High school history of England

Preface

In the small space allowed me in this little book, I have tried to set before young readers a connected history of the rise and development of England. While giving as far as possible the chief facts required by students, I have been especially anxious to present a vivid picture of the life, the difficulties, and the achievements of our ancestors ; showing how our laws, our constitution, our trade, and our colonies have arisen. If this short sketch opens the way to the study of more comprehensive histories, leading those now growing up into citizens of a widespread empire to take a lively interest in the past, present, and future of our nation, it will have done its work.

At the same time, as it is necessary in school teaching that dates and facts should be firmly rooted in the memory, I have endeavoured, with the help of Messrs. Acland and Ransome’s admirable Outlines, so to arrange the Table of Contents at the beginning of the volume that it may offer a clear abstract of the facts of each chapter, and also serve as a Chronological Table, giving the dates in their due succession. Among so many figures, both in the table and the text, there must inevitably be some errors in spite of every care. When any such are discovered, I shall be grateful to those who will point them out that they may be corrected.

Upcott Avenel, Highampton.

- 2605871

CANADIAN AUTHOR’S PREFACE.

A brief explanation of the Canadian author’s share in this History is, perhaps, desirable.

The revision and classification of the matter of Miss Buckley’s History of England has been carried out with a scrupulous regard to maintaining intact the essential features of the work. Particular attention has been given to retaining the “woven whole” of the style and diction of the author, a style and diction at once simple, graphic, and interesting. Therefore, the changes made have been principally in the direction of the classification of the contents of the paragraphs, the excision of minor dates and names, and in the giving of fuller details of some important events and measures somewhat briefly treated by Miss Buckley.

As to the part of this work dealing with Canada, it is but fair to state that no attempt has been made to give a full and complete account of all the events that occur in our history. The “leading events” alone have been sketched; the task of giving important details being left to the intelligent teacher. No one feels more keenly than the author, the impossibility of giving in the space of eighty pages, an account of the growth and life of the Canadian people. An effort, however, has been made to give a fair and impartial outline, in language so simple as to be easily understood by the junior pupils of our High Schools.

W. J. ROBERTSON.

St. Catharines, June 1st, 1891.

SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND SINCE THE NORMAN CONQUEST.

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GEORGE IV., WILLIAM IV., Edward, Ernest, Duke of

1820. 1830. Duke of Kent. Cumberland,

I King of Hanover

VICTORIA,

GENEALOGIES 1

PAGE

Sovereigns of England — General Outline ... vi

Races of Early Britain xxxiv

Sovereigns from the Conquest to Great Charter . 32

Sovereigns from Great Charter to House of Lancaster . 60

Sovereigns of Lancaster and York .... 91

Sovereigns of the House of Tudor . 112

Sovereigns of the House of Stuart .... 150

Sovereigns of the House of Hanover .... 232

MAPS

Map I. English Kingdoms in 600 . . Facing page 8

II. England and the Danelagh . . “ 18

I [I. Dominion of the Angevins . . “ 4&

IY. Map of Hundred Years’ War . “ 78

Y. Battles and Sieges of the Civil

YI. India in the time of Clive . . “ 244

VII. North American Colonies at Declaration of Independence . “ 258

VIII. Australasia ..... “ 288

' In these genealogies no attempt is made to give all the children of each king. Only those are named who are concerned in the succession to the throne.

ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER WITH DATES.

(In referring from this table to the text, make use of the dates in the side notes.)

Chapter. I. Early Britain

England defined — Britain before England — Palaeolithic men — Neolithic men — Cromlechs — Celts — Visits of Phoenicians, sixth century b. c. — Invasions of Julius C00sar, b. c. 55-54 — Homes of Britons— Druid religion— Roman Conquest, a. D. 43— Caractacus, a. d. 50— Boadicea, a. d. 61 — Three hundred years of Roman rule— Romans leave, A. d. 401-410 —Piets and Scots grow troublesome Pages 1-7 b. c. 55 to

