History of ancient peoples

Preface

A GENERATION ago the history of Ancient Peoples was regarded as settled. It was pronounced a useless task to try to improve the various existing records. But man was bent on finding the lost cities of the past, and on walking the streets of Troy and Nineveh. Desolated regions were explored, and vast libraries of buried treasures have been unearthed. Thus in the last two decades many pages have been added to historic records. History has constantly to be rewritten.

The " Story of the Nations Series," published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, was planned to place this new historic matter within the reach of the general reader. Yet there was a demand for a single volume bringing together all this material in a form convenient for use in the class room and the reading circle. In the preparation of this volume, the Nations Series has been drawn from without stint, taking pains to give the proper credit. The plan, too, was adopted of following the fate of a single nation at a time from its mythical beginnings down to the present, or to the time when it was lost in the shuffling of races. The piecemeal style of the general history is

IV

Preface, thus avoided, while the repetition necessitated helps only to familiarise the reader with the events, like tales twice told. The same event from the standpoint of the Egyptian and of the Hittite bears the stamp of novelty. In every case an effort has been made to tell the separate stories as modified by the most recent announcements of the philologist and archaeologist. The arrangement and much of the generalisation are the author's own. ...

He wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance of President Charles W. Super, who has diligently read all the recent German, French, and Italian works on ancient history, and who has employed his extensive historic and philologic knowledge in the revision of this work in manuscript. He is under obligations also to Mr. Emory A. Allen for his critical suggestions upon the topics treated.

Willis Boughton.

Ohio University, Athens, January /, i8gy.

Contents

List of Illustrations Table of Dates .

Books Consulted

PAGB

xvii-xxi

xxiii-xxix

xxxi-xxxiv

Chapter I. — Theories— Primeval Man

i — The Origin of Man, 2 — The Immediate Creation Theory, 3 — The Degradation Theory, 4 — The Development Theory, 5 — The Primeval Home of Man, 6 — Antiquity of Man, 7 — The Stone Age : Palceolithic ; Neolithic, 8 — Culture, 9 — Savagery, 10 — Barbarism, 11 — Civilisation, 12 — Enlightenment, 13 — Ancient Society, 14 — Tribal Government, 15 — Political Government, 16 — Religion, 17— Mythology, iS — Unity of the Human Species, 19— A Race, 20— The Origin of Races . . . . . . 3-16

Chapter II.— Ancient History

1— Ancient History, 2 — The Archaeologist, 3- — Archaeology, 4— Layard in Mesopotamia, 5 — Layard in Mesopotamia, Continued,6 — Nineveh and Babylon, Fifty Years Ago, 7 — Tombs, 8 — Monuments, 9— Inscriptions, 10 — What History Owes to Archaeology, 11 — Papyri of Egypt, 12— Cylinders of Chaldea, 13 — The Library of Assurbanipal, 14— Anthropology, 15 — Philology, 16 — Comparative Philology, 17 — -The Comparative Philologist's Methods of Working, 18 — Value of Archaeologic and Philologic Evidence, 19— Chronology," 20 — Ancient Peoples, 21 — An Enumeration of Ancient Peoples . . . . . -I-7-32 v vi Contents.

PAGH

Chapter III.— The Black Races

i — The Differentiation of Man into Races, 2 — The Black Belt of Prehistoric Times, 3 — Primitive Home of the Blacks. 4 — Two Prehistoric Races of Europe, 5 — Constadt Man, 6 — Cromagnon Man, 7 — Black Supremacy in Europe Ended, 8 — Condition of Prehistoric Blacks, 9 — Division of Historic Blacks, 10— The Black in Servitude, n — The Slave Trade, 12 — Two Instances of Abnormal Black Culture, 13— Hayti, 14— Hayti, Continued, 15 — The Freedmen of the United States, 16— The Independent Blacks, 17 — Groups of African Blacks, 18— The Negroes, 19 — The Bantu, 20 — General Black Culture, 21 — Black Society, 22 —The Language or the Blacks, 23 — The Religion of the Blacks, 24— Conclusion . . . . . . 33-45

Chapter I. — Vestiges of a New Race

1 — The Name, 2 — Intermediate Peoples, 3 — Origin, 4 Races of Furfooz, 5 — The Lapps, 6 — Neolithic Man, 7 — The Basques, 8 — The Finns, 9 — The Etruscans, 10 — The Etruscans, Continued, 11 — An Ancient Period of Commotion, 12 — The Reign of Yellow Peoples . . . 49-57

