The history of colonization from the earliest times to the present day

Front matter

It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.

Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you.

Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.

Preface

Thb present work is in a certain measnre the satisfaction of a personal need. Upon the occupation of Cuba, Porto Bico, and the Philippine Islands by American troops, the problem arose whether the United States was to become a colonial power. With the swiftly passing events of the conflict with Spain and the consequences inevitably following in its wake, the horizon of national influence and authority suddenly widened. ''The results of war are invariably far beyond the anticipations of its promoters " is a time-worn adage, the truth of which has once again been proven; for this recent triumph of the Republic has opened, or will in due course open, a series of questions, new to this people and fraught with grave import All great nations have passed through similar experiences; many have solved their doubts, others are still engaged in the task. Statesmen of every age have been more or less occupied in formulating doctrines and rules of administration, trade, and conduct in, with, and toward the possessions of their respective countries. The main topic, whether colonies are advantageous and hence desirable, has been frequently debated. Wherever the policy of territorial expansion has been adopted, every current phase of management and treatment has necessarily received attention and solution. History in other aspects yields bountiful instruction to the student of social phenomena; why should it not in the sphere of colonization contribute to the evolution of better methods and more enlightened theories ?

Francis Parkman, in his preface to ''The Old Regime in Canada,'' quotes from De Tocqueville : " The physiognomy of a government can best be judged in its colonies, for there its characteristic traits usually appear larger and more distinct.

vii

Vm PREFACE

When I wish to judge of the spirit and the faults of the administration of Louis XIV, I must go to Canada. Its deformity is there seen as through a microscope." It is the fact, that in the dependency national weakness or strength is most apparent, which gives additional zest to this study; because of it, the subject gains its highest interest ; for in the disposition of the problems incidental to distant realms the ultimate destiny of a people may well be said to be presaged. The establishment of new germs of social, civil, and political organization in unexplored regions, and their subsequent growth in importance and influence, must ever be reckoned as most potent in results. How much the more significant this record becomes when the effects of these communities upon the citizens and the institutions of the parent state are considered.

Such thoughts, due to a natural interest in the affairs of the day, aroused in the author a desire for detailed knowledge. At that time he was residing in a land where the issue of the utility and propriety of colonial endeavor has been for several years agitating the public mind; so that the opportunity to hear arguments pro and con upon fundamental principles was not lacking. As his examination extended, he found, of course, that a considerable number of volumes relative to colonization had been published. |)uropean scholars have not neglected this theme, while in tlie "tJnited States distinguished writers have elaborately described the early period of American development. More careful investigation, however, shows that of these treatises almost all are devoted to certain special phases, epochs, or fields of research, are written from the standpoint of some one nation, or are too technical to be available and interesting to the majority of readers. The main object of this book may therefore be stated to be succinctly to supply information of a department of human activity, the progress of which, by reason of its peculiar complexity, it is difficult to trace within a few pages.

In pursuance of this purpose, the writer, while strictly adhering to his own method of presenting the subject, has not

PREFACE ix

hesitated to be generally guided by those whose eminence is a guarantee of their accuracy. The notes, while in many instances supplementing the text, are primarily designed as a means of acknowledging to whom the inspiration is due. In connection with the Bibliography they will also serve, it is believed, as an index to the best and most accessible literature treating the various aspects of colonization. To make any more explicit reference to specific works or sources of information in this place would be to draw an unwarranted and invidious distinction. Many, it might well be said all, the various details of the subject have been repeatedly dis^ cussed. Wherever possible the principal authorities in each instance have been cited, and to them the credit should be attributed.

Although every effort has been made to verify details of facts and figures, it is scarcely conceivable in a book of this nature that mistakes should not exist; while it is hoped that not any material errors or inconsistencies have been inadvertently overlooked, the author craves indulgence for such as may appear.

Contents

Imtaoxiuotiov •••••••••••!