Chapter II. How The English Came

Saxon pirates in fourth century— Landing of Jutes in Britain, 449— Kingdom of Kent founded, 449— Arrival of Saxons, 477— King Arthur defeats the Saxons, 520— Saxon Settlements, Essex, Wessex, etc.— Settlements of Angles— Northumbria, 603— East Anglia and Mercia— Terms Welsh and English— Early English villages— Eorls and ceorls— Laets to

X

Contents

and slaves — Compurgation and ordeal— Folkmoot and Witangemot — Kings elected, with thegns for bodyguard— Heathen gods— Conversion to Christianity of Ethelbert of Kent, 597 — Of Edwin of Northumbria, 627 — Irish Missions, 634-664 — English Church organised, 673— Origin of towns— Rise of monasteries and towns — Bede the historian, 673-735 — Egbert of Wessex Lord of all the English, 802-839.

Chapter III. Struggle Between English And Danes

Invasion of Danes or Northmen, 789-879— Ethelwulf of Wessex fails to check them, 839-858 — Ethebald, Ethelbert, Ethelred I. struggle against them, 858-871.

ALFRED THE GREAT, 871-901 — After seven years’ fighting is forced to hide in the marshes — Returns, defeats the Danes, and forces them to sign Treaty of Wedmore, 878 — Alfred’s government — He translates works — Encourages education — Forms a navy — Collects and improves the laws — Promotes foreign trade and travel — Peter’s Pence — Alfred

Making of England under Alfred’s family— Edward the Elder, 901-925, and his sister Ethelfled conquer the Danelagh — Athelstan, 925 ; Edmund, 940 ; Edred, 946 ; Edwy, 955 ; gradually conquer the northern counties — Edgar the Peaceable, 959-975, has Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, as minister — Increased power of king — Shire-reeves his officers — His thegns numerous — Ceorls sink into villeins — Frith-guilds

Yeomen — Great nobles and bishops — Danes and English

settle down together— Firm government of Dunstan— Laws of Edgar — Lothian put under Kenneth, King of the Scots = Increase of trade— The land first called Engla-land— Edward the Martyr, 975-979— Fall of Dunstan, 978— He dies, 988.

ETHELRED THE UNREADY. 979-1016— Quarrels with his thegns— Second Danish invasion, 991— Danegeld first levied, 991— Massacre of Danes, 1002 — Sweyn’s revenge — Ethelred flies to Normandy — Government divided between Cnut, Sweyn’s son, and Edmund Ironside, son of Ethelred —

Edmund dies, 1016.

CONTENTS.

XI

CNTJT THE DANE elected king, 1017— Divides England into four earldoms— Eighteen years of peace, 1016-1035— Cnut’s sons, Harold, 1035, and Harthacnut. 1040, rule badly — On death of Harthacnut the English recall Ethelred’s son Edward, 1042 Pages 15-24

Chapter IV. Norman Influence In England

EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, son of Ethelred the Unready, and Emma of Normandy — Origin and character of Normans — Edward favours Norman nobles — Earl Godwin of Wessex outlawed, 1051 — William of Normandy visits Edward, 1051 -Godwin returns and Norman favourites flee to France, 1052— Harold, Godwin’s son, rules in Edward’s name, 1053 — Welsh king subdued — Northumbrian rebellion — Tostig, Harold’s brother, outlawed, 1065 — Harold’s oath in Normandy— Death of Edward, 1066.

HAROLD is king for nine months— William of Normandy claims the crown — Harold defeats King Hardrada of Norway and Tostig at Stamford Bridge, Sept- 25— Battle of Hastings, Oct. 14 — Noblest of English nation killed — Harold slain— William crowned at Westminster Dec. 25.

PART n.

FROM THE CONQUEST TO THE GREAT CHARTER.

Chapter V. England Under Norman Rule

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, hard and stern, but a wise statesman — Confiscation of land — Folk -land becomes king’s land — Feudal system — Building of castles — Norman nobles oppress the people— English revolt— Struggle with English patriots, 1067— William subdues Exeter, 1068— Retakes York, and wastes the north country, 1069— End of Patriot leaders, 1071 — Laws of the English declared by twelve men from each

shire — William lays waste land in Hampshire for New Forest

Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, rules well, but appoints

Dec. 25 xii

CONTENTS.

foreign bishops, 1070 — William’s eldest son Robert rebels, 1078 — General survey of England — Domesday Book, 1086- Troubles and death of William at Rouen, Sept. 9, 1087 — Robert has Normandy and Maine — William, the third son, is elected king in England.