Chapter II. — The Chinese

1 — Inhabitants of China, 2 — Immigrants, 3 — Culture Identified with that of Turanian Chaldea, 4 — Early Chinese Society, 5 — Tribal Warfare, 6 — Che-Hwang-te, 7 — The Destruction of Chinese Books, 8 — The "Pure" Dynasty, 9 — K'ang-he and the East India Company, 10— The Opium War, 11 — Struggle against Foreigners, 12 — The Tai-ping Rebellion, 13 — The Chinese Empire of To-day, 14 — .The Japanese, 15 — The China-Japan War, 16 — Chinese, a Monument of Yellow Culture, 17 — Religion, 18 — Shang-te, 19 — Shang-te Worship, 20 — Taouism, 21 — The Chinese Language, 22 — Chinese Writing, 23 — Chinese Literature, 24 — Confucius, 25 — Recent Activity . . 58-75

Chapter III. — The American Indians. - I— The Name, 2 — Why Classed with the Yellows, 3

Contents. vii

PAGE

Americans not indigenous, 4 — A Homogeneous People, 5 — The Mound-Builders, 6— Political History, 7 — Classification, 8 — The Iroquois Confederacy, 9 — Iroquois Organisation, 10 — Iroquois Culture, 1 1 — The Pueblos, 12 — The Nahuas, 13 — The Aztec Confederacy, 14 — Aztec Civilisation, 15 — The Mayas, 16 — Copan, 17 — Palenque, 18 — Uxmal, 19 — Maya Culture, 20 — The Incas, 21 — Conclusion 76-95

Chapter IV. — The Sumero-Accads — The Hittites

I. THE SUMERO-ACCADS.

I — Introduction, 2 — Contemporary Peoples, 3 — Yellow Territory, 4 — The Sumero-Accads, 5 — Immigrants, 6 — Turanian Chaldea, 7 — Absorbed by the Semites . . 96-100

II. — THE HITTITES.

1— The Hittites 2— The Empire of the Hittites, 3— Hittites a Yellow People, 4 — The Hittites not Indigenous, 5 — Date of Migration, 6 — The Hittite Empire Such Only in Name, 7 — War with Egypt, 8 — Battle of Megiddo, 9— Treaty between Mautenar, the Hittite, and Setil., 10 — The Battle of Kadesh, 11 — Khitasir's Ambush, 12 — Ramses II. 's Danger, 13 — Ramses' Prowess, 14 — Result of the Battle, 15 — Closing of Hostilities, 16 — The Exodus, 17 — Fear of the Hittites, 18— Carchemish, 19 — Trouble with Assyria, 20— Decay of the Hittite Power, 21 — End of the Hittite Empire, 22 — Culture of the Hittites, 23 — Society among the Hittites, 24 — Religion, 25 — Hittite Invention, 26 — Hittite Art, 27 — Hittite Record .... 100-120

Chapter V. — The Last of the Yellow Races

1— Introduction, 2 — New Waves, 3 — The Huns, 4 — The Avars, 5 — The Magyars, 6 — The Hungarians, 7 — Changes in the Map of Asia, 8 — The Turks, 9— The Seljuk Turks, 10 — The Mongols, 11 — Chingiz Khan, 12 — Tartar Conquests, 13 — The Golden Horde, 14 — Tartar Civilisation, 15 — The Ottoman Turks Appear, 16 — End of the Seljuk Dynasty, 17 — The Turkish Army, 18 — Ottoman Conquests, viii Contents.

PAGE

19 — Tamerlane, 20 — Hunyadi, 21 — The Turkish Empire, 22 — The Downward Road, 23 — Yellow Races, Concluded ......... 121-136

Chapter I. — Introduction — Libyans and Ethiopians. I. — INTRODUCTION

I — Black Supremacy, 2 — Yellow Supremacy, 3 — The White Race, 4 — Branches -of the White Race, 5 — Primitive Home of the White Race, 6— Primitive Home of the Whites, Continued, 7 — The Hamito-Semitic Empire, 8 — The Hamito- Semitic Empire, Continued, 9 — Two Types of Hamites, 10 — Families of Hamites 139-144

II. — THE LIBYANS. 1 — The Libyans, 2 — The African Libyans, 3 — A Libyan Pharaoh, 4 — The Libyans and the Phoenicians, 5 — Masinissa, 6 — Jugurtha ....... 144-151

III. — THE ETHIOPIANS, i — The Ethiopians, 2 — Ethiopian Culture, 3 — Ethiopians and Egyptians, 4— Conquered by Egypt, 5— Allies of Egypt, 6 — Ethiopian Conquest of Egypt, 7 — Ethiopian Pharaohs, 8 — The Hamito-Semitic Conflict, 9 — Assyrian Wars, 10 — Tirhakah, 11 — Assyrian Wars of Tirhakah, 12 — Latest Ethiopian Pharaohs, 13 — The Culture of the Ethiopians and the Libyans 151-162