PRELIMINARY CHAPTER

QENEBAL PBINCIPLES

Part I Antiquttt Chapter I

EaXLIEST COLONIZATIOir

Exchange and Barter — Primitiye Navigation— The Early Egyptians—Familiarity with the Sea — Trade under the Fifth Dynasty— A Dark Age — Prosperity of the Twelfth Dynasty — Mining Colonies on the Sinaitic Peninsula— Domestic Enterprise—Second Period of Obscurity— The Eighteenth Dynasty — Conquests of Thutmosis — Hatshepsut and her Reign — Voyage to Pfianlt— Extension of Egyptian Authority— Organization of Trade — Splendor of the Nineteenth Dynasty— Third Epoch of Oblivion — Overthrow of Egypt — Bocchoris — Revival under Psammetichus— Necho II— First Voyage around the

xi

Qoo^Q:

Xll CONTENTS

PAOV

Cape of Good Hope ((M)4 b.o.) •— Victories over the PhodnicianB

— The Greeks at Cyrene — Fall of Apries — Subjection of Egypt to Cambyses — Alexander and the Ptolemies — Canal between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea — Did Egypt own Colonies ? — • First Chaldean Empire — Early Navigation — Tradeni of Uru — Babylon — Early Epoch of Assyrian Supremacy—Struggle between Chaldea and Assyria— Rise of the Latter — Extent of its Dominions — Its Overthrow by Cyaxares— The Subject States of Assyria— Rule of the Sword

— Deportation of Vanquished Races — Effects of the System — The Medes — Their Brief Supremacy — Methods of Control

— Second Chaldean Empire — Babylon conquered by Cyrus — The Chaldeans, Farmers, Traders, and Sailors — Their Agricultural and Commercial Activity — Colony of Gerrha — Methods of Rule — Influence of the Chaldeans on Civilization

— The Ancient Persians — Their Disdain for Trade — Long Struggle for Supremacy — Disturbance of Society ... 81

CHAPTER n

PHOSirioiAir CoLONizATioir

Most Ancient Colonizing Nation — Description of Phoenicia — Origin of the Race— The Earliest Tribes— Migrations over this Region — PhoBuician Cities — Navigation, Industry, Commerce — Favorable Situation for Trade — Earliest Colonial Possessions and Colonial Trade — International Trade — Markets, not Territories, the Aim — Migration of the Hebrews — PhoBnician Colonization greatiy stimulated — Sicilian Possessions — Utica — Carthage — Mediterranean and Spanish Establishments — Their Mines — Further Navigation — Eastern Trade — Trade and Industry Enormous — City of Tyre — Diffusion of Knowledge and Civilization through Phoenician Efforts — Monopoly and Secrecy of Trade — Government of the PhoBuicians — Independence of the Cities — Their Confederation — Slavery — Administration of the Colonies — Their Development — ^Neglect of Defensive Measures — Fall of Tyre — Methods of Colonization always Peaceful — Field Unlimited in Extent — Gradual Emancipation of the Colonies — Legacies of Incalculsr ble Value to Posterity 49

CONTENTS Xiii

CHAPTER m Carthaoihiah Colonizatiov

Bite of Ancient Carthage— Scarcity of Data— Origin of the City— Fhosnician Refugees — Favorable Situation — The World of that Day— Growth and Size of the City— Political Conditions — Causes of Colonial Policy — Character and Course of Colonial Development — Sardinia and the Balearic Isles- Sicily — Varying Fortunes — Agathocles — His Invasion of Africa — Division of Sicily — Entanglements with Rome — First Punic War — Efforts in Spain — Most Glorious Epoch — Distant Voyages — Capture and Destruction of Carthage — Importance of the Colonies — Efforts for Trade Monopoly — Character of the Colonists — Lessons to be drawn from Carthaginian History — Form of Carthaginian Government — Administration in the Colonies — Dependence on Military Force — Defects of System — Domestic Corruption and Decay 68