WILLIAM II., surnamed Rufus, crowned at Westminster by Lanfranc, Sept. 26 — He was brave but lawless and vicious —Barons rebel in Robert’s favour, 1088— English support the king— Defeat of Normans at Pevensey, 1088— Death of Lanfranc, 1089— Ralph Flambard, justiciar, oppresses the people — War against Robert in Normandy, 1090— Conquests in Wales — Annexation of Cumberland, 1092 — Malcolm of Scotland does homage — Anselm made archbishop, 1093, tries to check William’s oppressions — Robert goes to the crusades,, and pledges Normandy to William, 1096 — Anselm retires to Rome, 1097— William killed when hunting, Aug. 2, 1100 — Henry, fourth son of the Conqueror, seizes the throne.

HENRY I. is chosen King and crowned at Westminster, Aug- 11, 1100 — A learned and cautious man — First Norman king born in England— Grants a charter of liberties — Marries a princess of English blood— Imprisons Flambard — Quiets Robert with a pension — Colony of Flemings planted in Pembroke, 1105 — Norman barons rise for Robert — Battle of Tenchebrai, 1106 — Robert imprisoned in England— Bishop Roger, justiciar, 1107 — Restores just laws — Court of the Exchequer— Blending of Normans and English — Henry’s son William drowned, 1120 — Henry makes barons swear allegiance to Matilda— Pope’s legate received in England, 1125 — Cistercian monks settle in England, 1128 — Death of Robert’s only son, 1128 — Death of Robert, 1134 — Death of Henry, 1135 . Pages 33-45

Chapter VI. Anarchy Under Stephen

STEPHEN, grandson of William the Conqueror, seize# the throne — Popular but unstable — Well received by the people of London — Some of the barons support Matilda, whose uncle, David of Scotland, is defeated in the Battle of the Standardi

CONTENTS.

1138— Stephen arrests Roger the justiciar and others, 1139. Matilda lands in England, 1139— Civil war — Stephen a prisoner, 1141 — Siege of Oxford, 1142 — Matilda leaves England, 1147 — Barons ravage the land— Religious revival— Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, mediates between Stephen and Prince Henry — Treaty of Wallingford, 1153 — Death of Stephen, Oct. 25, leaving the crown to Henry . . . Pages 45-48

Chapter VII. Henry Plantagenet And His Sons

HENRY II., grandson of Henry I., crowned at Westminster, Dec. 19— A strong, wise king— Issues a charter— Destroys barons’ castles — Restores eourts of justice — Establishes circuits and juries, and scutage in lieu of military service — Thomas Becket chancellor, 1154 — Made Archbishop of Canterbury, 1162 — Opposes trial of clergy in law-courts— Quarrel of Henry and Becket, 1163— Becket flies to France, 1164 — Constitutions of Clarendon, 1164 — Assizes of Clarendon, 1166, and Northampton, H69— Students at Oxford— Return and murder of Becket, 1170— General league against Henry, 1173— His penance, 1174 — Subdues the King of Scotland, the rebel barons, and his own sons— Militia established, 1181— Death of Henry, 1189- Henry and Geoffrey having died, Richard, the third and eldest surviving son, succeeds.

RICHARD I., Cceur de Lion, crowned Sept. 3— Brave and popular, but a foreigner in heart and speech — Sold all offices he could, and left in December for the Crusades— His brother John tries to supplant him in England — Longchamp, justiciar, deposed, 1191— First Mayor of London, 1191— Richard taken prisoner by Austria, 1192— Five kinds of taxes imposed for his ransom— He visits England for four months, 1194, and then never again— Hubert Walter and Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, justiciars— Bishops oppose unjust taxes— Death of Richard from an arrow-wound at Chaluz, April 6.