Chapter II. — The Egyptians. I. — INTRODUCTION

1 — Introduction, 2 — The Nile, 3 — Ancient Egypt, 4 — Divisions of Ancient Egypt, 5 — The Land, 6 — The Succession of Races in the Nile Valley, 7 — Two Types of People, 8 — The Hamites, 9 — Tribes and Nomes, 10 — The Formation of Confederacies, 11 — Chronology, 12 — Historical Divisions 163-172

Contents. ix

II. — THE OLD EMPIRE.

PAGE

I — The Old Empire, 2— The First Dynasty, 3— Menes, 4 — Memphis, 5 — The Transition, 6 — The Fourth Dynasty, 7 — The Pyramid Builders, 8 — The Sixth Dynasty, 9 — The Civilisation of the Old Empire, 10 — The Dress, 11 — Dress of the Women, 12 — Society in the Old Empire, 13 — Caste, 14 — Religion in the Old Empire, 15 — Religion, Continued, 16 — The Architecture, 17 — The Sphinx, 18 — The Temple of Ptah, 1 g — The Great Pyramid, 20 — Art in the Old Empire, 21 — The Mastabas, 22 — Literature and Learning 173-191

III. — THE MIDDLE EMPIRE.

I — The Middle Empire, 2 — Period of Darkness, 3 — Thebes, 4— The Thebans, 5— The XI th Dynasty, 6— The Xllth Dynasty, 7 — Amenemhat I., 8 — Usurtasen I., 9 — A Period of Uncertainty, 10 — Civilisation, 11 — Society, 12 — Religion, 13 — Progress, 14 — The Fayoum, 15 — Temples, 16 — The Labyrinth, 17 — Art, iS — Literature . . 192-201

IV. THE HYKSOS INVASION.

i — Asiatic Encroachment, 2 — Period of Great Migrations, 3 — Hittite Migrations, 4 — Condition of Pre-Hittite Egypt, 5 — The Hyksos, 6 — The First Hamito-Mongol War, 7 — XVth Dynasty, 8 — Hyksos Possession, 9 — Apepi and Soqnun-ri, 10 — Civilisation, 11 — Society, 12 — Religion, 13 — Progress ........ 202-2 1 1

V. — THE NEW EMPIRE. — XVIIITH AND XIXTH

DYNASTIES.

i — Condition of Egypt, 2 — Second Plamito-Mongol War, 3 — The Hyksos Expelled, 4 — Aahmes-Pharaoh, 5 — Thothmes I., 6 — Western Asia, 7 — Thothmes Invades Asia, 8 — Queen Hatasu, 9 — Third Hamito-Mongol War, 10 — Egypt at the Death of Thothmes III., 11 — Successors of Thothmes III., 12— The XlXth Dynasty, 13— The Political Face of Western Asia 14 — The Egyptians, 15 — A Con-

Contents.

PAGE flictof Races, 16— Ramses I., 17— Seti I., 18— The Fourth H ami to- Mongol War, 19— Seti"s Return to Egypt. 20 — The Fifth Hamito- Mongol War, 21 — The Treaty of Kadesh,. 22— Romance of Ramses II. , 23— Ramses II., 24 — Mineptah I., 25 — The Israelites, 26 — Egypt in the XlXth Dynasty, 27 — Egyptian Culture, 28 — Society, 29 — Government, 30 — The Council, 31 — The Army, 32— Egypt in the Time of the New Empire, 33 — Religion, 34 — The Gods of Egypt, 35 — Civilisation, 36 — Egyptian Procession, 37 — Changed Condition of Society and Civilisation, 38 — Progress, 39 — The Temple, 40 — The Tomb, 41 — Pharaonic • Mummies, 42 — Temple Architecture, 43 — Hall of Karnak, 44 — Sphinxes, 45 — Sculpture and Painting, 46 — Art, 47 — Conclusion ........ 211-250

vi. — the new empire. — Continued.

1 — Troublous Times, 2 — XXth Dynasty, 3 — A New Foe, 4 — The First Sea-fight, 5 — The Foreign Wars of Ramses III., 6 — Germs of Disease, 7 — Priest-Kings, 8 — The Map of the Civilised World, 9— The XX I Id Dynasty, 10— Shishak and Jeroboam, 11— Osorkon II. and Asa, 12 — XXIId Dynasty on the Wane, 13 — The Ethiopians, 14— Piankhi, 15 — Kashta and Shabak, 16— The Day of the Semites Dawning, 17 — Hamitic Peoples, Condition of, 18 —The Hamito-Semitic Wars, 19— The XXVIth Dynasty, 20 — Psamatik, 21 — Neco, 22 — Egypt under Psamatik and Neco, 23 — The Hamito-Semitic W7ar ; Third Stage, 24 — Apries, 25 — Nebuchadrezzar Conquers Egypt . . 250-267