Grbbk Colohization

Wide Dispersion of the Greeks— A Race rather than a Nation — Individuality — Independence and Variety — Early Migrations and Peoples — Development in Seamanship — Legendary Colonies — Influence of Trojan War — Earliest Historic Colonies — Settlements in Asia Minor — Islands of the JEgean Sea — The Achaean Migration — The lonians — Their Principal Cities and Possessions — The Dorian Eruption — Their Colonies— The Three Leagues — Their Purpose and Government — Political Relations with the Parent State — Importance of the Colonies — Their Great Men — Fall of the Asiatic Colonies— Lycia and the Lycians — Cyprus and the Cypriotes — Crete — Effect of these Five Colonial Systems on Greece — Colonization of the Eubodans in Chalcidice — Western Colonization — Magna Gr»cia — Its Cities — Their History — Sybaris — Croton — T^u^ntum — Thurium — Poseidonia — Rhegium — Secondary Colonization by these Cities — Sicily — Naxos — Other Colonies founded — Inhabitants of Sicily — Syracuse — Its History — The l^yrants— Wars with Greek States and with Carthage— xiy CONTENTS

Dionysius — Timoleon — Sicilian League — Agathocles — Grandeur of Syracuse — Agrigentum and other Settlements — Colonies on the Western Mainland — Massilia or Marseilles — Corcyra — Colonies in Africa — Cyrenaica — Naucrates — The Black Sea — Colonies of Miletus — Colonies of Megara — Political, Social, and Commercial Characteristics of Greek Colonization — Colonial Centres — Colonial Origins — The Athenian Cleruchies ~ Religious Ties — The Games — Political Independence — Numerous Revolutions — The Leagues — Commerce — Divenlty of Interests 86

CHAPTER V

Roman CoLomzATioN

Chaiacteristics of Greek and Roman Civilization— -Advantages and Disadvantages of Roman Colonization — The World of the Mediterranean — Its Division between Greece and Carthage — Rome a Land Power — Roman Unity — Method of Colonization — Foundation of the Colony — Classification of Roman Colonies — Two Eras — Maritime, Latin, and Italic Colonies — Time of the Republic — Lessened Activity in Colonization after 130 b.o. — Reasons — Colonies of the Empire — Their Military Character — Method of Establishment — Influence on Localities where founded — Relations between these Colonies and Roman Trade — Permanent Effects of Roman Colonization on Civilization — Origin of many Modem Cities— Infusion of Roman Nationality ; its Durability and Results .ISO

Part II Tse Middle Ages Chapter I

FnST liSDLXTAL COLONIZATION — AmALFI — PiSA

Disintegration of the Western Empire — Resemblance of the Petty Italian Republics to the Ancient States of Greece — Characteristics of their Colonies — Commercial Aim — Few Emigrants— Foreign Possessions merely Trading Posts — Amalfl — Descxip-

CONTENTS XT tion and Importanoe of the City— Relatioiui with th« East — Fall of Amalfi before the Piaana— Pisa— History— Its Conquests and Possessions — Participation in Crusades — Wealth and Prosperity — Genoese Biral^— Defeat of Pisa— Sale to Floienoe « • t « t » t t t « • 14S

CHAPTER n

PlOXXXTINS COLOinZATIOV

Early Development of Florence— Orowth of the City from 1900 to 1600 A.D.— Its Part in Italian History— Industries and Quilds —The Cloth Industry— Monopoly of Trade — Representatives in Foreign Lands — Wealth of the People— Purchase of Rival Cities— Banking Business- Banker for the Church— General Diffusion of Colonies — Lorenzo de' Medici — Discovery of

i— DecUneof theCity • « 140

CHAPTER m

OxNOxsB Colonization

Favorable Situation of Genoa and its Harbor- Early History and Sea Enterprises — League with the Pisans — Participation in the Crusades — Transporting the Crusaders to the Holy Land — Development of Trade with the Orient — Furnishing the Cru* saders their European Supplies and Seconding their Military Operations— Share of Genoa in the Spoils — Origin of the Colonies — Conquest of Pisa — Spanish Acquisitions — Extension of the Local Boundaries of Genoa— Tact displayed in the Orient — Development of this Trade— Complications and Conquests at Constantinople— Success of the Genoese and Height of their Power— Colonies and Trading Posts— Cafia— Their European Markets — Rivalry of the Venetians — Struggles for the Supremacy — Imminent Capture of Venice — Defeat of the Genoese Fleet— The Beginning of Decline — Gradual Loss of Trade and Power, due to Rise of Venice— Causes for the Inereased Prosperity of the Latter City 160 xvi CONTENTS