JOHN, fourth son of Henry II., succeeds in England- Handsome, cruel, and treacherous — Makes war on Arthur of Brittany, Geoffrey’s son, who has succeeded to Anjou —Arthur aged fifteen, is taken prisoner, and disappears, 1203— John ylii

1139 1147

XIV

CONTENTS.

1265 1272 refuses to account to Philip of France for his death — Philip takes Normandy and Anjou, 1204— Archbishop Hubert dies, 1205— Stephen Langton elected archbishop, 1206— John refuses to admit him to England — Pope lays England under an interdict, 1208 — Excommunicates John, 1209 — Deposes him, 1212— John submits and becomes the Pope’s vassal, 1213 — Growing strength of the nation — Barons demand a charter —John forced to sign Magna Charta, 1215— War between king and barons— Louis of France comes with an army, 1216 — Loss of crown jewels in the Wash — Death of John, Oct. 19, 1216 Pages 48-59

Chapter VIII. The Barons’ War

HENRY III-, son of John, aged nine, crowned at Gloucester with gold circlet — Well-meaning, but weak and suspicious — William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, Regent — The French defeated at Lincoln and in the Channel, return home, 1217 — Good government of Hubert de Burgh, justiciar— Privy Council— Prosperity of country — Fairs — Highwaymen — Death Of Archbishop Langton, 1228— Pope levies money in England —Henry dismisses Hubert, last great justiciar, 1232, and favours foreigners — To obtain money summons earls, barons, and bishops in a Parliament— Extravagance of Henry drives barons to resist— Mad Parliament, 1258— Provisions of Oxford— Simon de Montfort, king’s brother-in-law, leader of the barons— Mise of Amiens, 1264— Battle of Lewes, 1264 — King made prisoner — Prince Edward surrenders at Mise of Lewes after the battle— Montfort’s Parliament, origin of Commons, 1265 — Escape of Prince Edward, May 28 — Battle of Evesham, Montfort killed, Aug. 4, 1265— Dictum of Kenilworth, king restored, 1266— Prince Edward goes to crusades— Death of Henry, 1272 . . • Pages 61-66

CONTENTS.

XV

Chapter IX. Struggle With Wales And Scotland

EDWARD I., a brave and wise king — two years’ regency — Edward returns and is crowned, Aug 12, 1274 — Office of justiciar is dropped — Burnell Chancellor — Halfpennies and Earthings first coined— Llewellyn of Wales refuses homage —Conquest of Wales, 1277-1282— First English Prince of Wales, 1301 — Organisation of law-courts — Statute of Mortmain, 1279— Keepers of the Peace established, 1285 —Expulsion of Jews, 1290— Struggle with Scotland— Scots have no king, 1290— Edward, as umpire, chooses John Baliol. 1292— First complete English Parliament, 1295—

Edward raises heavy taxes, and Parliament in return exacts new charters, 1297 — -Edward requires Scotch law-appeals to be heard in England — War with Scotland, 1296 — Insurrection under Wallace, 1297 — Battle of Falkirk, 1298 — Wallace hanged, 1305 — Rebellion under Robert Bruce, who is crowned king 1306 — Edward, marching to Scotland, dies at Burgh-on-Sands, July 7, 1307.

EDWARD II., son of Edward L, a weak, headstrong king, governed by favourites — Neglected the Scotch war — Rule of Piers Gaveston, 1308— Driven out by Lords Ordainers, 1310 — Returns and is beheaded, 1312 — Knights Templars abolished, 1309— Battle of Bannockburn, English defeated, 1314- Famine and trouble, 1315— Rule of Hugh le Despenser, 1320 — Barons rebel— Lancaster beheaded, 1322 — Commons gain a share in making laws, 1322— Edward’s queen Isabella brings troops from France, 1326— King deposed Jan. 7, and murdered Sept- 21, 1327 Pages 66-77