VII. — SUBJECT EGYPT.

1 — Subject Egypt, 2 — The Aryans, 3 — The Aryo-Hamitic Wars, 4 — Cambyses in Egypt, 5 — Kabash and the First Hamitic Revolt, 6 — The Second Revolt, 7— The Third Revolt, 8 — Aryan Rule in Egypt, 9 — Alexandiia, 10 — The Semites in Egypt, 11 — The Memluks, 12 — Mohammedan Culture, 13 — The Turks in Egypt, 14 — The Modern Population of Egypt, 15 — The Fellah, 16 — Summary ; Succession of Races in Egypt . . . . . . 268-279

Contents. xi

Part IV.— The Semites. I'AGE

Chapter I. — Introduction — The Syrians.

i — The Hamito-Semitic Empire, 2 — The Semites, 3 — Arabia, 4 — Primitive Home of the Semites, 5 — The Semites Described, 6 — Migrations of the Semites, 7 — Groups of Semites, 8 — Society, 9 — Language, 10 — Plan of Work, n — The Syrians, 12 — Syria, 13 — The Syrians Concluded 283-290

Chapter II. — The Phoenicians.

1 — Phoenicia, 2 — Origin of the Phoenicians, 3 — Migrations, 4 — The Philistines, 5 — The Coast of Syria, 6 — Sidon, 7 — Tyre, 8 — Aradus, 9 — Other Cities, 10 — A Colony, 11 — Commerce, 12 — The Trader, par excellence, of Antiquity, 13 — Navigation, 14 — A Factory, 15 — Cyprus, 16 — Gadiz, 17— Carthage, 18 — Phoenicia in her Palmy Days, 19 — Obscurity of Phoenician History, 20 — Phoenician Traditions, 21 — Early History, Continued, 22 — Hiram, King of Tyre, 23— Ethbaal, 24 — Height of Phoenician Influence, 25 — Carthage, 26— The First Settlers in Carthage, 27 — Assyrian Conquests, 28 — Phoenician Rebellion, 29 — A Revolution, 30 — Nebuchadrezzar Besieges Tyre, 31 — Phoenicia, a Babylonian and Persian Subject, 32 — The Revolt of 362 B c, 33— Alexander the Great, 34 — Under the Romans, 35— Carthage, 36— Conflict with Rome, 37 — The Second Punic War, 38— King Masinissa and Fall of Carthage, 39 — Thoenician Government, 40 — Religion, 41 — Phoenicians as Producers, 42— Manufacturing, 43 — The Humanities, 44 — Progress 291-344

Chapter III. — The Hebrews

I. — INTRODUCTION. 1 — Terah, 2 — Abraham in Egypt, 3 — Abraham and Lot, 4 — Moab and Ammon, 5 — Abrahamites, 6 — The Hebrew Groups, 7 — Israelites, 8 — Israelites in Egypt, 9 — Egyptian Oppression, 10— Moses, 11 — The Exodus, 12 — Redeeming an Inheritance, 13 — Palestine, 14 — Contemporary . Peoples, 15 — Israelites Arranged in Tribes, 16— Racial Wars, 17 — Conquest of the Promised Land, 18 — Joshua, 19 — Conquest of Palestine 345~355 xii Contents.

II. — THE JUDGES.

PAGE

I — Judges, 2 — Principal Judges, 3 — Athniel, 4 — Ehud, 5 — Deborah, 6 — Gideon, 7 — Jepthah, 8 — Samuel . . 355-360

III. — THE KINGS.

I — Israelites Ask a King ; Saul, 2 — Saul Rejected, David Anointed, 3 — David, 4 — Saul's Death, David's Succession, 5— Philistia, 6 — David's Capital, 7 — David's Wars, 8 — David's Kingdom, 9 — David's Death, 10 — David's Errors, 11 — Solomon, 12 — Solomon's Alliances, 13 — Solomon's Wisdom and Magnificence, 14 — Rehoboam Succeeds Solomon, 15 — Jeroboam, 16 — Palestine Divided . . 360-370

IV. — KINGDOM OF ISRAEL.

1 — The Northern Kingdom, Jeroboam's Organisation, 2 — War between Israel and Judah, 3 — Damascus Assists Judah, 4 — Omri, 5 — Ahab, 6 — The Black Monolith, 7— Israel and Damascus War, 8 — Israel and Moab, 9 — Jehu, 10 — Jehu Seeks the Friendship of Assyria, 11 — Jehoash and Jeroboam II., 12 — End of the House of Jehu, 13 — Tiglath-pileser III. Collects Tribute of Israel, 14 — Tiglath-pileser III. Invades Israel, 15 — Hoshea, the Last King of Israel, 16 — The Ten Tribes Dispersed . . . 370-381

V. — THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH.

I — The Kingdom of Judah, 2 — Extent of the Kingdom of Judah, 3 — Rehoboam and Pharaoh Shishak, 4 — Rehoboam Reinstated, 5 — Asa, Judah Invaded by Zerah, 6 — Judah and Ben-hadad Allied against Israel, 7 — Jehoshaphat, the Syrians Defeated, 8 — Jehoram, Edom Revolts, Philistines Plunder the Royal Palace, 9 — Years of Misrule, Syria Overruns Judah, 10 — Israel Breaks Down the Walls of Jerusalem, 11 — Uzziah, 12 — Ahaz Seeks the Aid of Assyria, 13 — Hezekiah's Reign, 14 — The Assyrio-Judean Struggle, 15 — Hezekiah's Last Days, 16 — Manassah, a Babylonian Vassal, 17 — Changes in Egypt and Assyria, 18 — Josiah Meets Pharaoh-Neco, 19 — Judah Tributary to Nebuchadrezzar, 20— Zedekiah 381-393

Contents. xiii

VI. — ISRAELITISH INSTITUTIONS.

PAGE

I — Three Phases of Israelitish Society, 2 — Patriarchal Life, 3 — The Social Organisation of the Israelites, 4 — Tribal Society in the Time of the Judges, 5 — The Kingdom of Saul and his Successors, 6 — David's Government, 7 — The Religion of Israel, 8 — Abraham's Religion, 9 — The Religion of Moses, 10 — The Religion of the Kingdom, n — Religion of the Prophets, 12 — The Civilisation of the Abrahamites, 13 — Progress in Abraham's Time, 14 — Progress, 15 — The Literature of the Jews, 16 — Summary 393-406

VII. ISRAEL DENATIONALISED.

I — Israel Denationalised, 2 — Israel Denationalised, Continued, 3 — The Babylonian Captivity, 4 — Cyrus the Great, 5 — Ezra and Nehemiah, 6— The Asmonaeans, 7 — The Jews, 8 — The Synagogue, 9 — The Diaspora, 10 — The Sanhedrin, 11 — Four Classes of the Jews, 12 — The Scribes, 13 — The Pharisees, 14 — The Sadducees, 15 — Pharisees and Sadducees, Politically, 16 — The Essenes, 17 — Jesus Christ, 18 — The Literature of the Jews, 19 — Josephus, 20 — Character of the Literary Output, 21 — Influence of the Jews To-day, 22 — Illustrious Modern Jews, 23 — Conclusion 407-427

Chapter IV. — The Mesopotamians. I. — THE INTRODUCTION

I — Mesopotamia Defined, 2 — The Tigris, 3 — The Euphrates, 4 — Tigris and Euphrates, 5 — Mesopotamia Described, 6 — Mesopotamia and Egypt, 7 — Civilisation, Pre-Semitic and Semitic, 8 — Pre-Semitic Times, 9 — The Yellow Period, 10 — Semitisation, 11 — Four Periods of Semitic Rule . 428-433

II. — THE CHALDEANS.

1 — Chaldea, 2 — Sumero-Accads, 3 — First Semitic Strongholds, 4 — Sargon of Accad, 5 — Sargon, Continued, 6 — Naram-Sin, 7 — Erech, 8 — A Mingling of Races, 9 — XXIIId Century B.C., 10 — The Elamite Invasion, 11 — Babylonia Supreme 433-440 xiv Contents.

III. — THE OLD BABYLONIANS.

PAGE

I — The City of Babylon, 2 — Babylon after the Elamite Conquest, 3 — Hammurabi, 4 — Hammurabi's Reign, 5 — The Kashite Invasion, 6 — The Contemporaries of the Babylonians, 7 — The Struggle between Babylon and Assyria, 8 — First Assyrian Conquest, 9 — Nebuchadrezzar I., 10 — Trouble with Assyria, 11 — The Relationship of Babylon and Assyria, 12 — Change of Rulers in Babylon, 13 — Subject to Chaldea, 14— Mercdach-baladan, 15— Fall of Old Babylon, 16 — Suzub of Chaldea, 17 — Babylon Plundered 440-450