CHAPTER IV Vbkbtiam Colonization

PAAI

Origin of Venice — Early History — Commerce and Industries-^ Growth Coincident with the Development of the North — Aspirations for Conquest — Effect of the Crusades — Political Conditions of the Ninth Century — Venice a Fief of the Eastern Empire — Motives for Participation in the Crusades — Terms with the Crusaders — First Fruits of this Activity — Rise of Venice — Friendship both with Church and with Infidels — The Fourth Crusade — Henry Dandolo — Capture of Constantinople — Baldwin of Flanders, Emperor — Rewards of the Venetians

— Power at Constantinople, in the Black Sea, in Greece, and in the Mediterranean — Vast Colonial Empire in 1206 — The Navy — Maritime Expeditions — Political Relations with the Possessions — Form of Colonial Government — Effect of Foreign Power on Political and Social Conditions at Home — Rise of the Aristocracy — Monopoly of Trade — Mare Clausum — Rivalry with Genoa— Defeats of the Venetians— Internal Dissensions — Difficulties with the Church — Conquests in Northem Italy— Relations with the Turks — Public Calamities— Further Disasters — Efforts for Retrenchment — Final Struggle with Genoa — Revival of Venice — Recovery of Territories and Extension — Renewed Influence in the East — Absolute Monopoly of Trade — Italian Wars — Fall of Constantinople in 1463 — Hostilities with the Turks — Last Crusade — Beginning of the Decline — Trade, Commerce, and Wealth of Venice — Extent of Commerce — Venice the Metropolis — The Four Squadrons — Commercial Monopoly — Colonial Dominion and Policy

— Manufactures — Regulations of Trade — Local Conditions — Venetian Civilization and Intelligence — Reasons for Prosperity

— Causes for Decline — Activity of the Portuguese — Discovery of America — Rise of the Turks — Expansion of Trade — Unfavorable Situation — Devotion to Monopoly — Efforts in Italy

— Non-appreciation of Western Discoveries — Failure to modify PoUcy 166

CONTENTS xvii

CHAPTER I R18B OF POBTUOUBSB COLONIZATION — ThB £a8T

PAOV

Point of Departure — The Mediterranean ; its Former Importance and Decline — Portuguese Enterprise — Dom Henrys; Devotion to Navigation and Discovery — Causes for Development of the Maritime Spirit — African Coast Expeditions — Cape Non — Discovery of the Canaries — Madeira — Popular Disapproval — Cape Bojador — Papal Grant to the Portuguese — Change in Public Opinion — Gambia, Cape Verde, and the Azore Islands —Death of Dom Henry — Settlements and Explorations in Africa — Ogane or Prester John — Discovery of the Cape of Grood Hope — Vasco da Gama— First Voyage to India — Portuguese Enthusiasm — Pedro Alvarez Cabral reaches Brazil and India — Other Expeditions — Organization of a Government for India — The Albuquerques and Almeida — Extent of Portuguese Power in 1640 — Commerce, Wealth, Tyranny, and Misconduct — Neglect of Western Possessions — Brazil — Its First Settlers — Form of Government — Land Grants — Fall of Portugal in 1680 — Loss of its Prosperity and Colonies — Incapacity of Spain . . • .199

CHAPTER n

Dbclinb of Pobtuoubsb Colonization — Thb Wbst

Portugal again Independent in 1640 — Recovery of Some Colonies — Transfer of Power from East to West— Political and Economic Conditions of the Eastern Possessions — Lack of Agriculture — Devotion to Trade and Commerce — Monopoly sustained by Military Force — Trade reserved to the Crown — Its Regulations and Methods — Armed Vessels — Lisbon the only Port — Not any Distribution of Merchandise — Causes of Decadence — Political Corruption — The Portuguese in Africa — The Slave Trade — Origin, Causes, and Growth — Slavery in Brazil — Trade with Brazil — - Periodical Fleets — Pombal — Precious Metals and Mining — Unimportance of Portuguese