Chapter X. The Hundred Years’ War

EDWARD III., son of Edward II. , aged fifteen, crowned Jan. 29. 1327 — Rule of Queen Isabella and Mortimer, 1327- 1330 -Independnce of Scotland recognised, 1328— Fall and death of Mortimer, 1330 — King of France, coveting Guienne,

1307 1310 1314 1322

CONTENTS.

xvi interferes in Scotland— Edward claims French crown, 1337 — Hundred Years’ War begins, 1338 — Naval victory off Sluys, 1340— Battle of Crecy, 1346— Bravery of Black Prince- Surrender of Calais, 1346— Order of Garter instituted, 1348 — Home affairs— Freedom of serfs and leases granted — Growth of industries — Gold coins first used, 1344 — Parliament gains power by the king’s need of money for the war— Defeat of Scots at Neville Cross, 1346 — Black Death, 1348— struggle between capital and labour — Statute of Labourers, 1349 — State of people seen in writings of Chaucer and Langland — Wiclit preaches equality — First statute of praemunire, 1353 — Renewal of French war, 1355 -Battle of Poitiers, 1356— Peace of ! Bretigny, 1360— Statutes of Kilkenny oppress the Irish,

! 1367— Disastrous third campaign with France, loss of ! French territory, 1376— Decline of the king— Good Parlia- ! ment impeaches the ministers— Death of Black Prince,

1 1376— First poll-tax, 1377— Death of Edward III., June 21, 1377.

RICHARD II., son of Black Prince, aged eleven, crowned July 16 — Brave and strong-willed, a good king till spoilt by absolute power — His uncle, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, has great influence— Peasants revolt against poll-tax, 1381 —Wat Tyler and John Ball— Richard appeases the people— Villeinage dies out gradually— Struggle between Richard and his uncles — Council of Eleven appointed, Dec. 1, 1386— Lords Appellant attack the king’s friends in the Merciless Parliament, 1388— Richard takes the Government, 1389— Second law of prcemunire, 1393— A truce with France, 1396 — Richard’s revenge, 1397 — An absolute— He banishes Norfolk and Henry of Hereford and Lancaster, surnamed Bolingbroke — Henry returns to claim his lands— Fall and imprisonment of Richard, 1399 —Bolingbroke declared king, Sept. 30, 1396. . Pages 77-90

CONTENTS.

xvil

Chapter XI. The House Op Lancaster

HENRY IV., of Lancaster, grandson of Edward III. and son of John of Gaunt — An able king under many difficulties — Unsettled succession for eighty years — English nobles rebel, 1400 — Death of Richard — Owen Glendower rebels in Wales, 1400— Persecution of Lollards, 1401 — Battle of Homildon Hill against the Scots, 1402 — Revolt of Percies and Glendower, 1403 — Battle of Shrewsbury, 1403 — Rebellion cf Mowbray and Scrope, 1405— Commons gain power by troubles of the king, 1407 — Beauforts, sons of John of Gaunt, were chancellors —Death of Henry, March 20, 1413.

HENRY V., of Lancaster, son of Henry IV., a brilliant soldier and wise statesman — Granted to the Commons that their Bills should not be altered, 1414— Alien Priories granted to king, 1414— People prosperous — Revolt of Lollards, 1414— Henry revives the war with France, 1415— Siege of Harfleur, 1415 — Battle of Agincourt, 1415 — Siege of Rouen, 1418 —Henry Regent of France, 1420— Death of Henry 1422.

HENRY VI. of Lancaster, son of Henry V. , aged ten months —Duke of Bedford, Protector of the Realm, goes to the French war — Duke of Gloucester and Cardinal Beaufort quarrel at home, 1425 — Decline of Parliament — Parliament of the “ Bats,” 1425— Siege of Orleans, 1428 — Siege raised by Jeanne Dare — Charles crowned at Rheims — Jeanne Dare burnt, 1431— The king good but weak— Ruled by his queen, Margaret— Gloucester and Suffolk murdered, 1447, 1450— People rebel under Jack Cade against foreign favourites, 1450 — End of Hundred Years’ War, 1453— Calais alone remains to the English— Madness of the king — Duke of York protector,

1454 — He is displaced for Somerset— York takes up arms

Wars of the Roses begin, 1455— Battle of St. Albans, 1455 - Bills of attainder introduced— Battle of Northampton, July,

1400 1402 xviii

CONTENTS.