IV. — THE ASSYRIANS.

I — Assyria, 2 — The Assyria of History, 3 — Colonies of Babylonia, 4 — The Assyrio-Semite, 5 — The Contemporaries of Colonial Assyria, 6 — Struggle between Assyria and Babylonia, 7 — Border- Warfare ; Shalmaneser I., 8 — Shalmaneser's Son, 9 — Tiglath-pilcser I., 10— The Nai'ri Campaign, 11 — Western Wars, 12 — Assyria's Prosperity, 13 — Last Days of Tiglath-pileser, 14 — The Contemporaries of Assyria, 15 — Assur-natsir-pal, 16 — Shalmaneser II., 17 — His Western Wars, 18 — Syrian Campaigns, 19 — Years of Rest, 20 — Rimmonnirari, 21 — A Period of Inactivity, 22 — Tiglath-pileser III., 23 — Tiglath-pileser at Home, 24 — Shalmaneser IV., 25 — Sargon II., 26— Sargon's First Year, 27 — Sargon's Second Year, 28 — Sargon's Wars, 29 — Sargon at Home, 30— Sennacherib, 31 — Sennacherib's Wars, 32 — Western Wars, 33 — Third Campaign, 34 — The Biblical Account of the Campaign, 35— Sennacherib's Last Years, 36— Campaign against Babylonia, 37 — Babylon Destroyed, 38 — Sennacherib Assassinated, 39 — Esar-haddon, 40 — His Western War, 41 — Babylon Rebuilt, 42— The Egyptian Campaign, 43 — The Northern War, 44 — Esarhaddon's Retirement, 45 — Assurbanipal, 46 — His Western Wars, 47 — Rise of Babylon, 48 — Decline of Assyrian Empire, 49 — Prophecies, 50 — The Last Struggle . . 450-487

V.- — NEW BABYLON.

I — The Assyrian Empire Divided, 2 — Nabopolassar, 3 — Nebuchadrezzar, 4 — Western Campaign, 5 — Siege of Tyre,

Contents. xv

6 — Nabonidas, 7 — Revolutionary Signs, 8 — Cyrus the Aryan, 9 — Fall of Babylon, 10 — The Fall of the Semites ......... 487-493

VI. — MESOPOTAMIAN INSTITUTIONS AND PROGRESS.

I — Society in Ancient Mesopotamia, 2 — The Origin of the Kingdom, 3 — Kingdoms in Ancient Mesopotamia, 4 — Mcsopotamian Empires, 5 — Organisation Tribal, 6 — Unity of the Mesopotamians, 7 — Religion in Mesopotamia, 8 — Semitic Beliefs Grafted upon the pre-Semitic, 9— The Gods of Mesopotamia, to — Merodach or Bel, 11 — Priesthood, 12 — Religion, Concluded, 13 — Mesopotamian Civilisation, 14 — Mesopotamian Progress, 15 — Architecture, 16 — Temples, 17 — Minor Structures, 18 — Sargon's Palace, 19 — Manufacturing, 20 — Intellectual Development, 21 — Literature, 22 — Library. of Assurbanipal, 23 — Mythology, 24 — Conclusion ........ 493-508

Chapter V. — The Arabians

1 — Arabia, 2 — Two Branches of Arabians, 3 — The Ancient Arabians, 4 — Modern Arabs, 5 — Two-fold Division of Arabian History, 6 — Arabia before Mohammed's Time, 7 — The Koreishites, 8 — Mohammed, 9 — Mohammed's Flight ; the Hegira, 10 — The Caliphs, 11 — The Ommiade Dynasty, 12 — The Abbaside Dynasty, 13 — Disaffections, Disintegrations, 14 — Society Among the Arabians, 15 — Religion among the Arabians, 16 — Mohammedanism, 17 — Civilisation and Progress ...... 509-522

Conclusion

1 — Strata of People, 2 — Epoch of the Blacks, 3 — The Origin of Races, 4 — The Yellows, 5 — The Hittites again, 6 — The Whites, 7 — Ancient History, 8 — The Hamites and Semites, 9 — The Aryans 523~527

ILLUSTRATIONS.

GREAT HALL OF COLUMNS AT KARNAK (RESTORED).

BY SETI I.

PAGE

BUILT

Frontispiece

NEOLITHIC SPEAR-HEAD OR CELT. (FRONT AND SIDE VIEW.)

FOUND NEAR CHELMSFORD, ESSEX. (FROM " TRANSACTIONS

OF THE ESSEX FIELD CLUB ") 2 .

CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTION 3 MOUND OF NIMRUD. (HOMMEL) 3 .

SEPULCHRAL VAULT AT MUGHEIR3 .

ROCK PICTURE AT BORGEN 4 CHALDEAN CYLINDER 3 MAP OF THE REGIONS ONCE OCCUPIED BY THE YELLOW RACE,

OR PEOPLES INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN THE BLACKS AND

THE WHITES

STONE AXES FROM LATER STONE AGE 4

ANCIENT SWISS LAKE-DWELLINGS, ZURICH LAKE

SIGN BY DR. F. KELLER) 5 .

