friendship.

With his other formidable rival, however, Pizarro was not so fortunate. Almagro was one of the three partners in the famous compact drawn up at Panama for the exploration and conquest of the unknown regions south of the equator, whence rumors of fabulous wealth had come to the ears of the Spaniards. Father Luque, the partner who had furnished the funds, and Almagro, had been content at first to allow Pizarro to carry out his hazardous enterprise without interference or dictation. But no sooner had the indomitable captain, with his adventurous cavaliers, conquered the disunited empire of the Incas and dragged Atahualpa from his golden throne at Caxamarca, than Almagro appeared with reinforcements and sought to share in the benefits of his partner's successes. Then bickerings began over the distribution of the immense booty. This great empire, which Tupac Yupanqui and Huayna Capac had built up and extended from the river Esmeraldas to the river Maule, conquering and subduing both the ancient kingdom of Quito and, in the South, all the ancient northern tribes of Chile — an empire containing, as some say, ten millions of souls, and with as high a civilization as that of Egypt — this beautiful and wealthy empire had poured its immense treasures into the little town of Caxamarca to ransom its beloved Inca from the hands of a corporal's guard of Spaniards. In a few weeks, Pizarro and his cavaliers had become immensely rich ; what more natural than that this should excite the envy of Almagro and his men, who arrived too late to share in the distribution of the booty. Strifes and rivalries began, which, with frequent hypocritical reconciliations between the leaders, were kept up between Pizarro and his partisans on one hand and Almagro and his followers on the other, until the battle of Las Salinas (April 1538), removed Almagro, the father, and the battle of

Chupas (Sept. 1542), led to the downfall of the son, Diego. Francisco Pizarro, too, came to his death because of this feud with the Almagrians ; he was assassinated by young Diego Almagro's followers, June 26, 1541.

In the contention between Almagro and Pizarro begins the Spanish history of Chile.* Almagro, the Marshal, as he was usually termed by the early Spanish writers, was sent by Pizarro to Cuzco to take command of the ancient Inca capital, in the early part of the year 1535. He had so far smothered his animosity, as to consent to take this command under his ancient partner, in obedience to a royal mandate. Pizarro also empowered him, either personally or through his officers, to undertake the discovery and conquest of the countries lying to the south of the Atacama desert. Pizarro's seemingly friendly object was soon apparent. Almagro had been suspicious of his rival, and had taken the precaution to send emissaries to Spain when Hernando Pizarro had undertaken a mission to the mother country in the interests of his brother. Hernando's mission had resulted in the royal confirmation of his brother's grants. Knowing that Almagro had agents at court to represent his interests, Hernando had not dared to unfairly present the partner's claims, so that Almagro was empowered by King Charles, to discover and occupy all that country lying south of Pizarro's grant for a distance of about six hundred miles. The royal commissions were delayed, but Pizarro at Lima had an intimation of their contents. The boundary of Pizarro's territory on the south was not clearly defined, so that when tidings from his agent reached Almagro at Cuzco he

*Ferdinand Magellan had passed the straits bearing his name in 1520, in the first circumnavigation of the globe, and touched at the island of Chiloe.

felt elated at finding himself at last independent of the Pizarros and forthwith intimated that he acknowledged now no other superior than his king. In this, Almagro was upheld by his partisans and the claim was urged that Cuzco fell within his grant. Pizarro, not as yet made acquainted with the fact that his own territory had been extended by the royal grant a distance of two hundred miles farther south, sought to anticipate Almagro's claims, which he knew his rival would set up as soon as the royal commission, which had been delayed, had arrived. He, therefore, sent his brothers, Juan and Gonzalo, to Cuzco to reassume there the command which they had yielded to Almagro by their brother's previous orders. But Almagro had received tidings from his secret agent, as we have seen, and the feud was already ripe. Pizarro, however, did not court a resort to arms with his old partner, at this time, so the difference was temporarily arranged by a compact, in which the Almighty was called upon to visit death and loss of property upon him who should not strictly adhere to its terms. These compacts were often resorted to by Pizarro, and as often broken as made, which was the case in this instance.