May 4 to

June 25

1460— Battle of Wakefield, Dec. 1460 -Richard, Duke of York, killed — His son Edward takes up the contest — Battle of Mortimer’s Cross, 1461— Edward of York declared king, March 4, 1461— Battle of Towton, March 29, 1461- Henry and Margaret fly to Scotland. . . Pages 92-103.

Chapter XII. The House Of York

EDWARD IV. of York, great-great-grandson of Edward III. — Brave and popular but dissolute — Battle of Hedgeley Moor and Hexham, 1464— Quarrel with Earl of Warwick, the king-maker — Battle of Edgecote, 1469 — Edward flies to Flanders— Henry VI. restored for six months, 1470— Edward returns, 1471— Warwick killed at Barnet, April 14, 1471— Battle of Tewkesbury, May 4, 1471— Margaret defeated and her son killed — Death of Henry VI. — Margaret imprisoned — Rise of a middle class — Edward rules despotically —Collects benevolences— Introduction of printing by Caxton, 1476 — Duke of Clarence put to death, 1478 — Death of Edward, April 9, 1483.

EDWARD V., son of Edward IV., aged thirteen — Enters London, May 4, 1483— Reigns three months, but is never crowned— Richard, Duke of Gloucester, protector— Lodges king and his brother in the Tower — Puts Lord Hastings to death, June 13 — Pronounces the princes illegitimate— Accepts the crown, June 25.

RICHARD III., brother of Edward IV., crowned July 6 — Brave but cruel and treacherous — Murder of the young princes —Richard rules well— Introduces Consuls and a running post — Duke of Buckingham plots to bring in Henry Tudor of the house of Lancaster— Buckingham beheaded, Nov. 1, 1483— Henry Tudor arrives, 1485— Nobles rally round him— Battle of Bosworth Field, Aug. 22, 1485— Richard killed —End of Wars of Roses, 1485.

Close of Middle ages — Destruction of old nobility in the wars —Use of gunpowder and rise of middle class mark modern era.

CONTENTS.

xix

PART Y.

THE TUDORS.

Chapter XIII. House Of Tudor

HENRY VII., descended from Edward III. through John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, Crowned Oct. 30 — Married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV. — Union of Houses of York and Lancaster — A wise, unpopular, and avaricious, but strong king — Crown settled on his heirs — Futile rebellion of Lambert Simnel, 1487— Court of the Star Chamber established, 1487 — Rebellion of Perkin Warbeck, 1492-1497— Poyning’s Act applies English laws to Ireland, 1494— King heaps up wealth by benevolences, statute of liveries, and appropriating disputed estates— Empson and Dudley his tools— Rules without Parliament — Voyages of Christopher Columbus, Vasco de Gama, and Cabot, 1492-1498 — Warbeck and Earl of Warwick executed, 1499 — Royal marriages — Katharine of Aragon is married to Arthur, Prince of Wales, 1501— He dies and Henry, now Prince of Wales, is betrothed to his brother’s widow — Princess Margaret marries James IV. of Scotland, 1502 ; from her descends Mary Queen of Scots — Introduction of new learning in England— Death of Henry VII, April 21, 1509.

HENRY VIII-, son of Henry VII., united in himself houses of York and Lancaster — Affable, popular, aud with plenty of sense, but selfish and coarse — Puts Empson and Dudley to death — Builds ships and dockyards — Trinity House established, 1513 — War of the Holy League — Battle of the Spurs, 1513— Scots attack England— Battle of Flodden Field, 1513, James IV- killed — Margaret, Henry’s sister, becomes Regent of Scotland for James V.— Administration of Wolsey, 1515- 1529 — Intrgiues with Francis I. of France and Charles V. of

1510 1513

XX

CONTENTS.