GREAT WALL OF CHINA 6

INTRODUCTION OF BUDDHISM INTO CHINA7

TEMPLE AND ALTAR OF HEAVEN 6

GROOVED AXE OF SIENITE 8 . . . .

CASA GRANDE RUIN8

(FROM DE

MAYA WAR GOD °

ORNAMENTAL PIPE OF RED SANDSTONE8 .

1 From Rawlinson's Story of Ancient Egypt.

2 From Church's Story of Early Britain.

3 From Ragozin's Story of Chaldea.

4 From Boyesen's Story of Norway.

5 From Hug and Stead's Story of Switzerland.

6 From Curson's Problems of the Ear East.

7 From Douglas's Society in China.

8 From 13th Annual Report Bureau of Ethnology.

53 61 69

71 78 xviii Illustrations.

STEMMED CHIPPED FLINT ARROW-HEAD 1 .

STONE OF TIZOC2

SCULPTURE REPRESENTING HUMAN SACRIFICE2

STATUE FROM PALENQUE 8

MOUND OF ANCIENT UR 3

EXCAVATIONS AT MUGHEIR (UR) 3

GREAT HALL OF COLUMNS AT KARNAK (RESTORED). BUILT B\

SETI I. 4

HITTITE INSCRIPTION 5

HITTITE ROCK-SCULPTURE AT IBRIZ IN CILICIA, REPRESENTING

A HITTITE GOD 5

SULTAN SULEYMAN 6

SEA-FIGHT IN THE TIME OF RAMSES III.7 ....

HEAD OF PSAMATIK I.4

HEAD OF NEFERTARI-AAHMES4

HEAD OF SHABAK (SABACO) 4

SEAL OF SHABAK4

MAP OF EGYPT 4 (folding map) . .... facing 166

DOM AND DATE PALMS 4

BUST OF RAMSES II.4

TABLET OF SNEFERU AT WADY-MAGHARAH 4

GROUP OF STATUARY, CONSISTING OF A HUSBAND AND WIFE4

OSIRIS7 ....

ISIS 7

HORUS7 ....

MENTU 7 .

PILLAR FROM PHIL^ 4

MAP OF THE fayoum4 {folding map) . . . facing 196

OBELISK OF USURTASEN I. THE SITE OF HELIOPOLIS 4 BUST OF A HYKSOS PHAROAH 4 ....

BUST OF THOTHMES I.4

PAGE

85 87 89

93 97 99

105 115

117 135 147 148

157 158

1 From 13th Annual Report Bureau of Ethnology.

2 From Hale's Story of Mexico.

3 From Ragozin's Story of Chaldea.

4 From Rawlinson's Story of Ancient Egypt.

5 From Ragozin's Story, of Assyria.

6 From Lane-Poole's Story of Turkey.

7 From Davis's Book of the Dead.

199 205 214

Illustrations.

XIX

HEAD OF THOTHMES II.1 ....

HEAD OF HATASU '

HEAD OF AMENHOTEP IV. (KHUENATEN) '

HEAD OF SETI I.1

HEAD OF MINEPTAH '

KHUENATEN WORSHIPPING THE SOLAR DISK

EGYPTIAN SHIP IN THE TIME OF HATASU

HOME BUILT ON PILES IN THE LAND OF PUNT ' GROUND-PLAN OF TEMPLE AT MEDINET-ABOU l THE TWIN COLOSSI OF AMENHOTEP III. AT THEBES THE JUDGMENT HALL OF OSIRTS -

HEAD OF HER-HOR 1

HEAD OF SHISHAK 1

FIGURE RECORDING THE CONQUEST OF JUD^A BY SHISHAK FIGURE OF ESARHADDON AT THE NAHR-EL-KELB '

HEAD OF NECO l

COIN OF PTOLEMY II.3

INTERIOR OF MOSQUE OF AMR AT CAIRO 4

PLAN OF SIDON 5

PHOENICIAN GALLEY, FROM A PAINTING 5

PHOENICIAN BIREME5

PORT OF CARTHAGE (FROM SARCOPHAGI) 6 HARBOURS OF CARTHAGE (ACCORDING TO DAUX)

MELKARTH5

HIRAM'S TOMB 5 . . . .

CARTHAGINIAN COIN (ELECTRUM) 6 .

CARTHAGINIAN COIN (SILVER) 6

PHOENICIAN NECKLACES OF GOLD5 .

THE TOMB OF ESMUNAZAR 5

THE TYRE OF ALEXANDER'S TIME 5 .

MAP OF CANAAN AS DIVIDED AMONG THE TWELVE TRIBES '

(folding map) ....... facing

PAGE

323 324

1 From Rawlinson's Story of Ancient Egypt.

2 From Davis's Book of the Dead.

3 From Mahaffy's Story of Alexander s Empire.

4 From Oilman's Story of the Saracens.

5 From Rawlinson's Story of Phoenicia.

6 From Church's Story of Carthage.

7 From Hosmer's Story of the Jews.

XX

Illustrations.