Qoo^Q:

xviil CONTENTS

PAOB

Colonial History in the Eighteenth Centoiy — Influence of England — The Separation of Brazil — French Inyasion of Portugal (1807) and Flight of the Royal Family to Brazfl — Residence in the Colony until 1821 — Effects — Return of the King to Europe (1821) — Regency of Dom Pedro— His Proclamation of Independence — Peaceful Secession — Portuguese Spirit in Brazil— The Reyolution of 1889— Statistics of Population, Area, Wealth, Trade, and Finance — Reawakening in Africa 218

CHAPTER m

Spanish Colonization pbiob to 1542

Importance of Spanish Colonization — Relative Progress of Various Ages — Periods of Spanish Colonization — Exterior Influence— Columbus, Genoese by Birth, Portuguese by Experience — His Labors in Portugal — Withdrawal to Spain — Rapid Development of Spain into a Colonial Power — Misconception and Disappointment of the Spaniards in America — Conditions then existing in Spain — Early Cooperation and Tolerance of the Church — First Settlement on Hispaniola — Spanish Policy at that Time — Treatment of the Aborigines — Regulations for Commerce — The Casa de Coniratacion — Royal Council of the Indies 280

Bbilliant Period of Spanish Colonisation in South America

Transition in Policy — Royal Ordinances of Charles V — Adoption of Intolerant Methods — Corruption of Officials — Motives for Migration to America — Gold the Chief Attraction — Slow Growth of the Colonies — Restriction of Emigration — Organization and Administration — System of Fiefs — Social Conditions— "Divide to Rule" Policy — Multiplicity of Castes — Other Discriminations — Isolation of the Viceroys — Powers of the Audiencias — Authority of the Council of India — Extent of Spanish Dominion — The Jesuit Missions — Their Organization, Conduct, and Effects — Their Dissolution .... 244

CONTENTS Ziz

CHAPTER V

PAAB

Early Influence of Colonization on Spain — Restrictiye Policy ^- One Port — Limited Number of Fleets — Methods of American Trade — Prejudice to the Colonists— Prohibition to sell to ForeigneiB — Lack of Information and Inadequacy of Organization — Exclusion of Foreigners — Contraband Trade — Attitude toward Manufactures — Discontent of the Settlers — Decline in Spanish Trade — Change of Policy (1714) — Concessions to England — Abolition of the Sea Caravans — Modifications in the Administrative System — Slow Progress — Further Openhig of Trade (1764-1778) — Characteristics of Spanish Methods— Failure of Commercial Reforms — Evil Influence of the Priesthood — Revolutions of Spanish South America — Demands of the People — Struggle with Spain and Birth of the Republics — Withdrawal of Spanish Troops in 1826 — Influence of the Colonies on Spain — Rank and Wealth — Disdain of Industiy —Domestic Opposition to Reforms when undertaken — The Conquest of Spain by Napoleon — Alliance with England — Relations with the Former Colonies after Independence • • 260

CHAPTER VI

Unimportance of Cuba prior to 1800 — Conditions existing in the Island at that Time — More Enlightened Methods than on the Mainland — Natural Resources— Fertility of Soil — Sugar and Coffee — Other Favorable Circumstances — Emigration from South America — Abolition of Slavery — Statistics in 1800 — Devotion to Sugar and Horrors of Slavery — Introduction of the Chinese — Decadence of Prosperity — Anomalies of Taxaticm — Spain outdistanced by Other Nations in Freedom of Trade— Discriminations against United States — Official Corruption and Growing Discontent — Insurrections and Rebellion of 1868— High Taxes— Procrastination in Reforms— Revolution of 1805-1808 — Intervention of United States — Porto Rico — Early R^me — Conditions in First Part of Nineteenth Century — Statistics — The People — Present Situation — Freedom from Dissensions — The Philippines — Early History —

X3t COKTENTS

PAOI

Disputes between Si>aiiiards and Portogaese — Legaspi — Troubles with the Chinese, the Dutch, and the English — Revolts and Rebellions — The Priests — Excellent Situation of the Archipelago — Trade under Spanish Rule — Social Conditions — Capture by Admiral Dewey — The Remnants of the Spanish Colonial Empire — Reasons for its Decline • • • 277