1537 1540

Spain— Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520— War with France, 1522 — Alliance with France, 1525 — Henry seeks divorce from Katharine, 1527— Fall of Wolsey, 1529 — Seven Years’ Parliament, 1529— Administration of Thomas Cromwell, 1530- 1540 —Henry breaks with the Pope — Divorce Katharine and marries Anne Boleyn, 1533— Is declared Supreme Head of the Church, 1535 — Cromwell’s law of high treason — Execution of Sir Thomas More and Fisher, 1535 — Wales put under English law, 1536 — English people suffer from corn-lands being turned into pasture — Luther and Zwingli — Religious changes in England— Destruction of monasteries, 1536-1549— Execution of Anne Boleyn and marriage of king with Jane Seymour, 1536— Rebellion in north and west of England — Birth of Prince Edward, 1537 — Death of Jane Seymour — Six Articles passed against the Protestants, 1539 — King marries and puts away Anne of Cleves, 1540— Fall and execution of Cromwell, 1540 — King marries Katharine Howard, 1540 — She is executed, 1542 — King assumes the title of King of Ireland, 1541— James V. of Scotland attacks England— Dies after defeat at Solway Moss, 1542, leaving an infant, Mary Queen of Scots— Henry marries Katharine Parr, 1543 — English liturgy introduced — Debasement of coinage — Act of Succession sets aside Mary Queen of Scots — Death of Henry, Jan. 28, 1547 . Pages 113-127

Chapter XIV. Struggle Between The Two Religions

1549 1552

EDWARD VI., son of Jane Seymour, aged ten — Thoughtful and deeply religious — A strict Protestant — Duke of Somerset protector— Battle of Pinkiecleugh, 1547 — Protestant reforms — English Prayer-book and Act of Uniformity, 1548 — Rebellion in Devon for the old religion, 1549 — Agricultural insurrection in Norfolk, 1549— Earl Warwick protector— Made Duke of Northumberland, 1551— Somerset executed, 1552— Second Act of Uniformity, 1552— Edward VI. 's grammar schools founded— Young king names Lady Jane Grey his successor— Death of king, July 6, 1553.

CONTENTS.

MARY, daughter of Katharine of Aragon — Conscientious but narrow-minded and bitter — Lady Jane Grey proclaimed, July 10— Mary proclaimed, July 19— Northumberland executed — Roman Catholic religion restored — Wyat’s rebellion — Lady Jane Grey beheaded, 1554— Mary marries Philip of Spain, July 1554 — Cardinal Pole, papal legate, made Archbishop of Canterbury — Nobles refuse to give up Church lands — Persecution Of Protestants— Latimer, Ridley, and Cranmer burnt at the stake, 1555-1556 — Philip draws England into a war with France — Lords of the Congregation in Scotland, 1557 ( see p. 136)— Loss of Calais, 1558— Death of Mary, Nov. 7, 1558.

Chapter XV. Peace And Progress Under Elizabeth

ELIZABETH, daughter of Anne Boleyn — Vain and obstinate, but a wise and great queen, devoted to her people — Weak state of England, and danger from struggle between Roman Catholics and Protestants on the continent — Cecil, Lord Burleigh, Secretary of State — Act of Supremacy — Queen leans towards liberty of conscience — Calvinists of Scotland quarrel with the regent Mary of Guise, 1559— Treaty of Edinburgh, July 1560 -Mary Queen of Scots arrives in Scotland, 1561 —First English poor-law established, 1562-1601— Advance in agriculture, trade, and manufactures — Increase of comfort — Oath of allegiance established, 1563 — Elizabeth will not marry — Shan O’Neill’s Revolt in Ireland, 1565— Mary Queen of

Scots marries Darnley, 1565-Murder of Rizzio, 1566

Murder of Darnley, 1567— Mary escapes to England and is imprisoned by Elizabeth, 1568— Growing strength of Parliament— Revolt of the Netherlands, 1568 —Plot for Mary in north of England, 1569— Elizabeth excommunicated— Ridolfi plot, 1571 — Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572 — English help the Netherlands by land and sea — Voyages Of discovery 1576-1583 — Frobisher, Raleigh, Hawkins, Drake — Roman Catholic mission and plots against Elizabeth, 1576-1583— Association to protect her, 1584— Execution of Mary Queen xxi