BAAL AS A SUN- GOD '

ASTARTE1

SOURCE OF THE RIVER ADONIS l

SHELL OF THE MUREX TRUNCULUS 1

COIN OF BYBLUS, ENLARGED l .

COIN OF TARSUS, WITH PHOENICIAN INSCRIPTION '

MOSES IN THE BULRUSHES 2

THE RETURN OF THE ARK2 ....

MOABITE STONE — THE " MESHA STELE " 3

THE BLACK OBELISK OF SHALMANESER II.3

THE REBUILDING OF THE TEMPLE • .

VIEW OF BETHLEHEM 2

ANCIENT CASE CONTAINING THE SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH

PERMISSION OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE PALESTIN

PLORATION FUND) 4 .

MAP OF THE COUNTRIES ABOUT CHALDEA CUNEIFORM CHARACTERS 5 HEAD OF ANCIENT CHALDEAN. (FROM

SARZEC COLLECTION)5 THE SAME, PROFILE VIEW 5 CARRIED INTO CAPTIVITY 3 MARCH OF AN ASSYRIAN ARMY 3 ASSUR-NATSIR-PAL IN CONFERENCE WITH

LION HUNT 3

A TRIBUTE-BEARER BRINGING MONKEYS 3

SEMIRAMIS CHANGED INTO A DOVE 3

PORTRAIT OF SARGON 3 .

SARGON'S STANDARD 3

SARGON'S PALACE RESTORED 3

SENNACHERIB ON HIS THRONE3

ROCK-STELE OF ESAR-HADDON 3

OANNES. (FROM SMITH'S " CHALDEAN GENESIS

BRICK OF NEBUCHADREZZAR 6 .

TELL-LOH

AN OFFICE

(STRG

(BY E EX-

facing

1 From Rawlinson's Story of Phcenicia.

2 From Hosmer's Slory of the Jews.

3 From Ragozin's Story of Assyria.

4 From Morrison's Story of the Jeivs under Roman Rule.

5 From Ragozin's Story of Chaldea.

6 From Ragozin's Story of Media.

Illustrations.

XXi

SCULPTURES ON WALLS ON BOTH SIDES OF GATES PUR-SHAT

RUK1N '

• 504

CLAY TABLET IN ITS CASE 2

. 506

MAP OF ARABIA3

facing 510

BEDOUIN WOMEN 3

• 511

THE KAABA 3

• 513

MOHAMMED3

. 515

MOSQUE OF OMAR 3

• 519

1 From Ragozin's Story of Assyria.

2 From Ragozin's Story 0/ Chaldea.

8 From Oilman's Story of the Saracens.

V1

TABLE OF DATES.

B.C.

About

5000 — The Three Races were fighting for the garden spots of the world. The Ilamites were in Egypt; the Yellows were in Lower Mesopotamia ; and the Blacks were in Africa.

5000 to 2821 — The Old Empire in Egypt.

4777 to 4514 — The 1st Egyytian Dynasty.

4514 to 4212 — The lid Egyptian Dynasty.

4500 to 3500 — Egypto-Ethiopian Wars.

4212 to 3998 — The Hid Egyptian Dynasty.

3998 to 3721 — The lVth Egyptian Dynasty.

3969 to 3908 — The Pyramid Builders, Khufu, Shafra, and Menkara, reign in Egypt.

3800— Sargon of Accad, a Semite, rules a United Mesopotamia. His power is felt in Phoenicia.

3750 — Neram-Sin succeeds Sargon in power.

3721 to 3503 — The Vth Egyptian Dynasty.

3503 to 3322 — The Vlth Egyptian Dynasty.

3322 to 3252 — The Vllth Egyptian Dynasty.

3252 to 3106 — The VII Ith Egyptian Dynasty.

3106 to 3006 — The IXth Egyptian Dynasty.

3006 to 2831 — The Xth Egyptian Dynasty.

3000 to 1750 — The Egyptians make repeated invasions into Ethi, opia.

2821 to 1928 — The Middle Empire in Egypt.

2821 to 2778— The Xlth Egyptian Dynasty.

2800— LJrgur and Dungi successively rule Ur of the Chaldees.

2778 102565— The Xllth Egyptian Dynasty.

xxiii xxiv Table of Dates.

2778 — The Abrahamites in Syria.

Amenemhat I., Pharaoh.

Libyans checked from ravaging the Delta Wall of Defence erected between Egypt and Asia. 2750 — Tyre was founded, according to Herodotus. 274S — Usurtasen I., Pharaoh.