CHAPTER Vn

BisB or Dutch Colonization and Prospbritt of thb Dutch East India Cohfant

Peculiarities of Dutch Colonization— Conditions in the Netherlands prior to 1600 — Trade with Italy and Portugal — The Dutch Navy — Antwerp, the Metropolis of the North — Ruin of the Flemish Cities — Rise of England and Amsterdam — The Conflict with Spain — Its Influence on the Low Countries — The Fall of Portugal and its Results — Conditions of Oriental Trade at that Time — The Loss of the Invincible Armada — Trade Guilds — Cornelius Houtman leads a Dutch Expedition around the Cape of Good Hope — Early Dutch Settlements In the Moluccas and Java — Early Doctrines of the Dutch — Open Seas — Motives for Organization of the Dutch East India Company — Inadequacy of Private Revenues — Great Capital required — Situation of Trade at that Epoch — Charter of the East India Company (1602) — Methods of Business — Object strictly Commercial — Welcome of the Dutch in India and Rapid Development of their Power — Devotion to the Spice Culture — Monopoly— Rivalry with the English — The Fall of Ormus — Expeditions to China, Japan, and the Far East — Batavia — The Cape of Good Hope — Aims of the Company exclasively Mercantile — Methods — Results of Dutch Policy — Extent of Possessions and Trade — Conditions in the Colonies — Character of Administration— Reasons for the Company's Success . 800

CHAPTER Vin

Decline of Dutch Colonization in the East

Union of the Two English East India Companies — Adoption of the Plantation Policy by the Dutch — Exaggerated Monopoly of One Article — Devotion of the Dutch to Spices — Methods employed for the Control of this Trade — Destruction of Surplus

CONTENTS xxi

Flantfl^ Antiquated Notions — Corraption of Dutch Officiali — Indiyidual Trading — Mismanagement of the Company at Home

— Maintenance of Old-fashioned Regulations — Extortion on the Part of the State — Vast Revenue of the Company during Time of Prosperity — Wars with England — Examination of the Company's Finances in 1789 — Fall of the Company and the Causes— Disregard of the Future — Solely Mercantile Aims — Indifference to Permanent Settlements — Fatal Consequences of this Policy — Abandonment of Liberal Principles — Absence of Religious Persecution and Slavery — Remarkable Development of Holland — Enormous Revenues to the State — Hatred of Europe — Failure of the Dutch to keep Pace with the Times — Justification for the Creation of the Company — Conditions about 1800 — Loss of Dutch Prestige — Conquest by France and England — Governor Daendels 824

CHAPTER IX

Dutch East India nr the Ninbtbbnth Cbnturt ahd DcTCH Colonization in thb Wbst

Revival of Holland after 1800— Importance of Java— Partition of the East Indies with England — Irresolution of the Dutch — Prevailing Conditions — Formation of a New Company — Governor Van den Bosch — His System — Agricultural Prosperity — Sugar and Coffee — Administration of Java — Increased Attention to Coffee and Sugar — Modem Development of Java — Present Conditions — Recent Statistics — True Doctrine of Colonization — The Dutch in the West— The West India Company — Its Objects and Labors — South America — New Amsterdam — Failure of the Company and its Successors — Curasao — Company of Surinam — Dutch Guiana — Conditions during the Eighteenth Century — Recent History — Statistical Statement of Present Dutch Colonization — The Dutch in Africa

— Modem Ideas of Colonization — Achievements of the Dutch 843

CHAPTER X

French Colonization in North Ambrioa

ABecital of Adventure — Richelieu, Colbert, and Coligny— Early African Voyages — Feebleness of France — Dispersion of Resources — Early Westem Expeditions — Jacques Cartier — xxii CONTENTS

FAra

Discovery of the St Lawrence — Efforts of Admiral Coligny — Charter of the Canadian Company — Adoption of Monopoly ^- Immense Domains of France — Elaborate Aims of the French Company — Abundance of Promoters — Indifference of the People — Mercantile Policy — Evil Influence of the Church — Expedition of Samuel Champlain — The Feudal System tu Canada — Correction of Abuses in 1628 — Obstacles to Canadian Growth — Effects of the Priesthood — Administrative Organization—Conflicts between the Civil and Ecclesiastical Authorities — Restrictions upon Trade — Early Statistics — The Spirit of Adventure — French Explorations and Results — Efforts of Colbert — John Law and the Mississippi Scheme — Dissolution of the Canadian Company — Conquest of Canada by the British in 1763 — Record of Louisiana during the Eighteenth Century — Other French Possessions in North America — Failure of the French in the Western Hemisphere 860