1563 1566 1568

CONTENTS.

xxii of Scots, 1587— The Spanish Armada attacks England and is dispersed, i588— England united and at peace— Fresh rebellion in Ireland, 1595 — Edict of Nantes in France, 1598 — Growth of knowledge : Copernicus, Galileo — Age of literature : — Spenser, Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Walter Raleigh, Shakespeare —Death of Lord Burleigh, 1598— East India Company founded, 1599— Insurrection and death of Earl of Essex, 1601 — Ireland brought under English rule, 1602 — Abolition of monopolies— Death of the great queen, March 23, 1603.

Chapter XVI. Prerogative And Parliament

JAMES I., son of Mary Queen of Scots, came to England and was crowned on the sacred stone of Scone, July 25, 1603 — Shrewd and amiable, but undignified and wise in his own conceit — Believed in his divine right to reign, and did not understand the English people — Three parties — Puritan — English Church — Roman Catholics — Hampden Court conference, 1604 — Proposed union with Scotland, 1604 — Difficulties with the first Parliament, 1604-1610— Gunpowder Plot, 1605— James issues proclamations and levies impositions— Great Contract and dissolution of Parliament, 1610 — Addled Parliament, 1614— Rule of favourites, 1612-1621— Somerset — George Villiers — Disaster and execution of Sir Walter Raleigh, 1616-1618 — Outbreak of Thirty Years’ War, 1619 — Emigration of Puritans to America, 1620— Proposed Spanish marriage of Prince Charles broken off, 1623— King levies money illegally— Third Parliament, 1621 1622— Pym, Hampden. Eliot, and Coke — Impeachment of Bacon, 1621 — Parlia-

CONTENTS.

XX1U ment dissolved, 1622— First weekly newspaper, 1622- Fourth Parliament, 1624 — Disastrous expedition to Holland, 1625 — Death of James 1., March 27, 1625 • Pages 151-159

Chapter XVII. King And People

CHARLES I., son of James I. — Grave and dignified, but obstinate and insincere — Marries Henrietta of France — First Parliament, June 18 — “ Tonnage and Poundage ” — Parliament dissolved, Aug. 12 — Disastrous expedition to Cadiz, Oct. — Second Parliament, 1626 — Buckingham impeached — Parliament dissolved — War with France, 1627 — King levies forced loans — Buckingham fails to relieve La Rochelle, 1627 — Opposition to forced loans — Petition of right, 1628 — Assassination of Buckingham, 1628— Laud made Bishop of London, 1628— Parliament defiant— Tumult and dissolution, 1629 —Rule of Wentworth and Laud— Great emigration of Puritans, 1630-1634— Eliot dies in the Tower, 1632 — Wentworth in Ireland, 1633-1639— Inland Post, 1635— Laud made archbishop, 1635 ; quarrels with Puritans— King levies ship-money, 1634-1638 — Hampden appeals against it — Sentences on Prynne and Bastwick, 1637 — Charles tries to force the Prayer-book on the Scots — Renewal of Covenanters, 1638— Wentworth, now Lord Strafford, recalled to England, proposes to bring Irish troops over— Short Parliament, 1640— Victory of Scots at Newburn— Long Parliament begins, 1640— Execution of Strafford, 1641— Triennial Act,. 1641 — Star Chamber abolished — Massacre in Ireland, Oct. 1641 — Grand Remonstrance, Nov. 1641 — King attempts to seize five members, Jan. 4, 1642— London trainbands defy the king— Outbreak of civil war, Aug. 22 — Cavaliers and Roundheads — Prince Rupert’s Horse — Powick Bridge and Edgehill battles, Sept. Oct. 1642 — Train-bands turn the king back from London — Royalist successes — Death of Hampden, June 1643 — Parliamentary successes — Falkland killed, Sept.1643— League with the Scots and death of Pym, Sept. 1643— Oliver Cromwell and his Ironsides— Battle of Marston Moor, July 1644— Self-denying Ordinance, 1645