CHAPTER XI

Eablt Fbbitoh Colonizatiok in Guiana Aim thb Antillxb

Quiana — French Pirates — Early Conditions — The Company of the Amazon and Orinoco — Contrast with the Dutch — Slow Development of French Influence — Colony of Kourou (1770)^ Further Efforts — The French Antilles — Propitious Conditions for Colonization — Early Settlements — St. Christopher — Devotion to Agriculture — Inefficient Methods of the French— French Filibusters — Growth of St. Christopher — Beneficent Labors of the Clergy — Religious Tolerance — Colbert*s Company — Sugar and Slavery — Restriction of Trade — Division of the West Indies between France and England — Relinquishment of the Slave Trade and its Results — Influence of John Law on these Regions — Development of Wealth — Administrative Organization — Conditions just before the French Revolution — Loss of the French Colonies 886

CHAPTER Xn

Earlt Frxnob Colonization in India and Afxioa

The French in the Orient — Madagascar — Organization of the French East India Company — Characteristics — Feebleness of the French — Early Efforts in Madagascar, India, and Ceylon —

CONTENTS Xxiii

AdTentaiM in Slam — DiiBoulties in India — DnmMf Labonrdonnais, and Dapleix— Conflict between England and France in the East — Capture of the French Pofiseesions by England (1763) — Dissolution of the Company (1769) — MauriUns and Bourbon — Conditions and Events (1600-1800) — Seizure of these Islands by England (1810) —The French in Africa — Senegal and its Company— The Slave Traffic— -Loss of these Territories — Reasons for French Failure — Vastness of Plans and Inability of Execution — Record of Adventure, not of Colonization — Failure of the People to Participate in the Efforts of their Leaders — Baneful Influence of the Companies — Eventual Loss of the Colonies 408

CHAPTER Xm

Two Epochs (1000-1800 and 1815-1000)— List of Colonies recovered— Statistics of Growth during the Nineteenth Century — Tabulated Statement — Recent Increase of French Power — Present Statistics of Area and Population • • • • • 416

CHAPTER XIV

Colonies restored (1816) — Situation then prevailing — Legislation for Amelioration in Position of Slaves — Emancipation — Dis* tress in the Colonies — The Labor Problem — Importation of Laborers— Attending Difficulties— Dissolution of the Colonial Compact — Concessions by France — Introduction of Beet Sugar into France— The Beet vs. the Cane — Increase in the Products cultivated— Decline of the Sugar Industry —Statistics of Guadeloupe and Martinique — Guiana — Attempts at Colonization — Subsequent Decadence — Penal Station — Arbitration of Boundary Line — Recent Statistics — St Pierre and Miquelon — Reunion— Modem History — Effects of Sugar Legislation — Statistics— The Race Question — Present French Colonies in India 424

XXIV CONTENTS

CHAPTER XV

ExTBNSioif OF French Colonization nr thb Ninbtebnth Century

PAOV

Senegal — History and Statistics— Extension of French Power on tlie West Coast of Africa — Congo, Guinea, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Dahomey, etc. — Difficulties of Colonization in this Region — French Love of Adventure — Same Problem as in Eighteenth Century — Madagascar — Early History — Efforts to control Island — War of 1884-1886 — Conflict of 1895 — Final Peace Treaty — Statistics — Algeria — Early History — Events leading to Occupation — Purchase of Grain — Quarrel with the Algerines — Expedition of 1830 — Subsequent Hostilities — Present Statistics — Fusion of Algeria with France — Administration — Emigration — Native Tribes — The Land Question — Rapid Development of Algeria — Actual Conditions — Tunis — Its Annexation — Statistics — Situation and Population — Napoleon III and the East — Extension of French Power in the Orient — Current Statistics — Effects of Occupation and Future Prospects — French Possessions in Oceanica — New Caledonia — Problems of the Present — Contrast with Past Experiences •.••••••• 437